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Lecturer: Ms. REJOICE MOTTEY
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TOPIC: DISCUSS THE ROLE OF THE SUPERNATURAL IN HEALTHCARE.
PRESENTATION BY GROUP 3
Agbagba Cephas 2015PA1010002
Bashiru Lukman 2015PA1010009
Odum Solomon 2015NU1010011
Honu Perfect 2015PA1010010
OBJECTIVES
 Definition of related terms.
 pathways in which religion influence health.
 Major religions and their roles in healthcare;
Christianity
Islam
Traditional and Alternative medicine
 General recommendations.
11/17/2016 4
“We are not human beings having a
spiritual experience. We are spiritual beings having a human
experience.”
-Teilhard de Chardin
11/17/2016 5
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Religion – believes and practices associated with the supernatural.
 Supernatural – attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding
or the laws of nature.
 Spirituality - involves relationships with a higher being, with self, and with
the world around the individual.. Spirituality implies living with moral
standards.
 Atheism – the theory or belief that God does not exist.
11/17/2016 6
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Health - "a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
(WHO, 1948)
 Healthcare - the maintenance or improvement of health via the
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury,
and other physical and mental impairments in human beings.
11/17/2016 7
RELIGION
 Religion is an organized and public belief system of worship and
practices that generally has a focus on a god or supernatural power.
It generally offers an arrangement of symbols and rituals that are
meaningful and understood by it’s followers.
“Religion is primarily a set of beliefs, a collection of prayers, or
rituals. Religion is first and foremost a way of seeing. It can’t change
the facts about the world we live in, but it can change the ways we see
those facts, and that in itself can often make a difference.” (Harold
Kushner)11/17/2016 8
THE INFLUENCE OF SPIRITUALITY/RELIGION ON
HEALTH
 There are four prominent pathways in which religion influence health:
1. health behaviours (through prescribing a certain diet and/or
discouraging the abuse of alcoholic beverages, smoking, etc.
religion can protect and promote a healthy lifestyle),
2. social support (people can experience social contact with co-
religionists and have a web of social relations that can help and
protect whenever the case),
11/17/2016 9
THE INFLUENCE OF SPIRITUALITY/RELIGION ON
HEALTH
3. psychological states (religious people can experience a better
mental health, more positive psychological states, more optimism and
faith, which in turn can lead to a better physical state due to less stress)
and
4.‘psi’ influences (supernatural laws that govern ‘energies’ not currently
comprehended by science but possibly understandable at some point
by science).
Because spirituality/religion influences health through these pathways,
they act in an indirect way on health (Oman & Thorensen, 2002).11/17/2016 10
MAJOR RELIGIONS
 Traditional religion - Generally, these traditions are oral rather than
scriptural, include belief in a supreme creator, belief in spirits,
veneration of the dead, use of magic, and traditional medicine.
 Christianity religion- is a monotheistic religion based on the life and
teachings of Jesus Christ. It is the world's largest religion, with over
2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as
Christians.
 Islamic religion - is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds
that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence
is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last
prophet of God. ... Most Muslims are of one of two denominations:
Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10–20%).
11/17/2016 11
IMPACTS OF CHRISTIANITY RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 Although the doctrines of Christian churches vary greatly both within and
between countries, there are general features of Christianity that are
nearly universal.
 A Christian’s individual faith and religious practice will be influenced by
the tradition of the church to which they belong as well as their own
personal relationship with God.
 A Catholic patient will probably wish to be visited by a Catholic Priest and
to receive Holy Communion and the “Sacrament of the Sick”.
11/17/2016 12
IMPACTS OF CHRISTIANITY RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 Others will prefer to fast and pray or visit prayer camps for divine response when
they are ill rather than relying on hospital medications.
 Some individuals also fast beyond their capabilities depriving their bodies of food for
long periods which can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and nutrient
deficiencies.
 Blood Transfusion is normally acceptable for adults, but parents usually consent to
transfusion for their child if doctors consider it essential and organ transplantation is
not normally acceptable for adults to donate or receive organs.
11/17/2016 13
JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES
 Jehovah’s Witnesses try to live their lives according to the commands
of God as written in the Old and New Testaments. They regard Jesus
Christ as the Son of God, but not in the sense of being equal with God
or one with God.
