General theoretical observations

1. Constructivism
Cesar C. Navarrete, Ph.D.

2. Epistemology
• Constructivism—philosophical perspective that
individuals for (construct) what they learn and
understand
• Piaget
• Vygotsky
• Dewey
• May include cognitivist views
• and concepts

3. Perspectives
• Exogenous—reconstruction of the external world
• Endogenous—cognitive abstraction as mental
reconstruction
• Dialectical—interaction between the person and
environment

4. Situated Cognition
• Learning is specific to context
• Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

5. Measurement
• How is learning measured in schools?
• How can student learning be measured in
constructivist learning environments?

6. Benjamin Bloom