Over dentures and its attachment

TOOTH SUPPORTED OVER
DENTURES AND ITS ATTACHMENT
Presented by,
Dr. Chaithra Prabhu B
2nd year PG
Department of Prosthodontics
VSDC
184

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Definition
 History
 Goals
 Requirements of overdenture
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Indications and Contraindications
 Classifications
 Treatment Planning and procedures
 Attachments
 Over denture maintenance
 Conclusion
2

INTRODUCTION
• Presence of teeth helps maintain the residual alveolar
ridge.
• For this reason an approach has been espoused to retain
the roots of natural teeth beneath a complete denture.
3Zarb GA, Hobkirk J, Eckert S, Jacob R. Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients-e-book:
complete dentures and implant-supported prostheses. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013 Nov 21.

DEFINITION
• Any removable dental prosthesis that covers and rests on one
or more remaining natural teeth, the roots of natural teeth,
and/or dental implants.
-GPT 9
• Removable prosthesis that covers the entire occlusal surface
of a root or an implant
-Preiskel
4

SYNONYMS
• Overlay denture
• Telescopic denture
• Biologic denture
• Superimposed denture
• Overlay prosthesis
• Hybrid denture
• Coping prosthesis
5
Heartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger; 1986.
Modalavalasa HK, Shankar YR, Kumar PS, Kumar TS. A Novel Overdenture Telescopic
Prosthesis. Journal of Orofacial Research. 2015:56-60.

HISTORY
6
• 1856- Ledger had described a prosthesis resembling an
overdenture.
• 1861- Increased awareness regarding overdentures.
• 1888- Evans described a method of using roots actually to
retain restorations.
• 1896- Essig prescribed a telescopic like coping.
- Peeso - removable telescopic prosthesis.
• 1913- Dr.Gilmore constructed Bar type attachment for
overdenture.
Preiskel HW. Overdentures made easy: a guide to implant and root supported prostheses.
Quintessence Publishing Company; 1996.

GOALS
1. Maintains teeth as a part of residual ridge.
2. Decrease in the rate of alveolar resorption.
3. An increase in the patient's manipulative skills in handelling
the denture.
7
Enables to withstand greater force without
movement.
A study conducted by Crum & Rooney showed
that the resorption of alveolar bone surrounding
these teeth was reduced by EIGHT TIMES.
Preservation of proprioceptive impulses.
Control the force of occlusion.
Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical Pub; 1988.

REQUIREMENTS
 Maintenance of health of underlying tooth structure.
 Reduction in crown- to-root ratio.
 Basal seat tissue
 Simplicity of construction
 Ease of manipulation
8Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical Pub;
1988.

ADVANTAGES
 Preservation of alveolar bone
 Preservation of proprioceptive response
 Support
 Retention
 Periodontal maintenance
 Patient acceptance
 Convertibilty
 Harmony of arch form
9Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical Pub; 1988.

DISADVANTAGES
Caries susceptibility
Periodontal breakdown of the abutment teeth
Bony undercuts
Overcontour
Undercontour
Encroachment of the interocclusal distance
Esthetics

TYPES OF OVERDENTURES
• Transitional overdenture
• Training overdenture
• Immediate replacement overdenture
• Definitive prosthesis
11Preiskel HW. Overdentures made easy: a guide to implant and root supported prostheses.

Transitional overdenture
12
The transitional overdenture consists of a modification of
this partial denture to replace further lost teeth or to cover
the roots of overdenture abutments once the teeth have
been cut down.
Preiskel HW. Overdentures made easy: a guide to implant and root supported prostheses.

Training dentures
• These are not overdentures
• But they do have many applications in overdenlure techniques.
Such dentures are commonly employed to replace hopeless
posterior teeth once they have been extracted
• They serve as a replacement to allow the patient to
accommodate to the replaced posterior dentition

Immediate overdenture
• An overdenture constructed for placement immediately after
removal of the last hopeless teeth

15Khanna TS, Gurav SV, Ram SM, Nandeeshwar DB. Immediate overdenture. Journal of
Contemporary Dentistry. 2012 Sep;2(3):101-5.