 Diet – Food containing blood or blood products is not acceptable.
 Jehovah’s Witnesses do not smoke.
11/17/2016 14
JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES
 Blood Transfusions – Jehovah’s Witnesses have religious views that
taking blood into one’s body is morally wrong and is therefore
prohibited.
This includes whole blood or its components, such as packed red
cells, plasma, white cells and platelets.
Jehovah’s Witnesses can choose whether to accept products such as
albumin, immunoglobins or clotting factors.
Blood samples may be taken for pathological testing providing any
unused blood is disposed of.
 Dialysis is usually accepted.
11/17/2016 15
JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES
 Organ Transplantation – this is generally not permitted.
Components where blood is not involved, e.g. corneas, are more likely to be
acceptable.
Jehovah’s Witnesses are not likely to be willing either to donate or receive
an organ through which blood flows.
They will want reassurance that blood will not be used against their wishes.
11/17/2016 16
IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 Hygiene/Cleanliness - Great importance is attached to
cleanliness. (wash his/her face hands and feet before prayers,
patients prefer to wash in free flowing water)
 Method of prayer is a great form of exercise.
 Modesty - in their dress and outlook. A female may
request that she is examined by a female doctor or nurse,
or that her husband or a female companion be present
during a medical examination.
11/17/2016 17
IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
Diet
Both pork and alcohol are forbidden in all forms, all year round.
During the month of Ramadan according to the Muslim calendar all
Muslims fast by not eating or drinking from dawn to sunset, but ill
patients are exempted from this.
The taking of medication during a fasting day may cause difficulties
to the patient, no undue pressure should be applied. This could be
discussed with the patient and family.
11/17/2016 18
IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 Easy spread of
infections
11/17/2016 19
IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 Dress/ jewelry -A locket containing religious writing is sometimes
worn around the neck in a small leather bag. These are kept for
protection and strength and therefore should never be removed,
thereby interfering with some surgical procedures.
 Family Planning – Strictly speaking orthodox Muslims do not approve
of contraception, in practice, individuals vary widely in their approach.
 Abortion is frowned upon, but is often tolerated if it is for medical
reasons.
11/17/2016 20
IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 Natural occurrences are said to have supernatural implications
 When an African gets sick, a lack of trained doctors or medicine leads
many to traditional practices, especially spiritual cures, some using
religion, and appeals to ancestors.
 Western medicine attributes disease in part to germs according to
Professor Samuel Danquah a psychologist at the University of Ghana. By
contrast, he says both good and bad health can have some spiritual
implications for the African.
11/17/2016 21
IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 “When x-rays and laboratory tests are not conclusive, the African is
left in a state of doubt, and solutions are sought from outside
sources. If orthodox medicine doesn’t work and the African uses his
belief system, that he has sinned against God, in which case he will
use a priest," explains Professor Danquah.
 "If he has sinned against the lesser gods, he consults spirits and
shrines. If he believes the cause to be witchcraft, he also sees the
shrine."
11/17/2016 22
IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE
 Traditional priests may either prescribe herbal treatments or certain rituals.
 “Even to go and pluck the leaves, the priest has to say many incantations,
without which the herbs may not work. And before they do that, they ask
[the sick person] to slaughter a goat [as a sacrifice] before the leaves can
work,” says Professor Danquah.
 He says people will pay for the priest to invoke the spirit behind the
treatment. This reinforces the African belief in the supernatural and makes
the treatment more acceptable.
11/17/2016 23
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES
 any of a range of medical therapies that are not regarded as orthodox by the medical profession,
such as herbalism, naturopathy, and acupuncture.
 are practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but are disproven, unproven,
impossible to prove, and are not part of medicine or science-based healthcare systems.
 Alternative medicine consists of a wide range of health care practices, products, and therapies
that are diverse in their foundations and methodologies.
 Alternative medicine practices may be classified by their cultural origins or by the types of beliefs
upon which they are based
11/17/2016 24
Unscientific belief systems
 Naturopathy - Naturopathic medicine is
based on a belief that the body heals itself
using a supernatural vital energy that
guides bodily processes.
 Homeopathy - A belief that a substance
that causes the symptoms of a disease in
healthy people cures similar symptoms in
sick people.
