1. Landslide
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This article is about the geological phenomenon. For Ruddslide (disambiguation), see
Landslide (disambiguation).
"Rockslide" redirects here. For the comic book character, see Rockslide (comics).
This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page
for details. WikiProject Geology or the Geology Portal may be able to help
recruit an expert. (November 2007)
A "slump" landslide in San Mateo County, California in January 1997
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of
ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows,
which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of
gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing
factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up
specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the
actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released.
Contents
[hide]

2. • 1 Causes of landslides
• 2 Types of landslide
o 2.1 Debris flow
o 2.2 Earth flow
o 2.3 Debris avalanche
o 2.4 Sturzstrom
o 2.5 Shallow landslide
o 2.6 Deep-seated landslide
• 3 Causing tsunami
• 4 Related phenomena
• 5 Landslide prediction mapping
• 6 Prehistoric landslides
• 7 Historical landslides
o 7.1 19th Century
o 7.2 20th Century
o 7.3 21st Century
• 8 Extraterrestrial landslides
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links
[edit] Causes of landslides
Main article: Causes of landslides
[[Image:Mameyes.jpg|thumb|right|The Mameyes Landslide, in barrio Tibes, Ponce,
Puerto Rico, which buried more than 100 homes, was caused by extensive accumulation
of rains and, according to some sources, lightning.] Landslides occur when the [slope
stability|stability of a slopes] changes from a stable to an unstable condition. A change in
the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting together or alone.
Natural causes of landslides include:
• groundwater (porewater) pressure acting to destabilize the slope
• Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients, and soil structure
(e.g. after a wildfire)
• erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves
• weakening of a slope through saturation by snowmelt, glaciers melting, or heavy
rains
• earthquakes adding loads to barely-stable slope
• earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes
• volcanic eruptions
landslides are aggravated by human activities, Human causes include:deforestation,
cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopes

3. • vibrations from machinery or traffic
• blasting
• earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which imposes new loads on an
existing slope
• in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that binds colluvium to
bedrock
• Construction, agricultural or forestry activities (logging) which change the
amount of water which infiltrates the soil.
[[File:Landslide in Sweden (Surte) 1950, 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2| The landslide at Surte
in Sweden, 1950. It was a quick clay slide killing one person.]]
[edit] Types of landslide
The following text needs to be harmonized with text in Landslide classification.
Main article: Landslide classification
[edit] Debris flow
Amboori debris flow, occurred on 9 November 2001 in Kerala, India. The event killed 39
people.[1]
Slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop into a debris flow or mud
flow. The resulting slurry of rock and mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, thus
blocking bridges and tributaries causing flooding along its path.

4. Debris flow is often mistaken for flash flood, but they are entirely different processes.
Muddy-debris flows in alpine areas cause severe damage to structures and infrastructure
and often claim human lives. Muddy-debris flows can start as a result of slope-related
factors and shallow landslides can dam stream beds, resulting in temporary water
blockage. As the impoundments fail, a "domino effect" may be created, with a
remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass, which takes up the debris in the
stream channel. The solid-liquid mixture can reach densities of up to 2 tons/m³ and
velocities of up to 14 m/s (Chiarle and Luino, 1998; Arattano, 2003). These processes
normally cause the first severe road interruptions, due not only to deposits accumulated
on the road (from several cubic metres to hundreds of cubic metres), but in some cases to
the complete removal of bridges or roadways or railways crossing the stream channel.
Damage usually derives from a common underestimation of mud-debris flows: in the
alpine valleys, for example, bridges are frequently destroyed by the impact force of the
flow because their span is usually calculated only for a water discharge. For a small basin
in the Italian Alps (area = 1.76 km²) affected by a debris flow, Chiarle and Luino (1998)
[citation needed]
estimated a peak discharge of 750 m3
/s for a section located in the middle
stretch of the main channel. At the same cross section, the maximum foreseeable water
discharge (by HEC-1), was 19 m³/s, a value about 40 times lower than that calculated for
the debris flow that occurred.
[edit] Earth flow
A rock slide in Guerrero, Mexico
Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained materials, which
move at any speed from slow to fast. Typically, they can move at speeds from 0.17 to
20 km/h. Though these are a lot like mudflows, overall they are slower moving and are
covered with solid material carried along by flow from within. They are different from

