Journée thématique "Évaluation d’Impact sur la Vie Privée des Applications RFID"

18/03/2015 1www.centrenational-rfid.com
Evaluation d’Impact sur la Vie Privée
des Applications RFID
Les journées thématiques du CNRFID
Paris
18 Mars 2015

 Introduction
 RFID and privacy
 RFID operator
 Legal Environment
 Chart of fundamental rights of European Union
 Directive 95/46/EC and French “Loi Informatique et Libertés”
 Recommendation 2009/387/EC, Mandate M436 et EN 16571
 Future European Regulation
 Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA/EIVP)
 PIA levels
 PIA process: the 9 steps
 Risk Analysis
 Data, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Countermeasures, Residual risk
 EN 16571 / ISO 27005 vs. EBIOS
 EN 16571
 Registration Authority
 CSL/CNRFID Software
Agenda
2www.centrenational-rfid.com02/23/2015

 Privacy is a fuzzy concept but can be summarized…
“the claim of individuals to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent
information about them is communicated to others”
 Information: Personal Data
 Data Protection
 collection, accuracy, protection and use of data collected by an organization
 Data Security
 protection of collected data
 Notion of personal consent
 Opt-In
 Opt-Out
 Personal data and privacy classification
 Physical (body integrity)
 Personal Behaviour (political, religious, sexual,…)
 Personnal communications (phone, emails, social networks, …)
 Personal information (gender, age, …)
 Spatial privacy (locations, travels,…)
Introduction: Privacy concept

 Citizen use more and more RFID technologies
 Ticketing (transportation and events)
 Payment (small values w/o PIN code)
 Identity (passport, driver licence)
 NFC applications…
 Citizen are surrounded by RFID tags
 Everyday life products (textile, library books,…)
 Luxury goods (authentication, certificates,…)
 First developed for logistics, inventory, article surveillance, …
 Data can identify people directly…
 Name, address, etc.
 Generally secured HF protocols (first use cases)
 Or indirectly
 Unique identifiers (TID, EPC, …)
 Combined with other data, could impact privacy
Introduction: RFID everywhere?

Privacy, Security, data
protection

Introduction: RFID operator
6www.centrenational-rfid.com
 Definition is given in the Recommendation 2009/387/EC
‘RFID application operator’ or ‘operator’ means the natural or legal person, public
authority, agency, or any other body, which, alone or jointly with others, determines
the purposes and means of operating an application, including controllers of personal
data using a RFID application
 Organizations that read RFID tags…
 … Organizations that write (encode) a tag
 The RFID operator is responsible in implementing a PIA
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Privacy: European Regulations
 Directive 95/46/CE
 protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the
free movement of such data
 Transposed in National French Law: “Loi Informatique et Libertés”
 Chart of fundamental rights of the UE (2000/C 364/01)
 Art. 8, right to the protection of personal data
 Everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or
her.
 Such data must be processed fairly for specified purposes and on the basis of
the consent of the person concerned or some other legitimate basis laid down
by law. Everyone has the right of access to data which has been collected
concerning him or her, and the right to have it rectified.
 Compliance with these rules shall be subject to control by an independent
authority.
 In France, such authority is CNIL !!!!
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Privacy: European Regulations
 Recommendation 2009/387/EC
Due to potential massive RFID deployment, the European Commission issued a
Recommendation (May 2009)
« on the implementation of privacy and data protection principles
in applications supported by RFID »
 Title
 Data protection: Not only personal data
 Definition and scope
 All RFID technologies (NFC and contactless smart cards included)
 All kind of application, including… governmental applications, with exceptions
being rare
 For retail sector (direct link to the consumer) there are rules when deactivation of
the tag is required
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 Focus on tag deactivation at the Point of Sale
Once the tag leaves the « controlled domain »
 Logic deactivation:
 Secured deactivation (Kill + passwords)
 Unsecured deactivation (Kill with one password for the entire application)
 Reduced read range????
 Hardware:
 Tag destruction (strong electromagnetic wave,…)
 Tag removal
Privacy
(European Recommendation)