11/17/2016 25
Traditional ethnic systems
11/17/2016 26
Traditional practices and beliefs from China,
together with modifications made by the
Communist party make up TCM. Common
practices include
 herbal medicine,
 acupuncture (insertion of needles in the
body at specified points),
 massage (Tui na),
 exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.
• Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional ethnic systems
11/17/2016 27
• believes in the existence of three elemental substances, the
doshas (called Vata, Pitta and Kapha), and states that a balance
of the doshas results in health, while imbalance results in disease.
• Such disease-inducing imbalances can be adjusted and balanced
using traditional herbs, minerals and heavy metals.
• Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and
treatments, with some animal products, and added minerals,
including sulfur, arsenic, lead, copper sulfate.
Ayurveda - Traditional medicine of India
Religion, faith healing, and prayer
11/17/2016 28
There is a divine or spiritual intervention in
healing.
• Christian faith healing
A practitioner can reach an altered states of
consciousness in order to encounter and
interact with the spirit world or channel
supernatural energies in the belief that they
can heal.
• Shamanism
Supernatural energies
11/17/2016 29
Spinal manipulation aims to treat "vertebral
subluxations" which are claimed to put
pressure on nerves.
Practitioners place their palms on the patient near
Chakras that they believe are centers of
supernatural energies in the belief that these
supernatural energies can transfer from the
practitioner's palms to heal the patient.
• Chiropractic
• Reiki
11/17/2016 30
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS IN PRACTICE
 Consider spirituality as a potentially important component of every patient’s
physical well-being and mental health.
 Address spirituality in your initial assessment; continue addressing it at follow-up
visits if appropriate. In patient care, spirituality is an ongoing issue.
 Respect patient’s privacy regarding spiritual beliefs; don’t impose your beliefs on
others.
 Make referrals to chaplains, spiritual directors, or community resources as
appropriate
• Awareness of your own spirituality will not only help you personally, but will also
overflow in your encounters with those for whom you care.
11/17/2016 31
REFERENCES
 Akpenpuun, Joyce Rumun (2O14). Influence Of Religious Beliefs On Healthcare
Practice in International Journal of Education and Researh:Vol. 2 No. 4. Faculty of
Social Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
 Traditional believes play major roles in health. http://www.voanews.com/a/ghana-
traditional-health-care-voa-80288697/416798.html. Retrieved on 9th November,
2016
 Alternative medicine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine. Retrieved
on 9th November, 2016
11/17/2016 32
11/17/2016 33
QUESTIONS ARE WELCOMED
11/17/2016 34

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The supernatural & health

  • 2. I N H E A L T H 11/17/2016 2 TOPIC: DISCUSS THE ROLE OF THE SUPERNATURAL IN HEALTHCARE.
  • 3. PRESENTATION BY GROUP 3 Agbagba Cephas 2015PA1010002 Bashiru Lukman 2015PA1010009 Odum Solomon 2015NU1010011 Honu Perfect 2015PA1010010
  • 4. OBJECTIVES  Definition of related terms.  pathways in which religion influence health.  Major religions and their roles in healthcare; Christianity Islam Traditional and Alternative medicine  General recommendations. 11/17/2016 4
  • 5. “We are not human beings having a spiritual experience. We are spiritual beings having a human experience.” -Teilhard de Chardin 11/17/2016 5
  • 6. DEFINITION OF TERMS  Religion – believes and practices associated with the supernatural.  Supernatural – attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature.  Spirituality - involves relationships with a higher being, with self, and with the world around the individual.. Spirituality implies living with moral standards.  Atheism – the theory or belief that God does not exist. 11/17/2016 6
  • 7. DEFINITION OF TERMS  Health - "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” (WHO, 1948)  Healthcare - the maintenance or improvement of health via the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings. 11/17/2016 7
  • 8. RELIGION  Religion is an organized and public belief system of worship and practices that generally has a focus on a god or supernatural power. It generally offers an arrangement of symbols and rituals that are meaningful and understood by it’s followers. “Religion is primarily a set of beliefs, a collection of prayers, or rituals. Religion is first and foremost a way of seeing. It can’t change the facts about the world we live in, but it can change the ways we see those facts, and that in itself can often make a difference.” (Harold Kushner)11/17/2016 8
  • 9. THE INFLUENCE OF SPIRITUALITY/RELIGION ON HEALTH  There are four prominent pathways in which religion influence health: 1. health behaviours (through prescribing a certain diet and/or discouraging the abuse of alcoholic beverages, smoking, etc. religion can protect and promote a healthy lifestyle), 2. social support (people can experience social contact with co- religionists and have a web of social relations that can help and protect whenever the case), 11/17/2016 9