5. fluid flows in that they are more rapid. Clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained,
pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows. The velocity of the earthflow is all
dependent on how much water content is in the flow itself: if there is more water content
in the flow, the higher the velocity will be.
These flows usually begin when the pore pressures in a fine-grained mass increase until
enough of the weight of the material is supported by pore water to significantly decrease
the internal shearing strength of the material. This thereby creates a bulging lobe which
advances with a slow, rolling motion. As these lobes spread out, drainage of the mass
increases and the margins dry out, thereby lowering the overall velocity of the flow. This
process causes the flow to thicken. The bulbous variety of earthflows are not that
spectacular, but they are much more common than their rapid counterparts. They develop
a sag at their heads and are usually derived from the slumping at the source.
Earthflows occur much more during periods of high precipitation, which saturates the
ground and adds water to the slope content. Fissures develop during the movement of
clay-like material creates the intrusion of water into the earthflows. Water then increases
the pore-water pressure and reduces the shearing strength of the material.[2]
[edit] Debris avalanche
Goodell Creek Debris Avalanche, Washington
A debris avalanche is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks soil
and debris mixed with water or ice (or both). They are usually triggered by the saturation
of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber,
smaller vegetation and other debris.[3]
Debris avalanches differ from debris slides because
their movement is much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower cohesion or higher
water content and commonly steeper slopes.
Movement
Debris slides generally begin with large blocks that slump at the head of the slide and
then break apart as they move towards the toe. This process is much slower than that of a
debris avalanche. In a debris avalanche this progressive failure is very rapid and the
entire mass seems to somewhat liquefy as it moves down the slope. This is caused by the
combination of the excessive saturation of the material, and very steep slopes. As the
mass moves down the slope it generally follows stream channels leaving behind a V-

6. shaped scar that spreads out downhill. This differs from the more U-shaped scar of a
slump. Debris avalanches can also travel well past the foot of the slope due to their
tremendous speed.[4]
[edit] Sturzstrom
A sturzstrom is a rare, poorly understood type of landslide, typically with a long run-out.
Often very large, these slides are unusually mobile, flowing very far over a low angle,
flat, or even slightly uphill terrain.
See also: Slump (Geology)
[edit] Shallow landslide
Hotel Limone at the Garda Lake. Part of a hill of Devonian shale was removed to make
the road, forming a dip-slope. The upper block detached along a bedding plane and is
sliding down the hill, forming a jumbled pile of rock at the toe of the slide.
Landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered
bedrock (typically to a depth from few decimetres to some metres). They usually include
debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road cut-slopes. Landslides occurring as single
large blocks of rock moving slowly down slope are sometimes called block glides.
Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils
on top of low permeable bottom soils. The low permeable, bottom soils trap the water in
the shallower, high permeable soils creating high water pressure in the top soils. As the
top soils are filled with water and become heavy, slopes can become very unstable and
slide over the low permeable bottom soils. Say there is a slope with silt and sand as its
top soil and bedrock as its bottom soil. During an intense rainstorm, the bedrock will
keep the rain trapped in the top soils of silt and sand. As the topsoil becomes saturated
and heavy, it can start to slide over the bedrock and become a shallow landslide. R. H.
Campbell did a study on shallow landslides on Santa Cruz Island California. He notes
that if permeability decreases with depth, a perched water table may develop in soils at
intense precipitation. When pore water pressures are sufficient to reduce effective normal
stress to a critical level, failure occurs.[5]

7. [edit] Deep-seated landslide
Landslide of soil and regolith in Pakistan
Landslides in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located below the maximum
rooting depth of trees (typically to depths greater than ten meters). Deep-seated landslides
usually involve deep regolith, weathered rock, and/or bedrock and include large slope
failure associated with translational, rotational, or complex movement. These typically
move slowly, only several meters per year, but occasionally move faster. They tend to be
larger than shallow landslides and form along a plane of weakness such as a fault or
bedding plane. They can be visually identified by concave scarps at the top and steep
areas at the toe. [6]
[edit] Causing tsunami
Landslides that occur undersea, or have impact into water, can generate tsunamis.
Massive landslides can also generate megatsunamis, which are usually hundreds of
metres high. In 1958, one such tsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska.
[edit] Related phenomena
• An avalanche, similar in mechanism to a landslide, involves a large amount of ice,
snow and rock falling quickly down the side of a mountain.
• A pyroclastic flow is caused by a collapsing cloud of hot ash, gas and rocks from
a volcanic explosion that moves rapidly down an erupting volcano.
[edit] Landslide prediction mapping