 Recommendation does not oblige to deactivate the tags at PoS if RFID
operator undertakes a
Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA)
and proves that the risk is limited
 Systematic deactivation (OPT-IN) in case of high level of risk.
 To provide a simple, immediate and free way to disable the tag at PoS (medium
level of risk) (OPT-OUT)
 Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA)
 Identify the impact of the implementation of the application with respect to
personal data and privacy
 PIA has to be undertaken by the RFID operator !
 Level of detail consistent with the level of risk
Privacy
(Recommandation)

Privacy, PIA Framework
 To help the RFID operators in the PIA process,
European Commission gathers stakeholders
to draft a Framework
 This Framework has been accepted by Art. 29
WP and endorsed by European Commission in
January 2011

Privacy, PIA Framework
Framework tries to standardize the PIA process but…
WTF PIA
level?

Privacy: one word on M/436
 December 2008: European Commission issued Mandate 436
 Madate is issued to CEN, ETSI and CENELEC (only CEN and ETSI participate)
 Phase 1: propose a gap analysis of existing standards related to RFID, data
protection and privacy protection. A joint technical committee is chaired by CNRFID
 May 2011: phase 1 report underlines that there is no existing standard related to
PIA process and signage (public awareness)
 January 2012: KoM of phase 2: the goal is to publish standards in a 2 year time
frame (only CEN is involved)
 July 2014: publication of 2 major standards
 EN16570: Signage and public awareness
 EN16571: PIA process for RFID applications
 July 2014: CNRFID became the Registration Authority for EN16571
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Future European Regulation
 Future Regulation on Data Protection
 Supersedes Directive 95/46/CE
 Regulation: no need to transpose it into national law
 Art.33 makes Privacy Impact Assessment Mandatory
 Art. 32a: Respect to risk
The controller, or where applicable the processor, shall carry out a risk analysis of the
potential impact of the intended data processing on the rights and freedoms of the data
subjects, assessing whether its processing operations are likely to present specific risks
 Art. 33: Data Protection Impact Assessment
The controller shall carry out an assessment of the impact of the envisaged processing
operations on the rights and freedoms of the data subjects, especially their right to
protection of personal data
 Art. 33: Describes the minimal requirements …
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Future European Regulation
 The DPIA shall contain …
 a systematic description of the envisaged processing operations and the
purposes of the processing
 an assessment of the necessity and proportionality of the processing
operations in relation to the purposes
 an assessment of the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects
 a description of the measures envisaged to address the risks and minimize
the volume of personal data which is processed
 a list of safeguards, security measures and mechanisms to ensure the
protection of personal data
 a general indication of the time limits for erasure of the different categories
of data
 a list of the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data
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 Introduction
 RFID operator
 PIA levels
 Risk Analysis
 EN 16571 / ISO 27005 vs. EBIOS
 EN 16571
Agenda

 Privacy Assets and Data Types
 Assets are classified in two categories
 Assets that can directly identify individuals
Passport, Medical bracelet, Loyalty card, Venue-based trackable bracelets, …
 Assets that when held can identify the individuals
Airline baggage tag, Tagged employee uniform, Public transport card, Retail product, Library book, …
 Privacy Assets are closely related to Personal Data (wherever it is stored)
 EN 16571 assesses the “value” of the data on the tag and in the application
 Associated Personal Data are classified into 6 categories
 PI Personal Identifier (name, email, DNA, …)
 PB Personal Behaviour (age, religion, political affiliation…)
 TH Tag and Hardware (RFID chip ID, IPV4/6, …)
 RV Residual Value (Residual value on loyalty card, travel card, …)
 TL Time and Location (start location, route, …)
 IT Identity of Things (Unique Item code)
PIA Levels

 Privacy in depth model
 This model identifies all of the
layers that need to be considered to
assess the privacy risks associated
with the RFID technology used in
the application
 The top four layers are directly
concerned with RFID technology,
whereas the bottom four layers are
concerned with the host computer
and application
PIA Levels