  • 10. THE INFLUENCE OF SPIRITUALITY/RELIGION ON HEALTH 3. psychological states (religious people can experience a better mental health, more positive psychological states, more optimism and faith, which in turn can lead to a better physical state due to less stress) and 4.‘psi’ influences (supernatural laws that govern ‘energies’ not currently comprehended by science but possibly understandable at some point by science). Because spirituality/religion influences health through these pathways, they act in an indirect way on health (Oman & Thorensen, 2002).11/17/2016 10
  • 11. MAJOR RELIGIONS  Traditional religion - Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural, include belief in a supreme creator, belief in spirits, veneration of the dead, use of magic, and traditional medicine.  Christianity religion- is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians.  Islamic religion - is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God. ... Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10–20%). 11/17/2016 11
  • 12. IMPACTS OF CHRISTIANITY RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  Although the doctrines of Christian churches vary greatly both within and between countries, there are general features of Christianity that are nearly universal.  A Christian’s individual faith and religious practice will be influenced by the tradition of the church to which they belong as well as their own personal relationship with God.  A Catholic patient will probably wish to be visited by a Catholic Priest and to receive Holy Communion and the “Sacrament of the Sick”. 11/17/2016 12
  • 13. IMPACTS OF CHRISTIANITY RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  Others will prefer to fast and pray or visit prayer camps for divine response when they are ill rather than relying on hospital medications.  Some individuals also fast beyond their capabilities depriving their bodies of food for long periods which can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and nutrient deficiencies.  Blood Transfusion is normally acceptable for adults, but parents usually consent to transfusion for their child if doctors consider it essential and organ transplantation is not normally acceptable for adults to donate or receive organs. 11/17/2016 13
  • 14. JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES  Jehovah’s Witnesses try to live their lives according to the commands of God as written in the Old and New Testaments. They regard Jesus Christ as the Son of God, but not in the sense of being equal with God or one with God.  Diet – Food containing blood or blood products is not acceptable.  Jehovah’s Witnesses do not smoke. 11/17/2016 14
  • 15. JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES  Blood Transfusions – Jehovah’s Witnesses have religious views that taking blood into one’s body is morally wrong and is therefore prohibited. This includes whole blood or its components, such as packed red cells, plasma, white cells and platelets. Jehovah’s Witnesses can choose whether to accept products such as albumin, immunoglobins or clotting factors. Blood samples may be taken for pathological testing providing any unused blood is disposed of.  Dialysis is usually accepted. 11/17/2016 15
  • 16. JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES  Organ Transplantation – this is generally not permitted. Components where blood is not involved, e.g. corneas, are more likely to be acceptable. Jehovah’s Witnesses are not likely to be willing either to donate or receive an organ through which blood flows. They will want reassurance that blood will not be used against their wishes. 11/17/2016 16
  • 17. IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  Hygiene/Cleanliness - Great importance is attached to cleanliness. (wash his/her face hands and feet before prayers, patients prefer to wash in free flowing water)  Method of prayer is a great form of exercise.  Modesty - in their dress and outlook. A female may request that she is examined by a female doctor or nurse, or that her husband or a female companion be present during a medical examination. 11/17/2016 17
  • 18. IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE Diet Both pork and alcohol are forbidden in all forms, all year round. During the month of Ramadan according to the Muslim calendar all Muslims fast by not eating or drinking from dawn to sunset, but ill patients are exempted from this. The taking of medication during a fasting day may cause difficulties to the patient, no undue pressure should be applied. This could be discussed with the patient and family. 11/17/2016 18
  • 19. IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  Easy spread of infections 11/17/2016 19
  • 20. IMPACTS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  Dress/ jewelry -A locket containing religious writing is sometimes worn around the neck in a small leather bag. These are kept for protection and strength and therefore should never be removed, thereby interfering with some surgical procedures.  Family Planning – Strictly speaking orthodox Muslims do not approve of contraception, in practice, individuals vary widely in their approach.  Abortion is frowned upon, but is often tolerated if it is for medical reasons. 11/17/2016 20