8. Global landslide risks
Ferguson Slide on California State Route 140 in June 2006
Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic
loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land use
planning. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides,
estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation
between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based
on such a relationship [7]
. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis
can usually be grouped into geomorphology, geology, land use/land cover, and
hydrogeology [8]
. Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, GIS is
an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display,
and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and
effectively [9]
. Remote sensing techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard
assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are
used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors
like slope, lithology, and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events [10]
.
Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how the landscape changed after an event,
what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and
recovery [11]
.
Using satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible
to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides [12]
. Such maps should show
the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future
events. In general, to predict landslides, one must assume that their occurrence is
determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the
same conditions as past events [13]
. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship
between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the
expected future conditions [14]
.
Natural disasters are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the
environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for the reduction of property
damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of
the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a good understanding as to
what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply
avoid them when they do occur. Sustainable land management and development is an
essential key to reducing the negative impacts felt by landslides.

9. GIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture,
store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively.
Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many
layers of data to develop a full and accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the
Earth's surface. Researchers need to know which variables are the most important factors
that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be
generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save
lives, property, and money.
[edit] Prehistoric landslides
The Hope Slide in British Columbia, Canada
• The Agulhas slide, ca. 20,000 km3
(1.2×1010
mi), off South Africa, post-Pliocene
in age, the largest so far described[15]
• The Storegga Slide, Norway, ca. 3,500 km3
(840 cu mi), ca. 8,000 years ago
• The Ruatoria debris avalanche, off North Island New Zealand, ca. 3,000 km³ in
volume, 170,000 years ago [1].
• The landslide around 200BC which formed Lake Waikaremoana on the North
Island of New Zealand, where a large block of the Ngamoko Range slid and
dammed a gorge of Waikaretaheke River between the Ngamoko and Panekiri
ranges, forming a natural reservior up to 248 metres deep.
• Landslide which moved Heart Mountain to its current location, Park County,
Wyoming, the largest ever discovered on land.
• Cheekye Fan, British Columbia, Canada, ca. 25 km2
(9.7 sq mi), Late Pleistocene
in age.
[edit] Historical landslides
[edit] 19th Century
• Cliff landslip of the Undercliff near Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, on 24
December 1839
• Face collapse of The Barrier in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, 1855–
1856
• The Cap Diamant Québec rockslide on September 19, 1889

10. [edit] 20th Century
• Frank Slide, Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada, on 29 April 1903
• Tokigawa landslide in Saitama, Japan on August 1910.[citation needed]
• Amali landslide in Salerno, Italy on March 1924.[citation needed]
• Gros Ventre landslide in Wyoming, United States, on June 23, 1925
• Mount Serrat landslide in Santos, Brazil on March 1928.[citation needed]
• Dalseong landslide in suburb of Daegu, South Korea on July 1930.[citation needed]
• Ricardo Calma landslide in Peru on February 1932[citation needed]
• Tantaday landslide in Peru on March 1933[citation needed]
• Lokchang (present day of Lechang) landslide in Shaoguan, Guangdong, China on
May 1934[citation needed]
• Tsumagoi mudslide with Kogushi sulphur mine damage in Gunma, Japan on
November 1937.[citation needed]
• Mount Rokko mudslide by heavy rain in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan on July 1938.[citation
needed]
• Mongui village landslide in Boyacá, Colombia on November 1941.[citation needed]
• Rio Santa and Cordillera Blanca avalanche in Ancash Region, Peru on December
1941.[citation needed]
• Alcalá del Jucar landslide in Albacete, Spain on December 1945.[citation needed]
• Guwahati Landslide in Assam, India on September 1948.[citation needed]
• Khait landslide, Khait, Tajikistan, Soviet Union, on July 10, 1949
• Condor Hill landslide in Ancash, Peru on January 1951.[citation needed]
• Santa Elena landslide in Antioquia Department, Colombia on July 1954.[citation needed]
• Mapou landslide by Hurricane Hazel in Haiti on October 1954.[citation needed]
• Ibaque and Chapeton landslide in Tolima Department, Colombia on November
1954.[citation needed]
• Molina di Vietri and Ponte Romano landslide in Salerno, Italy on October 1954.
[citation needed]
• Sasebo mudslide with Abe coal mine and dormitory site in Nagasaki, Kyūshū on
April 1955.[citation needed]
• Shillong landslide in Meghalaya, India on June 1958[citation needed]
• The Riñihuazo landslide in Chile after the Great Chilean Earthquake, on 22 May
1960
• Babi Yar landslide in Kurenivka, Ukraine on April 1961.[citation needed]
• Ranrahirca landslide in Peru on January 1962.[citation needed]
• Tara landslide in Kyūshū, Japan, on July 1962[citation needed]
• Tampayacta landslide in Peru on March 1963.[citation needed]
• Changsungpo village landslide in Koje Island, South Korea on June 1963.[citation
needed]
• Chepe Ghat landslide in Gorkha District, Nepal on August 1963.[citation needed]
• Monte Toc landslide (260 millions cubic metres) falling into the Vajont Dam
basin in Italy, causing a megatsunami and about 2000 casualties, on October 9,
1963
• Hope Slide landslide (46 million cubic metres) near Hope, British Columbia on
January 9, 1965.[16]

