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1. • A medical instrument for listening to the action of someone's heart or
breathing.
• Typically having a small disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the
chest, and two tubes connected to earpieces.
• The stethoscope was invented in France in 1816 by René Laennec.
• Stethoscopes are a common part of a nurse’s or doctor’s uniform.
• Types of Stethoscopes :-
1. Single Stethoscopes (Hooks up to one ear)

2. 2. Binaural Stethoscopes (Hooks up to both ears)
3. Differential Stethoscopes (For comparing sounds in two body regions)
4. Electronic Stethoscopes (Amplifies sounds)
5. Fetal Stethoscopes (For listening to fetal heart tones)
6. Esophageal Stethoscope (For listening to the esophagus)
Binaural Stethoscopes
 A stethoscope in which the two ear pieces connect with a single bell.
 EARPIECES/EAR TIPS :- The earpieces fit into external ear canal .
They should be an appropriate size for the ear and should fit
comfortably .

3. EAR TUBES :- These are the metal tubes onto which the earpieces and
the flexible tubing are fitted .
TUBING :- The upper portion of the flexible tubing or the yoke ,
connects the ear tubes while the lower , non-forked portion connects to
the chest piece . It transmits sound from the chest piece to the
earpieces . It should be 10-15” long .
 CHEST PIECE :- It is a bell or a diaphragm ,
many stethoscopes have both .
 BELL :- A stethoscope’s bell is the cup shaped
part that is used for listening low pitched
sounds .

4.  DIAPHRAGM :- A stethoscope’s diaphragm is the flat , drum like part
that is used for listening high pitched sounds .
 Positioning the Patient : Patients can be examined while lying supine,
sitting and leaning forward . Pericardial sounds are sometime best heard
with the patient’s hands on knees .
 Murmurs : It is abnormal or unusual heart sound heard during our
heartbeat cycle . These sounds can be heard with a stethoscope .
Sound is made by blood moving through the heart and its valves . This
sound is mainly heard when our heart valves are not functioning proper .