  • 21. IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  Natural occurrences are said to have supernatural implications  When an African gets sick, a lack of trained doctors or medicine leads many to traditional practices, especially spiritual cures, some using religion, and appeals to ancestors.  Western medicine attributes disease in part to germs according to Professor Samuel Danquah a psychologist at the University of Ghana. By contrast, he says both good and bad health can have some spiritual implications for the African. 11/17/2016 21
  • 22. IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  “When x-rays and laboratory tests are not conclusive, the African is left in a state of doubt, and solutions are sought from outside sources. If orthodox medicine doesn’t work and the African uses his belief system, that he has sinned against God, in which case he will use a priest," explains Professor Danquah.  "If he has sinned against the lesser gods, he consults spirits and shrines. If he believes the cause to be witchcraft, he also sees the shrine." 11/17/2016 22
  • 23. IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL RELIGION ON HEALTHCARE  Traditional priests may either prescribe herbal treatments or certain rituals.  “Even to go and pluck the leaves, the priest has to say many incantations, without which the herbs may not work. And before they do that, they ask [the sick person] to slaughter a goat [as a sacrifice] before the leaves can work,” says Professor Danquah.  He says people will pay for the priest to invoke the spirit behind the treatment. This reinforces the African belief in the supernatural and makes the treatment more acceptable. 11/17/2016 23
  • 24. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES  any of a range of medical therapies that are not regarded as orthodox by the medical profession, such as herbalism, naturopathy, and acupuncture.  are practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but are disproven, unproven, impossible to prove, and are not part of medicine or science-based healthcare systems.  Alternative medicine consists of a wide range of health care practices, products, and therapies that are diverse in their foundations and methodologies.  Alternative medicine practices may be classified by their cultural origins or by the types of beliefs upon which they are based 11/17/2016 24
  • 25. Unscientific belief systems  Naturopathy - Naturopathic medicine is based on a belief that the body heals itself using a supernatural vital energy that guides bodily processes.  Homeopathy - A belief that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people cures similar symptoms in sick people. 11/17/2016 25
  • 26. Traditional ethnic systems 11/17/2016 26 Traditional practices and beliefs from China, together with modifications made by the Communist party make up TCM. Common practices include  herbal medicine,  acupuncture (insertion of needles in the body at specified points),  massage (Tui na),  exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy. • Traditional Chinese medicine
  • 27. Traditional ethnic systems 11/17/2016 27 • believes in the existence of three elemental substances, the doshas (called Vata, Pitta and Kapha), and states that a balance of the doshas results in health, while imbalance results in disease. • Such disease-inducing imbalances can be adjusted and balanced using traditional herbs, minerals and heavy metals. • Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments, with some animal products, and added minerals, including sulfur, arsenic, lead, copper sulfate. Ayurveda - Traditional medicine of India
  • 28. Religion, faith healing, and prayer 11/17/2016 28 There is a divine or spiritual intervention in healing. • Christian faith healing A practitioner can reach an altered states of consciousness in order to encounter and interact with the spirit world or channel supernatural energies in the belief that they can heal. • Shamanism
  • 29. Supernatural energies 11/17/2016 29 Spinal manipulation aims to treat "vertebral subluxations" which are claimed to put pressure on nerves. Practitioners place their palms on the patient near Chakras that they believe are centers of supernatural energies in the belief that these supernatural energies can transfer from the practitioner's palms to heal the patient. • Chiropractic • Reiki
  • 31. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS IN PRACTICE  Consider spirituality as a potentially important component of every patient’s physical well-being and mental health.  Address spirituality in your initial assessment; continue addressing it at follow-up visits if appropriate. In patient care, spirituality is an ongoing issue.  Respect patient’s privacy regarding spiritual beliefs; don’t impose your beliefs on others.  Make referrals to chaplains, spiritual directors, or community resources as appropriate • Awareness of your own spirituality will not only help you personally, but will also overflow in your encounters with those for whom you care. 11/17/2016 31