11. • El Cobre landslide with El Soldado cooper mine damage in Atacama, Chile on
February 1965.[citation needed]
• The 1966 Aberfan disaster
• Santa Teresa landslide in Rio State, Brazil on February 1967.[citation needed]
• Caraguatatuba landslide in State of São Paulo, Brazil on March 1967.[citation needed]
• Kure mudslide by Typhoon Billie in Hiroshima, Japan on July 1967.[citation needed]
• Hida River landslide with two charter buses plunge in Gero, Gifu, Japan on
August 1968.[citation needed]
• Darjeeling landslide in West Bengal on October 1968.[citation needed]
• Amherst and Nelson landslide by Hurricane Camille in Virginia on August 1969.
[citation needed]
• the May 31, 1970 slide from Cerro Huascaran that buried the town of Yungay.
• Cauca River valley landslide in Caldas, Colombia, on December 1970[citation needed]
• Chungar landslide by avalanche in Peru, on March 1971.[citation needed]
• Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, Canada. Small village near Saguenay river
destroyed in May 1971.[17]
• Khinjan Pass landslide in Baghian, Afghanistan on July 1971.[citation needed]
• Tosayamada landslide in Shikoku, Japan on July 1972.[citation needed]
• Amakusa mudslide in Kumamoto, Kyūshū, Japan on July 1972.[citation needed]
• Moyomarca hill mudslide in Huancayo, Peru on April 1974.[citation needed]
• Quebradablanca avalanche with swept 33 vehicle in Boyacá, Colombia on June
1974.[citation needed]
• Zona de Armenta and Omoa landslide by Hurricane Fifi in Cortes Department,
Honduras, on September 1974.[citation needed]
• Pahire Phedi landslide in Nepal on June 1976.[citation needed]
• Baliem Valley landslide by 1976 Papua earthquake in Irian Jaya, Indonesia on
July 1976.[citation needed]
• Siheung and Anyang landslide in Gyeonggi, South Korea on July 1977.[citation needed]
• Tuve landslide in Gothenburg, Sweden on November 30, 1977.
• Nilgiri Hills landslide in Tamil Nadu, India on November 1978[citation needed]
• The 1979 Abbotsford landslip, Dunedin, New Zealand on August 8, 1979.
• Ayvazhaci avalanche in Kayseri Province, Turkey, on March 1980.[citation needed]
• Landslides associated with the Mount St. Helens eruption on May 18, 1980.
• Mount Semeru landslide by heavy rain in East Java, Indonesia on August
1981[citation needed]
• Nakajima landslide in Nagasaki, Kyūshū, Japan on July 1982[citation needed]
• Ataco mudslide in El Salvador on September 1982[citation needed]
• Dongxing landslide in Gansu, China, on March 1983[citation needed]
• Thistle, Utah on 14 April 1983
• Chunchi mudslide in Chimborazo, Ecuador on April 1983[citation needed]
• Almora landslide in Uttar Pradesh, India on July 1983[citation needed]
• Dongchuan landslide in Yunnan, China on May 1984[citation needed]
• The Mameyes Disaster - Ponce, Puerto Rico on October 7, 1985
• Buyeo and Seocheon landslide by Typhoon Thelma in Chungchongnam-do, South
Korea, on July 1987.[citation needed]
• Val Pola landslide during Valtellina disaster (1987) Italy