Asses the PIA Level
To assess the
PIA level,
you need to
answer
3 basic
questions
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 What to consider regarding the PIA level?
 Level 0: no PIA required
 Level 1:
 Risk assessment for data types other that PI and PB
 Only consider threats on the RFID air-interface
 Level 2:
 For PI and PB, only consider threats on application layer
 For other data types, consider all kind of threats
 Level 3:
 For PI and PB, consider all kind of threats
Whatever the level, don’t forget to consider the controlled and uncontrolled domains
PIA Levels

EN 16571: PIA flowchart
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 Introduction
 RFID operator
 PIA levels
 Risk Analysis
 EN 16571 / ISO 27005 vs. EBIOS
 EN 16571
Agenda

 Asset identification and valuation
 2 categories of asset
 directly identifiable assets, where encoded data includes:
 an individual's name
 a unique chip ID
 any identifier that has a one-to-one relationship with the individual
 indirectly identifiable factors specific to the individual's physical, physiological,
mental, economic, cultural or social identity, as included in Directive 95/46/EC for
the definition of person data
 The value of the asset is based on the highest value of the associated data types
 The value of asset is between 0 and 4 (based on ISO 27005)
 EN16571 gives a list (quite exhaustive) of data types and proposes values
Risk Analysis: Asset

 Example of Asset valuation
Membership card with information encoded in the RFID chip and stored in the application
Risk Analysis: Asset

 RFID Threats are mainly based on two different attacks:
 Eavesdropping
 Tag activation
 Eavesdropping
 Listening the communication between a tag and an interrogator
 Eavesdropping distances are greater than reading distances
 Information can be decoded if not cover-coded or encrypted
 Tag Activation
 RFID tag are operational once energized (no ON/OFF switch)
 A fake reader can ask a real tag to backscatter information
 Activation distances are greater than reading distances because attacker does not
care Regulation limitations (eg. 2Werp in Europe)
 More and more commercial readers are available
 At least 250 Million HF readers on smart phones
 Many small UHF readers that have USB connections or plug into smart phones
e.g. Arete Pop (1 off price 200€) with a read range of 1 metre
 Actual threats are a mix of eavesdropping and tag activation
RFID Threats

 Physical data modification:
 unauthorized changing of encoded data on the tag by deleting, modifying or adding
data
 Example: changing a product code to gain some financial advantage
 Tracking
 Continual sequence of unauthorized tag reading
 The threat can be deployed with mobile or fixed interrogators
 Example: tracking of employees in known zones, tracking of customers,…
 Relay Attack
 Also known as “Man in the middle” attack
 Allow a real tag to communicate with a real reader at long distances
 Example: Access a building without authorization
Examples of RFID Threats

 Threats are classified using 2 vectors:
 The layer that is attacked (data on the tag, RFID air-interface, RFID reader,
application)
 The security requirement (confidentiality, availability, integrity)
 The value of the threat is either low, medium or high (ISO 27005)
 The value is linked to the complexity and required skill required for implementing
the threat
 Threats associated with the data encoded on the RFID tag and the RFID tag
 Side Channel attack (confidentiality)
 Physical data modification (integrity)
 Cloning (integrity)
 Tag reprogramming (integrity)
 Tag destruction (availability)
 …
Risk Analysis: Threats

 Threats associated with the air interface or the device interface communication
 Unauthorized Tag Reading (confidentiality)
 Eavesdropping or traffic analysis (confidentiality)
 Crypto attacks (confidentiality)
 Relay, or man-in-the-middle attack (integrity)
 Replay attack (integrity)
 Noise (availability)
 Jamming (availability)
 Malicious Blocker Tags (availability)
 …

 Threats associated with the interrogator
 Side channel attack (confidentiality)
 Exhaustion of protocol resources (availability)
 De-synchronization attack (availability)
There is no identified interrogator’s threat on data integrity
 Threats associated with the host application
 Privacy and Data Protection Violations (confidentiality)
 Injecting Malicious Code (integrity)
 Partial/complete denial of service (availability)