16Khanna TS, Gurav SV, Ram SM, Nandeeshwar DB. Immediate overdenture. Journal of
Contemporary Dentistry. 2012 Sep;2(3):101-5.

17
A Randomized Control Trail on 74
patients
Region Bone reduction
IOD ICD
Canine region 0.9mm 1.8mm
Posterior region 0.7mm 1.9mm
Conclusion: Retention of roots of canines beneath a mandibular
denture in immediate denture patients, even when they were in
poor condition, reduced the collapse ofthe alveolar processes in
all regions of the mandible.
J Dent Res 72(6):1001-
1004, June, 1993

Definitive prosthesis
• These are usually restored at least 6 months following
extraction of the last teeth and the preparation of the
overdenture abutments.
• matured edentulous ridge &
firmly attached marginal
gingiva
• may involve metal base.

Diagnosis and treatment planning and
procedure
19

PATIENT SELECTION
• Possibilty of fixed or removable partial dentures.
If the remaining natural teeeth are capable of supporting a FPD /
RPD
• Endodontic therapy
 Good endodontic prognosis
 Single rooted teeth with single
canals – best candidates
2-4 week interval
1988.

• Periodontal condition
 Critical step
 optimum periodontal
health
 inflammation,pocket
formation, poor zone
of attached gingiva
must all be eliminated
1988.

• Caries activity
 Ideally teeth with minimal or no
carious involvement should be
selected .
• Economic consideration
 already endodontically treated
teeth selected as abutment teeth
1988.

SELECTION OF ABUTMENTS
23
Periodontal status
Endodontic
consideration
Number & position of
abutment
location of abutment

Periodontal consideration
 Minimal mobility
 Acceptable bone support
 Be amennable to periodontal therapy.
 Periodontal pockets of 4-5mm require
periodontal therapy.
 there must be a minimum of 3-4mm
attached gingiva.
24
Do not condemn a tooth only on the basis of its mobility
Heartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger; 1986
Richardson GD, Levin B. Complete Denture Prosthodontics: A Manual for Clinical Procedures. Department of
Removable Prosthodontics, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry; 1981..

Endodontic consideration
• Should have good endodontic prognosis
Advantages of endodontic treatment
25
C/R ratio can be
made more
favarable
More favorable
interocclusal
distance

Number of abutment teeth
26
Quadrilateral configuration Tripodal configuration

CANINES ARE THEABUTMENT OF
CHOICE
27
Easily amendable to
endodontic treatment
Adequate periodontal
attachment
Strategic position in the
arch.

• The teeth that are used most often are maxillary and
mandibular canines.
• After the canines, the most useful teeth inorder are:
(1) molars and bicuspids,
(2) maxillary central incisors,
(3) maxillary lateral incisors, and
(4) mandibular incisors
28
Richardson GD, Levin B. Complete Denture Prosthodontics: A Manual for Clinical Procedures.
Department of Removable Prosthodontics, University of Southern California, School of
Dentistry; 1981.

The amount of space between
abutment teeth
Robert M Morrow recomends that abutments should
not be approximating
29
• difficulty for oral hygine maintanence
• margiinal gingivitis in inter proximal areas

Location of abutment
– Maximum occlusal force
– Maximum ridge resorption potential
Anterior aspect of mandibular residual ridge –
(most susceptible to change) – canines and premolars
Preservation of the lower teeth and alveolar process
is more important –
difficulties encountered in the complete denture.
Mandibular canines – most often utilized
1988.

