The document discusses how knowledge grows through networks and groups. It argues that knowledge is produced at boundaries between groups through contact and conflict. While larger networks can enable greater growth of knowledge, they also face challenges of discoverability, silos, and trust. Productive knowledge growth requires the right local network structures and institutions that support boundaries and conflict between groups. Diversity is important for knowledge creation, but so is community and identity, which encourage some level of exclusion. The right balance must be struck between opening and closing networks.

1. Network Enabled Research
@cameronneylon
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-716X
Adventures in Culture and Technology
Curtin, 23 August 2018
Connectivity, groups and growth in the production of knowledge

2. Divided and dividing times…

4. Bollen et al. (2009) http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004803 CC-BY

5. https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence

6. Andris et al. (2015) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123507 CC-BY

8. https://www.nature.com/news/interdisciplinary-research-by-the-numbers-1.18349

9. https://www.nature.com/news/interdisciplinary-research-by-the-numbers-1.18349
‘Britain is sick of experts’ – Michael Gove

10. What went so wrong?

11. Network Ready Research
The role of Open Source and Open Thinking
BOSC - Berlin - 19 July 2013
Cameron Neylon

12. Torres-Sosa et al, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002669 Waters et al, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040337
http://bit.ly/bosc-cn-fig1 http://bit.ly/bosc-cn-fig2

13. Torres-Sosa et al, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002669 Waters et al, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040337
http://bit.ly/bosc-cn-fig1 http://bit.ly/bosc-cn-fig2

14. Torres-Sosa et al, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002669 Waters et al, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040337
http://bit.ly/bosc-cn-fig1 http://bit.ly/bosc-cn-fig2

15. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arpanet_logical_map,_march_1977.png

16. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Showing_the_Telegraph_Lines_In_Operation,_Under_Contract,_and_
Contemplated_to_Complete_the_Circuit_of_the_Globe,_1869.jpg

17. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Post_und_Reisecarte_der_Wege_durch_Frankreich_1703.PNG

18. Many networks

19. http://www.flickr.com/photos/47691521@N07/6082519811/ CC BY-SA
What can we...

21. P =
Interest
Friction
x N(getting help)
Proportion that create work
that you can use
Ease of contributing
Number of people you
can reach

22. Fixed
P =
Interest
Friction
x N(getting help)

23. As small as possible...
As large as possible...
P =
Interest
Friction
x N(getting help)

24. ‘Open’ builds bigger networks…

25. The bigger the network the better…

26. The bigger the network the better…?

28. The group-level scale matters…

29. The group matters…

30. A side step on knowledge…

31. Two assertions…

32. 1. Knowledge Grows

33. de Solla Price, Big Science, Little Science (1963)
Nlm.nih.gov
Schofer and Meyer (2005), American Sociological Review 70:898

34. de Solla Price, Big Science, Little Science (1963)
Nlm.nih.gov
Schofer and Meyer (2005), American Sociological Review 70:898

35. de Solla Price, Big Science, Little Science (1963)
Nlm.nih.gov
Schofer and Meyer (2005), American Sociological Review 70:898

36. 2. Knowledge is made by groups

37. ESOTERIC
EXOTERIC
Ludwig Fleck (1981 [1935])
Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact

40. *

41. *

42. Knowledge is a product of translation

43. Lotman’s stages of reception
1. Exoticism
2. Translation/Adaption
3. Abstraction
4. Dissolution
5. Re-transmission
Yuri Lotman (2009)
Dialogue Mechanisms in Universe of the Mind

44. *General knowledge is produced at the
boundaries of group in contact/conflict

46. 1. Knowledge Grows

47. 2. Knowledge is made by groups

50. Groups do not scale…

53. Adapted from an original
Created by Richard Slade
from the Noun Project

59. Adapted from an original
Created by Richard Slade
from the Noun Project

60. …and yet it grows…

61. 1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

62. Culture & institutions support scaling…

63. …but also have limits to scale

64. Growth
Intrinsic Limit
Endogenous Innovation
Growth
Intrinsic Limit
Adoption

65. Innovations/Institutions
are endogenous

66. There will always be a next crisis…

67. Distribution/Logistics Limitations
1950 1975 2000

68. IndustrialisationDistribution/Logistics Limitations
1950 1975 2000

69. IndustrialisationDistribution/Logistics Limitations
1950 1975 2000
What counts as scholarly? Peer Review

70. Many of the discussions of the future at
CERN and the LHC era end with the
question – “Yes, but how will we ever keep
track of such a large project?”

71. Many of the discussions of the future at
CERN and the LHC era end with the
question – “Yes, but how will we ever keep
track of such a large project?”
https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html

72. IndustrialisationDistribution/Logistics Limitations
1950 1975 2000
What counts as scholarly? Peer Review
The Web
?
Discoverability/Siloing
Trust

73. Diversity is a first order principle
for knowledge creation

74. …but so is community/identity…

75. …and therefore locality (exclusion)

76. IndustrialisationDistribution/Logistics Limitations
1950 1975 2000
What counts as scholarly? Peer Review
The Web
?
Discoverability/Siloing
Trust
Opening Up

77. IndustrialisationDistribution/Logistics Limitations
1950 1975 2000
What counts as scholarly? Peer Review
The Web
?
Discoverability/Siloing
Trust
Opening Up
Closing Down

78. IndustrialisationDistribution/Logistics Limitations
1950 1975 2000
What counts as scholarly? Peer Review
The Web
?
Discoverability/Siloing
Trust
Opening Up
Closing Down
Opening Up
Closing Down

79. Not just bigger networks…

80. …but the right local structure

81. *

82. Institutions for Productive Boundaries

83. Institutions for Productive Conflict

84. Image originally from Strange Matter by Nick D Kim. Used with permission.

86. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

87. Sabato and Botana (1968)
Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

88. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva
Sabato and Botana (1968)

89. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva
Sabato and Botana (1968)

90. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva
Sabato and Botana (1968)

91. Sabato and Botana (1968)
Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

92. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

93. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

94. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

95. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

97. John O’Sullivan https://visual.ly/community/infographic/transportation/world-airline-routes-map

98. Leydesdorff et al (2013) https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.0801

100. Building the right networks…

101. …requires institutionalizing locality

102. Gobierno
Infraestructura científico-tecnológica Estructura productiva

103. This process – of ever-widening, concentric
circles – allows a drip-feed of stories to a
wider audience, even as a specific heritage
is both consolidated and enhanced.
Scott (2015) Not so easy, Griffith Review, 47

104. @cameronneylon
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-716X