12. • El Limon mudslide in Aragua, Venezuela on September 1987.[citation needed]
• Villatina mudslide in Colombia on September 1987.[citation needed]
• Wuxi County landslide in Sichuan, China on September 1987.[citation needed]
• Macka landslide in Trabzon, Turkey on June 1988[citation needed]
• Darwang and Niskot landslide in Myagdi, Nepal on September 1988.[citation needed]
• Sharora landslide by 1989 Tajikistan earthquale in Hisor District, Tajikistan on
January 1989.[citation needed]
• Tsablanca landslide in Georgia on April 1989.[citation needed]
• Bhaji landslide in Maharashtra, India on July 1989[citation needed]
• Calama mudslide in Atacama, Chile on June 1991.[citation needed]
• Zhaotong landslide by torrential rain, in Yunnan, China on September 1991[citation
needed]
• Ninghai mudslide in Zhejiang, China on September 1992.[citation needed]
• Llipi Limitada landslide in Larecaja Province, Bolivia, on December 1992.[citation
needed]
• Nambija Bajo mudslide in Zamora, Ecuador on May 1993.[citation needed]
• The Pantai Remis landslide in 1993 in an abandoned coastal tin mine in Malaysia,
forming a new cove
• Kagoshima mudslide in Kyūshū, Japan on August 1993.[citation needed]
• Yuangyang mudslide in Yunnan, China on July 1994[citation needed]
• Khooni Nallah and Banihal tunnel avalanche in Jammu and Kashimir region,
India on January 1995.[citation needed]
• Wakhan landslide in Badakhshan, Afghanistan on April 1995.[citation needed]
• Cheorwon landslide in Gangwon, South Korea on July 1996.[citation needed]
• Tamburco mudslide by torrential rain in Apurímac Region, Peru on February
1997.[citation needed]
• Thredbo landslide, Australia on 30 July 1997, destroyed hostel.
• Pithoragarh mudslide in Uttar Pradesh, India on August 1998[citation needed]
• Lishui landslide in Zhejiang, China on September 1999[citation needed]
• The Vargas tragedy, due to heavy rains in Vargas State, Venezuela, on December,
1999, causing tens of thousands of casualties.
• Aldercrest-Banyon landslide in Kelso, Washington, in 1998-1999, one of the
worst urban landslides in U.S. history destroying 127 homes and causing $40
million in damages.[18]
[edit] 21st Century
• Payatas, Manila garbage slide on 11 July 2000.[citation needed]
• Mianning landslide by torrential rain in Liangshan, Sichuan, China on July
2000[citation needed]
• Amboori landslide, in Kerala, 2001
• Danba mudslide in Sichuan, China on July 2003[citation needed]
• Zuojiaying landslide in Nayong, Guizhou, China on December 2004[citation needed]
• La Conchita mudslide in California, United States on January 10, 2005, killed 10
people and destroyed 18 homes