Reasons for loss of abutments
31
.Tada S, Allen PF, Ikebe K, Zheng H, Shintani A, Maeda Y. The impact of the crown-root ratio on
survival of abutment teeth for dentures. Journal of dental research. 2015 Sep;94(9_suppl):220S-
5S.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Economical condition
2. Mentally and physically handicapped.
Most specific contraindications are- the diagnostic findings
related to Periodontal and endodontic procedures
32
• Grade III mobility
• Soft tissue and osseous defect not correctable by periodontal
surgery
• Failure to establish a sufficient zone of attached gingiva by
mucogingival graft procedures
• Excessive reduction of the adjacent residual alveolar ridge as a
result of result elimination of osseous defects and the
establishment of normal architecture
• Patients who will not keep the retained teeth free of plague.
• Vertical fracture of the root or
roots.
• Mechanical perforation of the
root.
• Internal resorption that has
perforated through the side of the
root.
• Broken instrument in the root
canal.
• Horizontal fracture of the root
below the bony crestHeartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger; 1986.

INDICATIONS
• Younger patients who faces loss of teeth
• Geriatric patients
• CD opposed by retained madibular anterior teeth
• Attachments are particularly indicated
– xerostomia
– absence of residual alveloar ridge in edentulous area
– loss of a maxilla or partial loss of a mandible
– congenital deformity ( cleft palate )
33Heartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger; 1986.

ABUTMENT PREPARATION
34
Based on the method of abutment preparation
1. Non Coping Abutments
2. Abutment with Coping
3. Abutment with attachments
4. Submerged Vital Roots
1. Simple tooth modofication &
reduction
2. Tooth reduction & cast copings
3. endodontic therapy with
amalgam plug
4. Endodontic therapy and cast
copings
5. Endodontic therapy and cast
copings utilising some form of
attachment

SIMPLE TOOTH MODIFICATION AND
REDUCTION
• Reshaped or Contoured to convex or
dome shaped surface to eliminate
the undercuts and reduce vertical
height to create more inter-ridge
space for the overdentures.
• Abutments reduced to coronal height
of 2-3mm
• Good oral hygiene with a low caries
index is a must
1988.

Indications
Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical Pub;
1988.
36
• partially anadontic patients
• patients with severe abrasion

TOOTH REDUCTION WITH CAST
COPING
 Abutment teeth are reduced and a cast coping is made on the
teeth in preparation for overdenture for sensitivity or caries
control
Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical Pub; 1988. 37
Adequate bony support
Good periodontal prognosis
Adequate interocclusal distance
Requirement of abutments

ENDODONTIC THERAPY AND AMALGAM
PLUG
Indications
• Normal coronal height of the tooth
• Normal interocclusal distance
After Endodontic therapy
Tooth is sectioned at the gingival margin or
slightly above it (1-2mm)
Amalgam restoration is placed into the exposed root canal
Precautions:
Caries index to be kept low – home care must be excellent

ENDODONTIC THERAPYAND CAST
COPING
Endodontic therapy is completed
Casting is placed on the tooth
(caries control)
• Casting is a shallow dome shaped
• Margin – supragingival
• Retention – short post placed in the canal – post is kept
short for easy retrieval if caries develops

SHORT COPING AND LONG COPING
Short Cast Coping : 2-3 mm
long
• Require endodontic
therapy because the coronal
root reduction would
expose the pulp.
• Attached to cast coping is
a post fitted to the canal.
Heartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger; 1986. 40

Long Cast Coping : 5-8 mm
long
• Endodontic therapy is
eliminated by a
conservative reduction of
coronal tooth structure.
• Long ellipsoid shaped
coronal coping.
• Larger crown – root ratio.
• Require greater level of
osseous support
41Heartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger; 1986.