 Vulnerability can be:
 Low: it is unlikely or impossible to implement a threat
 Medium: it is possible (identified in research documents) to implement a
threat
 High: the threat has been exploited in real world
 Taking into account the “exposure” time
 Asset that is held on a transient basis (less than 50 consecutive days) are
considered as less vulnerable
 Vulnerability can be reduced by one level
 Example: detachable label on retail product.
Risk Analysis: Vulnerability

www.centrenational-rfid.com 32
Risk value (EN 16571 / ISO 27005)
02/23/2015
 The initial risk value is easy to compute

www.centrenational-rfid.com 33
Risk value (EN 16571 / ISO 27005)
 Example: library book
 Asset: Unique Identifier linked to book category
(data on the tag): 2
 Threat: Tag activation: Medium
 Vulnerability: UHF protocol, no encryption: High
Risk Value 5/8
02/23/2015
 But exposure is less
than 50 consecutive
days
 Risk is reduced by one
 Risk Value: 4/8

 Countermeasures are applied in order to
mitigate the risk
 Countermeasures are classified:
 embedded in the tags and devices (crypto)
 available in the technology but require an action by the RFID operator (kill)
 independent of the hardware and can be implemented by the RFID operator
(systematic removal of the tag at point of sale)
 RFID operator can advise the individual about protecting privacy (please
remove the tag yourself)
Risk Analysis: Countermeasures

 Once countermeasures have been implemented, the risk shall be reevaluated
 The basic rule (described in EN 16571) is that:
 Implementation of a countermeasure reduces the risk by 1
 If RFID operator decides to remove, destroy, or render untraceable a tag
before it moves from the controlled to the uncontrolled domain, then the risk
level goes to zero.
 CSL/CNRFID Software is more sophisticated
 Countermeasures’ values can be more or less than 1
 Implementation of multiple countermeasures on a threat reduces the risk
even more (cumulative effect with non linear equation)
 Overall Risk reduction can be more or less than 1
Risk Analysis: Countermeasures

 The risk that has not been canceled (zeroed) is called the residual risk
 This residual risk has to be compared to the benefits carried by the application
 The residual risk has to be accepted by the stakeholders
 The risk has to be reassessed in case of:
 significant changes in the RFID application
 changes in the type of information process
 reports of breaches in similar RFID applications
 And every year ….
Risk Analysis: residual risk

 EBIOS: Expression des Besoins et Identification des Objectifs de Sécurité
 A 5 steps methodology
 Circumstantial study - determining the context
 Security requirements
 Risk study
 Identification of security goals
 Determination of security requirements
 EBIOS is primarily intended for governmental and commercial organizations
working with the Defense Ministry that handle confidential or secret defense
classified information: Nothing to do with RFID and privacy
Risk Analysis: EBIOS approach
37
www.centrenational-rfid.com02/23/2015

 CNIL proposes a methodology for privacy risk management based on EBIOS
 The 5 steps become:
 Background study: What is the context?
 Feared events study: What does one fear happening?
 Threats study: How can it happen? (optional)
 Risk study: What is the risk level? (optional)
 Measures study: What can be done to treat risks?
 STEP 1: equivalent to the description of the application
38

 STEP 2: Feared events are:
 unavailability of legal processes
 change in processing (diversion of the purpose, excessive or unfair
collection...)
 illegitimate access to personal data
 unwanted change in personal data
 disappearance of personal data
 Feared events are ranked using the addition of:
 Level of identification (negligible, limited, significant, maximum)
 Prejudicial effect (negligible, limited, significant, maximum)
39

 STEP 3: Threats study: How can it happen?
 A threat is a possible action by risk sources on supporting assets
 Threats are ranked using the addition of:
 vulnerabilities of the supporting assets (negligible, limited, significant,
maximum)
 capabilities of risk sources (negligible, limited, significant, maximum)
40

