Bossio rcp_unccd_cop12_20_oct_2015(2)
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Presentation on soil carbon and 4 por mil Initiative made at the Rio Conventions Pavilion at the UNCCD COP12 in Ankara, Turkey
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Bossio rcp_unccd_cop12_20_oct_2015(2)
- 1. Soil Organic Matter The bridge between UNCCD and UNFCCC Dr. Deborah Bossio d.bossio@cgiar.org 20 October 2015 Rio Convention Pavillion UNCCD COP12, Ankara, Turkey
- 2. Land Restoration Climate Change adaptation and mitigation SOIL ORGANIC CARBON Thanks to its high level of ambition this initiative is part of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda and contributes to the sustainable development goals to reach a land-degradation neutral world
- 3. 4‰ In March of 2015 Minister Le Foll of France announced the establishment of an international research program “to improve soil organic matter at an annual rate of 4‰1 ”, and that “such an increase would offset emissions of green house gasses on the planet2 ” 1 Press release ‘Contribution de l’agriculture à la lutte contre le changement climatique : Stéphane Le Foll annonce le lancement d’un projet de recherche international : le « 4 pour 1000 » . MAAF, Paris, March 17, 2015. 2 See http://agriculture.gouv.fr/Cop21-le-4-pour-1000 Soussana, Saint-Macary, Chotte 2015 0.4% per year sequestration soil organic carbon Annual Fossil Carbon Emissions annual land carbon sink annual ocean carbon sink 4‰ target additional land sink
- 4. 3.5 Optimistic senario (1 t/ha/yr) and rapid implementation, peak of carbon sequestration in soil predicted for 2030 - coherent with the need for early action, but far short of the 4‰ target. (Sommer and Bossio 2014) Gt/year Carbon required for the 4‰ target •0.4 – 1.2 Gt estimated total carbon sequestration potential in cropland soils of the world •2.8 – 3.0 Gt for all soils of the world (Lal 2010)
- 5. 50 to 70 % loss of soil carbon stocks in cultivated soils (Lal 2004) Restoring degraded soils affords substantial opportunities to sequester carbon Increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 30 to 50 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 100 to 300 kg/ha for maize, and 30 - 50kg/ha for soybeans (Lal 2006)
- 6. The promise of Climate Smart Agriculture?Climate Smart Agriculture?
- 7. Restoring degraded pastures with tropical forages – storing carbon at depth 4 to 5 fold increase in animal production Resilience to drought 35% increase in soil carbon 75% below 20 cm Fisher et al. 1994, 2007 80% CLAY 18% CLAY 35 18
- 8. Bringing back Sahel’s Underground Forest Restored Soils Sequestration of carbon in soils and trees More grain Reduces drought impacts Cooper et al 2013; Reij et al 2009
- 9. Irrigation – unexplored opportunity Increase, stabilize, diversify production Climate resilience 60% increase in soil carbon?!* *temperate system, native sagebrush to irrigated pasture Entry, Soika, Shewmaker 2002 Irrigation is a major policy initiative in African Nations, embedded in CAADP
- 10. Urban-rural waste recycling – answer to the missing nutrients? Peri-urban food production Climate resilience ??% increase in soil carbon Thebo, Drechsel and Lambin 2014 • 456 million hectares of land, 11% of irrigated and 5% of rainfed croplands, are within 20 kilometers of cities • Waste water a gigantic source of nutrients or gigantic pollution problem
- 11. Program of climate smart agriculture solutions to build soil carbon Initiative of the CGIAR Programs and the French INRA, CIRAD, IRD • Design, test and implement CSA solutions at scale • Leading to enhanced soil carbon sequestration • 5-6 emerging and least developed countries eligible for GCF funding • 225m$ on 5 years
Editor's Notes
- Not to forget CBD, but to keep the message simple
- Soussana, J.F, Saint-Macary, H., Chotte, J-L., Bellassen, V., Toillier, A. 2015. Carbon sequestration in soils. Towards an international ‘4 per mil’ research program and action plan. Scientific Concept Note, Side Event: ‘Carbon sequestration in soils: a challenge for food security and climate action’, 7 July 2015, UNESCO ‘Our Common Future under Climate Change’. Note this is CO2 emissions, not other GHG’s Assumes net CO2 emissions from land use change can be halted
- Numbers are not completely crazy if you look beyond agricultural soils, but there are many relevant points made by Soil Carbon Skeptics: 1st the estimate is unrealistic, much higher than other ‘optimistic’ estimates if you consider only croplands 2nd soils have finite capacity to hold soil organic matter, so not an increasing ‘wedge’ against CO2 rise, but rather only a short term contributor to mitigation – though this is certainly still valid! 3rd soil organic carbon is not permanent 4th carbon sequestration sequesters nutrients also, often ones already limiting for food production in degraded soils 5th we cannot measure and monitor it with sufficient robustness Sommer, R., Bossio, D. 2014. Dynamics and climate mitigation potential of soil organic carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol 144, 83-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.017 Lal, R. 2010 Bioscience
- On the other hand, no doubt there is a huge empty sink in degraded agricultural soils and pastures! Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security, Science 304, 1623–1627. Lal, R. 2006. Land Degradation and Development Lal. R. 2009 Crop Science
- The multiple goals we have are captured in the concept of Climate Smart Agriculture, defined as the triple-win of adaptation, mitigation and food security, in part one question is if this is equally valid in small holder farming as in industrial agriculture. I offer 4 good examples in the following slides where it works if we consider the mitigation potential of soil carbon sequestration.
- Colombia Fisher MJ; Rao IM; Ayarza MA; Lascano CE; Sanz JI; Thomas RJ; Vera RR. 1994. Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South American savannas. Nature 371:236-238. Fisher MJ; Braz SP; Dos Santos RSM; Urquiaga S; Alves BJR; and Boddey RM. 2007. Another dimension to grazing systems: Soil carbon. Tropical Grasslands (2007) Volume 41, 65–83
- Niger Cooper PJM, Cappiello S, Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Zougmoré R, Kinyangi J. 2013. Large-scale implementation of adaptation and mitigation actions in agriculture. CCAFS Working Paper No. 50. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Reij C. Tappan G. Smale M. (2009). Agroenvironmental Transformation in the Sahel – Another Kind of “Green Revolution”. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00914
- Entry JA, Sojka RE, Shewmaker GE. 2002. Management of Irrigated Agriculture to Increase Organic Carbon Storage in Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:1957–1964.
- Thebo AL, Drechsel P, Lambin EF. 2014 Global assessment of urban and peri-urban agriculture: irrigated and rainfed croplands Environ. Res. Lett. 9 114002 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114002