Endodontic Therapy with cast coping utilizing some
form of attachment
Indications
• Significant improvement in retention
is required.
• Loss of maxilla or partial loss of
mandible
• Congenital deformity especially
Cleft Palate
Heartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger; 1986. 42

Attachments are secured to the abutment by cast
coping.
The objective of any attachment is to improve
retention of the denture base.
Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical Pub;
1988.
43
ABUTMENTS WITH
ATTACHMENTS:
Due to stress on the attachment from the overdenture, more retention
is needed in the casting. This is done by lengthening the post in the
root canal
The casting that is made with the attachment usually cannot be easily
removed and redone
Requires sufficient inter-ridge distance

SUBMERGED VITAL ROOTS
– This is of current research interest.
– It attempts to obviate some basic problem associated with the
more conventional over denture abutments.
– Selected vital roots are transacted and reduced to 2mm below
the crestal bone and then covered by a mucoperiosteal flap.
– 2 major postoperative problems: dehiscence and pulpal
pathosis
44

ATTACHMENTS
• In the making of an overdenture only the stud, the bar, and
some of the accessory attachments are of interest.
46
Mensor Jr MC. Classification and selection of attachments. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1973
May 1;29(5):494-7.

47
Stud Attachments
 Gerber attachments
 Dalbo attachment
 Ceka attachment
 Schubiger attachment
 Quinlivan attachment
 Rothermann attachment
 Infrofix attachment
Bar attachments
 Hader Bar
 Dolder Bar
 Baker Clip
 Ackerman Clip and
CM Clip
Intracoronal attachments
Zest anchor
Extracoronal attachments
Mensor Jr MC. Classification and selection of attachments. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1973
May 1;29(5):494-7.

STUD ATTACHMENT
Stud attachment
48
Male stud type
Soldered to the base
• Base – coping covering the
prepared root stump,
usually with a post extending
into an endodontically treated
tooth
Female stud type
Embedded in the acrylic of
overdenture OR
Soldered to the substructure in
the overdenture
Rigidly attached to
male
- Non resilient
attachment
Designed with a spring
load to provide for a
controlled movement
- Resilient attachment
PRESSURE BUTTONS
/ SNAP FAST

Gerber attachment
1988.
RIGID/ NON
RESILIENT NON RIGID/
RESILIENT

Rigid Gerber button –
• Popular and widely used.
50
Advantages Disadvantages
All components are
interchangeable and
replaceable.
Expensive
Solid fixation and minimal
torque
Retention is internal and
replaceable.
If denture base is not adapted
adequately, the attachment can
place torque on the tooth .
Housing can be picked up in the
mouth with resin
A mandrel is required to parallel
the attachments when more than
one is required
Soldering base
Male post
Female housing

Resilient Gerber
• Most sophisticated stud attachment- mechanical resiliency
under 20g load and requires 2 lbs of force to disengage the
locking spring
• Spring loaded,vertically loaded- height of 4.7mm
• Easiest to use – once technique is learned.
• Vertical movement – less torque
51
Soldering base is interchangeable. Bulky attachment – take up the
space
All parts are replaceable , making
service life indefinite.
Complex – requires skill
Spring loaded allows base to adapt
under function.
Control after every 4 months –
replacement of spring.
The attachment housing can be
picked up in the mouth with resin.
Torque – if denture base not adapted
properly

Dalbo attachment
52
RIGID
• CYLINDRICAL MALE UNIT WITH A ROUNDED HEAD
RESILIEN
T
• SPHERE SHAPED MALE UNIT, SMALLEST, ALLOWS
VERTICAL AND ROTATIONAL MOVEMEN OF THE
FEMALE COMPONENT AROUND THE MALE
STRESS
BREAKE
R
• SIMILAR IN DESIGN TO RESILIENT TYPE EXCEPT
THAT THE FEMALE HOUSING IS LONGER AND
INCORPORATES A COIL SPRING

Ceka attachment
1988.
• Male portion is fixed to the tooth & has round shaped wider
at the top that splits vertically into 4 sections ----- flexible
• over this fits the female housing or the ring

Zest Anchor
Female Sleeve
Male nylon post
with ball head
Derives its retention from within the root.
Post preparation is done – female sleeve is cemented in place.
Male – nylon post and a ball head
Retention – ball head snapping into the undercut of female sleeve

No space problem –
attachment is within the
root
No casting or coping is
made – root and canal
are susceptible to caries
Leverage on the tooth is
minimal – point of
attachment is well below
the alveolar bone level.
Nylon studs can be bent
– preventing seating of
the applicance – if
several are used.

