Presented by Dr. Le Thanh Loan, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, on 10 November 2020 at "International workshop: Enhancing wetland management and sustainable development"
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Mangrove ecosystem services in the Mekong Delta: drivers and a rapid assessment
1. Mangrove ecosystem services in the Mekong
Delta: drivers and a rapid assessment
Pham Khanh Nam
Le Thanh Loan
Tran Phu Hoa
EfD Vietnam, University of Economics, HCM City
Vo Quoc Tuan
Can Tho University
Camille Bann
Lothar Linde
International consultants
2. Objectives
(1) Identify key socio-economic drivers of change in the mangrove ecosystem;
(2) Study geographic distribution, quality, and trends of mangrove ecosystems;
(3) Estimate the economic values of mangrove ecosystem services and discuss their
geographic distribution and trends; and
(4) Recommend policy approaches for the integration of ecosystem values into planning
and development processes.
3. Study scope
• 6 province with largest
mangrove area
• Time: 1997 and 2017
5. Result 1. Change in mangrove cover 1997-2017, in hectares
1997 2017
Decrease 13.6% mangrove area
6. (a): heavily degraded or
regrowth
b): lightly degraded or maturing (c): dense/mature
Result 1. Change in mangrove quality 1997-2017, in hectares
7. oUrban and social drivers
oAquaculture
oInstitution and policies
oAgricultural pollution
oHydropower development: coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion
Result 2 : Key drivers impacting mangrove ecosystem in the Mekong Delta
8. Result 3: Mangrove ecosystem service values
Timber
1%
Fire-wood
9%
Inshore fish
Catch
4%
Aquaculture
15%
Soil and coastal
protection 55%
Carbon sequestration
14%
Tourism 2%
Share of annual values of ecosystem services in Mekong Delta region (in 2017)
9. -20,000
-15,000
-10,000
-5,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
Binh Dai Ba Tri Thanh
Phu
Chau
Thanh
Cau
Ngang
Duyen
Hai
Tra Cu Cu Lao
Dung
Long
Phu
Vinh
Chau
Bac Lieu
Town
Hoa
Binh
Dong
Hai
Dam
Doi
Nam
Can
Ngoc
Hien
Phu Tan Tran
Van Thoi
U Minh An Bien An
Minh
Rach
Gia
Hon Dat Kien
Luong
Ha Tien
Town
Total
Change in Mangrove ecosystem service values in 2017 –
1997 (Unit: thousand USD/year)
Result 3: Mangrove ecosystem service values
10. Result 3: Mangrove ecosystem service values
Change in Mangrove ecosystem service values per ha in 2017 –
1997 (Unit: thousand USD/year)
-5,500
-4,500
-3,500
-2,500
-1,500
-500
500
1,500
2,500
3,500
Binh
Dai
Ba Tri Thanh
Phu
Chau
Thanh
Cau
Ngang
Duyen
Hai
Tra Cu Cu Lao
Dung
Long
Phu
Vinh
Chau
Bac
Lieu
Town
Hoa
Binh
Dong
Hai
Dam
Doi
Nam
Can
Ngoc
Hien
Phu
Tan
Tran
Van
Thoi
U Minh An Bien An
Minh
Rach
Gia
Hon
Dat
Kien
Luong
Ha Tien
Town
Total
11. • Resolution 120/NQ-CP on sustainable
development in MKD with climate change
adaption
(1) The development models for the Mekong Delta will be
ecosystem-based;
(2) The Mekong Delta will shift from the old model of
“living with floods” to a new model of “living with floods,
brackish water and saltwater”;
(3) The Delta will develop an infrastructure system that is
resilient to climate change and natural disasters;
(4) In the next 30 years, ecological and high-quality
practices will cover 80 percent of the agriculture sector of
the Delta and the forest canopy cover will be double by
2050.
Integrating ecosystem services in regional policy and development strategy
• Integrating ecosystem services in
Resolution 120/NQ-CP
o Mangrove ecology system: important
input for economic development
o model of “living with floods, brackish
water and saltwater”: mangrove
services to be utilised
o Coastal infrastructure solutions:
combining sea dykes and mangrove
o Ecological agriculture: organic
aquaculture model from mangrove
forests
12. Conclusions
• Important role of mangrove for economic development identified in
Resolution 120/NQ-CP
o Essential bridge between the freshwater economy and the marine economy
o An important input in an ecosystem-based development model
o Adaptation to climate change
o Organic agriculture
• The key drivers of mangrove deforestation over the period of 1997 – 2017
are mismanaged aquaculture farms and development projects. Devolution
of land use right to individuals combined with weak monitoring and
contract enforcement have led to the overexpansion of shrimp ponds at
the expense of mangroves.
13. Conclusions
• Mangrove ecosystem service values:
oTotal value: 126.7 triệu USD/năm
oValue per ha: 862 USD/năm
oSoil and coastal protection: 55% total value
oCarbon sequestration and aquaculture: 29% total value
oMost of the gains of ecosystem service benefit occurred in Ca mau province
where mangrove areas have expanded
• SESV method is effective for rapid assessment of mangrove
ecosystem service values
14. Recommendation
• Development plan to incorporate ESV in a national database to ensure planning
institutions and processes use the same, frequently updated and government
approved ESV coefficients for their impact and cost-benefits analysis
• Using economic instruments in mangrove management in the Mekong delta
• To effectively and efficiently use the results of the SESV approach for their
planning purposes