13. • Jaigaon mudslide in Maharashtra, India on July 2005[citation needed]
• Southern Leyte landslide in the Philippines on 17 February 2006
• Devil's Slide, an ongoing landslide in San Mateo County, California
• Landslide in Sulawesi, Indonesia, June 2006.[19]
• Liangshan mudslide in Sichuan, China on May 2007[citation needed]
• 2007 Chittagong mudslide, in Chittagong, Bangladesh, on June 11, 2007.
• 2008 Cairo landslide on September 6, 2008.
• Xiangfen County mudslide with unlicensed Tashan coal mine collapse in Shanxi,
China on September 2008.[citation needed]
• Lincang mudslide in Yunnan, China on November 2008[citation needed]
• Wulong mudslide in Chongqing, China on July 2009[citation needed]
• Hofu mudslide in Yamaguchi, Japan on July 2009.[citation needed]
• Liuzhou, Guangxi Region, China - derailed train, killing 4 [20]
• Shiaolin landslide by Typhoon Morakot in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan on August
2009[citation needed]
• Nile Valley Landslide, no injuries but destroyed some houses, obliterated a
quarter mile of Washington State Route 410 and redirecting the Naches River 10
miles west of Naches, Washington on 11 October 2009.
• Bayambang and Alcalá landslide in Benguet, Philippines on October 2009.[citation
needed]
• San Vicente and San Salvador mudslide by Hurricane Ida in El Salvador on
November 2009.[citation needed]
• Angra dos Reis mudslide in Ilha Grande Island, Rio State, Brazil on January
2010.[citation needed]
• The Hunza Valley landslide in northern Pakistan destroyed 26 homes and killed
20 people on January 4, 2010.[21]
The landslide also blocked the Hunza River,
creating an 26-kilometre long lake that inundated several villages and submerged
30 kilometres of the Karakoram Highway.[21]
• The 2010 Uganda landslide caused over 100 deaths following heavy rain in
Bududa region.
• Morro Bumba mudslide in Rio State, Brazil on April 2010.[citation needed]
• Ruptured irrigation system caused over 11 deaths in Italy on April 12, 2010
• Landslide in Saint-Jude, Québec killing a family of four on May 10, 2010.[22]
• Number K859 Shanghai-Gulin express train derail by landslide in Jiang Zhidong
Jiangxi, China on May 2010.[citation needed]
[edit] Extraterrestrial landslides

14. Before and after radar images of a landslide on Venus. In the center of the image on the
right, the new landslide, a bright, flow-like area, can be seen extending to the left of a
bright fracture. 1990 image.
Landslide in progress on Mars, 2008-02-19
Evidence of past landslides has been detected on many bodies in the solar system, but
since most observations are made by probes that only observe for a limited time and most
bodies in the solar system appear to be geologically inactive not many landslides are
known to have happened in recent times. Both Venus and Mars have been subject to
long-term mapping by orbiting satellites, and examples of landslides have been observed
on both.
[edit] See also
An infra-red view of a landslide in the Valley of the Geysers

15. • Automatic Deformation Monitoring System
• Deformation monitoring
• Earthquake engineering
• Geotechnics
• Geotechnical engineering
• Landslide dam
• Landslide mitigation
• Mass wasting
• Slope stability
• Sturzstrom
• Submarine landslide
• Washaway
• Mudslide
• California landslides
[edit] References
1. ^ History of landslide susceptibility and a chorology of landslide prone areas in the
Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Environmental Geology. 2008. doi:10.1007/s00254-008-
1431-9..
2. ^ Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). Surface Processes and Landforms. Upper Saddle River:
Prentice-Hall.
3. ^ Easterbrook, Don J. Surface Processes and Landforms. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1999.
4. ^ Schuster, R.L. & Krizek, R.J. (1978). Landslides: Analysis and Control. Washington,
D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
5. ^ Renwick,W., Brumbaugh,R. & Loeher,L. 1982. Landslide Morphology and Processes
on Santa Cruz Island California. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography,
Vol. 64, No. 3/4, pp. 149-159
6. ^ Johnson, B.F. Slippery slopes. Earth magazine. June 2010. pgs 48-55.
7. ^ Chen,Z. and J. Wang. 2007. Landslide hazard mapping using logistic regression model
in Mackenzie Valley, Canada. Natural Hazards 42:75-89.
8. ^ Clerici, A.; S. Perego; C. Tellini; P.Vescavi. 2002. A procedure for landslide
susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method. Geomorphology 48(4):349-
364.
9. ^ 8
10. ^ Metternicht, G.; L. Hurni; R. Gogu. 2005. Remote sensing of landslides: An analysis of
the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment in mountainous
environments. Remote Sensing of Environment 98: 284-303.
11. ^ De La Ville, N.; A.C. Diaz; D. Ramirez. 2002. Remote sensing and GIS technologies
as tools to support sustainable management of areas devastated by landslides.
Environment, Development, and Sustainability 4: 221-229.
12. ^ Fabbri, A.; C. Chung; A. Cendrero; J. Remondo. 2003. Is prediction of future
landslides possible with a GIS? Natural Hazards 30: 487-499.
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