56
Attachment procedure is
simple and done chair side
Food debris in female housing
– attempts at eating without
the denture.
More than one teeth –
parallelism not necessary –
flexibility of nylon head
Although a successful attachment to use because of many disadvantages used
as a temporaray from of fixation for interim overdentures.
Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical
Pub; 1988.

Rothermann attachment
• There are two types
• consists of
– short stud with a deeper groove at one end
– retaining C ring
• Requires very little space
• no need be parallel because of short height
• male unit easy to attach to the coping-----free hand soldering
• female clip----self cure

Quinlivan attachment
Female housin
O-ring
Male component : prefabricated
resin ball incorporated within the
wax up of post.
Female component :
Prefabricated resin cap with‘O’
ring.
Retention – O rubber ring inside
the female that is secured by
small lip at the orifice of the
female cap
Height - 3mm
Ball shaped
resin male post

• Advantages
• Easily and economically fabricated.
• Housing is free to rotate in all directions . So minimum
torque to the tooth.
• Retention is satisfactory.
• Height is less –less space constraints.

Schubiger attachment
• Permanent form of fixation using screw system that connects
anchor teeth to bar joint and bar unit.
• Consists of :
– 1. A soldered base with a screw -
interchangeable with Gerber post attachment.
– 2. A ceramic metal sleeve to which a bar unit can
be soldered
– 3. Screw lock nut to receive the sleeve
60

Schubiger attachment
Indications
– For bar attachment on teeth with divergent roots.
Advantage:
– Convertibility with weak abutment teeth.
– If one or more of the teeth are lost , the bar attachment is un
screwed, leaving the solder base which is common to
Gerber stud unit.

Introfix attachment
• Tall stud attachment
• Because of its length, it has much torque
potential on the abutment tooth and therefore
should be used only on totally tooth
supported overdentures or on
an overdenture that has an other wise excellent
support
62
Female housing
Male retention
cylinder Split post
Solder base

Introfix attachment
Simple to use Paralleling device – if additional
attachments used
Components are replaceable
Solder base – common to Ancrofix
anchor
Torque potential maximum – if
denture base not adapted properly
Good seating and retention
Can be used in combination with
resilient attachments
Service life is indefinite
Ideal for overdenture with
quadrilateral support

Ancrofix attachment
Resilient attachment
• Overall height – 3.2mm
• Teflon ring – allow
lamellae to function in
resin
1988.
Advantages
• Allows rotational movement
• Components- replaceable
• Retention – easily adjusted
• Attachment system – simple
and inexpensive

Magnets
 Consists of a detachable keeper element made of
stainless steel fixed to the abutment tooth.
 Denture retentive element has
 Paired, Cylindrical , Cobalt –samarium
 Axially magnetized magnets with their opposite
poles adjacent.
 Flat magnet faces are covered on one end by the
attached stainless steel keeper and on the other end by
thin stainless steel plates
Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete
denture prosthodontics. Year Book Medical
Pub; 1988.
65

Advantages
• Straightforward , inexpensive technique
• No significant external magnetic field associated with the
retentive units
• No residual magnetic field when the denture is removed.
1988.