 STEP 4: Level of risk
 Severity vs. Likelihood
 You can only have a map of the
risk not a score
41

 STEP 5: Measures
 The RFID operator describes how he will reduce the risk (severity and/or
likelihood)
 It is up to the RFID operator to evaluate the risk reduction
42

EBIOS is more devoted to security issues and not suited to RFID and privacy
 EBIOS concentrates on feared event not on privacy asset and data type
 For one feared event, many data types can be involved so what data type do
we have to choose?
 EBIOS doesn’t take into account where the data is stored
 A feared event can occur if the data is stored in the tag or in the hosted
application (the threat will be different !)
 When using EBIOS methodology, you will have to imagine scenario so you can
forget risks
 EBIOS doesn’t give an overall risk score so it is difficult to rank the risk and choose
to mitigate the highest ones
 EBIOS doesn’t explain how a measure reduces the risk score
 EBIOS doesn’t take into account the uncontrolled domain
 EBIOS doesn’t take into account the exposure time
43

 Introduction
 RFID operator
 PIA levels
 Risk Analysis
 EN 16571 / ISO 27005 vs. EBIOS
 EN 16571
Agenda

European Registration Authority
 Role defined in the standard EN 16571 – PIA process
 Privacy Capability Statement
 A reference document
 Clear and standardized information on product features related to privacy
for: RFID chips, tags and readers
 Avoid misinterpretations of technical standards (many optional features)
and commercial manufacturers’ information (incomplete datasheets)
 Allow easy comparison of different products
 The Registration Authority:
 Gathers information from the manufacturers
 Provides these information to RFID operators
 Is the unique entry point in Europe
 Impinj and NXP already declare their UHF products
02/23/2015

 Impinj and NXP declare UHF products… More to come
 You can download Privacy Capability Statement from the WebSite
02/23/2015

 Example of PCS
 Impinj M4QT
 C:UsersctetelinDesktopUHF PCS - passive RFID chip - Impinj M4QT -
20141217.pdf
02/23/2015

PIA made easy: a devoted software
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 Enter Organization’s details

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 Describe your application

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 Select your Assets

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 Choose the tags you are using in the application
 In case the product is not referenced, an email is automatically sent to
support

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Selectthedatatypes

 You can change the data type value
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 Only threats that are relevant to the specific RFID protocol and the layer are
presented. These are the threats for 15693 and Tag Data:
 The operator can accept or change the EN 16571 suggested values
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RelevantCountermeasuresaredisplayed

 The countermeasures are linked to threats and impact on risk values varies
 Spreadsheet Threat/Countermeasures
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 The software displays the PIA summary, with details of
 Operator details
 Application description (overview)
 Data on the tag
 Countermeasures applied by the operator
 Countermeasures the individual should apply
 The risk score
 Export in various formats e.g. PDF, HTML
 More at: http://rfid-pia-en16571.eu
02/23/2015

 RFID operators have now all the reference texts to undertake a PIA
 PIA is a good practice and is not mandatory
 European Recommendation
 Next step: European Regulation ? All ICT technologies will be covered
 PIA is a good way to establish trust between operators and citizen
 PIA approach could be spread to other communication and internet technologies
 Governments could be a forerunner with ID applications…
Conclusion

Based on ISO/IEC 29160 : RFID Emblem
One common Emblem (EN 16570)

Additional Information to be provided by RFID operators
Signalisation (EN 16570)
NFC tags may be read in this area for the purpose of easy NFC
Smartphone based professional data exchanges. vCard
application is available on demand and can be embedded in
your visitor badge.
vCard application is operated and controlled by French RFID
National Center (CNRFID)
A Privacy Impact Assessment has been undertaken and validated
by the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL)
PIA summary can be downloaded at
www.centrenational-rfid.com
For more information, please contact us by phone or email:
+33 494 370 937, contact@centrenational-rfid.com Back to presentation
02/23/2015

Journée thématique "Évaluation d’Impact sur la Vie Privée des Applications RFID"

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