  • 32. REFERENCES  Akpenpuun, Joyce Rumun (2O14). Influence Of Religious Beliefs On Healthcare Practice in International Journal of Education and Researh:Vol. 2 No. 4. Faculty of Social Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria  Traditional believes play major roles in health. http://www.voanews.com/a/ghana- traditional-health-care-voa-80288697/416798.html. Retrieved on 9th November, 2016  Alternative medicine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine. Retrieved on 9th November, 2016 11/17/2016 32

Editor's Notes

  1. Diet Both pork and alcohol are forbidden in all forms, all year round. “Hallal” meal is required, otherwise Kosher or seafood and vegetarian meal. During the month of Ramadan according to the Muslim calendar all Muslims fast by not eating or drinking from dawn to sunset, but ill patients are exempted from this. Food should be made available for any fasting patient before dawn and after sunset. The taking of medication during a fasting day may cause difficulties to the patient, no undue pressure should be applied. This could be discussed with the patient and family. Hygiene/Cleanliness – Hands, feet and mouth are always washed before prayer. Hand washing is considered essential before eating. Water for washing is needed in the same room as the WC itself, i.e. patients should be provided with bowls/ jugs of water/bidet etc.? If a bedpan has to be used, bowls/jugs of water should also be provided. Patients prefer to wash in free flowing water, e.g. a shower, as baths are considered unhygienic. If a shower is unavailable, ask the patient if they would like to use a jug in the bath. Modesty – Women prefer to be treated by female staff where appropriate. Dress/Jewellery – A locket containing religious writing is sometimes worn around the neck in a small leather bag. These are kept for protection and strength and therefore should never be removed. Family Planning – Strictly speaking orthodox Muslims do not approve of contraception, in practice, individuals vary widely in their approach. Abortion is frowned upon, but is often tolerated if it is for medical reasons.
  2. Diet Both pork and alcohol are forbidden in all forms, all year round. “Hallal” meal is required, otherwise Kosher or seafood and vegetarian meal. During the month of Ramadan according to the Muslim calendar all Muslims fast by not eating or drinking from dawn to sunset, but ill patients are exempted from this. Food should be made available for any fasting patient before dawn and after sunset. The taking of medication during a fasting day may cause difficulties to the patient, no undue pressure should be applied. This could be discussed with the patient and family. Hygiene/Cleanliness – Hands, feet and mouth are always washed before prayer. Hand washing is considered essential before eating. Water for washing is needed in the same room as the WC itself, i.e. patients should be provided with bowls/ jugs of water/bidet etc.? If a bedpan has to be used, bowls/jugs of water should also be provided. Patients prefer to wash in free flowing water, e.g. a shower, as baths are considered unhygienic. If a shower is unavailable, ask the patient if they would like to use a jug in the bath. Modesty – Women prefer to be treated by female staff where appropriate. Dress/Jewellery – A locket containing religious writing is sometimes worn around the neck in a small leather bag. These are kept for protection and strength and therefore should never be removed. Family Planning – Strictly speaking orthodox Muslims do not approve of contraception, in practice, individuals vary widely in their approach. Abortion is frowned upon, but is often tolerated if it is for medical reasons.
  3. Diet Both pork and alcohol are forbidden in all forms, all year round. “Hallal” meal is required, otherwise Kosher or seafood and vegetarian meal. During the month of Ramadan according to the Muslim calendar all Muslims fast by not eating or drinking from dawn to sunset, but ill patients are exempted from this. Food should be made available for any fasting patient before dawn and after sunset. The taking of medication during a fasting day may cause difficulties to the patient, no undue pressure should be applied. This could be discussed with the patient and family. Hygiene/Cleanliness – Hands, feet and mouth are always washed before prayer. Hand washing is considered essential before eating. Water for washing is needed in the same room as the WC itself, i.e. patients should be provided with bowls/ jugs of water/bidet etc.? If a bedpan has to be used, bowls/jugs of water should also be provided. Patients prefer to wash in free flowing water, e.g. a shower, as baths are considered unhygienic. If a shower is unavailable, ask the patient if they would like to use a jug in the bath. Modesty – Women prefer to be treated by female staff where appropriate. Dress/Jewellery – A locket containing religious writing is sometimes worn around the neck in a small leather bag. These are kept for protection and strength and therefore should never be removed. Family Planning – Strictly speaking orthodox Muslims do not approve of contraception, in practice, individuals vary widely in their approach. Abortion is frowned upon, but is often tolerated if it is for medical reasons.