Bar attachments
70
Purpose is to splint the abutment teeth
Retention and support of the prosthetic appliance.
Bar Units
Bar Joints
• Rigid fixation.
• No movement
• Classified as
tooth- borne.
• Permit rotational
movement
• utilizing more of
residual ridge
for support

Hader Bar
Can be used as a bar attachment /stud
attachment/ bar joint / bar unit .
Consists of preformed plastic bars and clips.
Plastic bar – attached to coping wax up and is cast
Plastic clip – embedded in denture
Advantages:
Can be adjusted to any length before casting ( bar /
stud )
Disadvantages:
Bulky

Dolder Bar
72
Bar Units
Bar Joints
• preformed bar
• can only approach a
close adaptation to the
ridge contour as it
must remain parallel to
the ridge.
• soldered to the
copings of
abutment teeth,
spacer present to
provide
resiliency

Baker Clip
• Small U shaped clip designed to fit over a round wire.
• 2 sizes -----------11 and 14 gauge.
• Wire is soldered to post copings.
• Clip is placed on the wire and picked up in the resin.
Advantages:
• Simplicity
• Low cost

Ackerman clip and CM Clip
• Similar to Baker’s Clip.
• Difference : Retention wings on the clip for easy engagement
into the acrylic of over denture.
• Also contain spacer – clip does not rest directly on the bar –
providing vertical and rotational movement.
Advantages:
• Small size
• Ease of fabrication
• Excellent choice for overdenture retention when a bar joint
system is indicated

STUDD v/s BAR
• Splinting of two or more teeth with bar produces stability
similar to the rigid stud type attachment
• Stud type attachment allows independent movement – if one
tooth especially weak then the strong tooth acts as a fulcrum
point for movement of the weaker teeth in the prosthesis
• Bar units and joints splints in more than one plane- all or none
move
• With bar fixation, stronger and weaker tooth splinted together-
stronger tooth strengthens the weaker tooth and weaker tooth
strengthens a stronger tooth.
76

Photoelastic stress analysis of overdenture
attachments
• AIM : To study the load transfer characteristics of 1) conventional
endodontically treated tooth supported OD . 2) Stud attachment : Ceke, Zest,
Rotherman, Gerber, Ancrofix 3) Bar attachment : Hader bar, Dolder bar , Kings
connector.
• Results :
• The best design for uniform distribution, of occlusal forces to the remaining
structures was the conventional design, particularly the amalgam restored
abutment. This design, however; provided less effective retention and
stability than the other designs.
• In the, group of stud type attachments studied, the Ancrofix transferred stress
in a more favorable manner to the remaining structures in the oral cavity when
compared to the other stud attachments.
Photoelastic stress analysis of overdenture attachments. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.
1980 Jun 1;43(6):611-7.
77

• The Hader Bar provided more desirable effects to the abutments
and remaining structures than did the other tissue bars.
• The major objective in the choice of an overdenture attachment
should be the consideration of how the stress is transferred from
these tachments through the abutments and other structures, not the
retention and stability.
78
Photoelastic stress analysis of overdenture attachments. The Journal of prosthetic
dentistry. 1980 Jun 1;43(6):611-7.

OVERDENTURE MAINTENANCE
• ORAL HYGIENE:
Regular cleaning of teeth and mucosa after each meal
• CARE OF DENTURES:
Soft bristels brush with mild soap water
cleaning the dentures after every meal
soaking in water when not in mouth
79
Dentistry; 1981..

• CARIES PREVENTION:
Application of fluoride gel
Shannon & Cronin advocatesd the use of 0.4% SnF2 gel
application
• REGULAR FOLLOW UPS
80
Dentistry; 1981..

Conclusion
• Overdentures provide substantial benefit to the patient in terms
of ridge preservation and retention.
• Patient should be educated regarding the provisional nature of
the treatment and the inevitable need to progress to
conventional complete dentures.
• Abutment selection is vitally important in success of this
treatment modality, though cost is a deterrent, especially while
using attachments.
81

References
• Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics. Year
Book Medical Pub; 1988.
• Heartwell CM, Rahn AO. Syllabus of complete dentures. Lea & Febiger;
1986.
• Richardson GD, Levin B. Complete Denture Prosthodontics: A Manual for
Clinical Procedures. Department of Removable Prosthodontics, University
of Southern California, School of Dentistry; 1981..
• Preiskel HW. Overdentures made easy: a guide to implant and root
supported prostheses. Quintessence Publishing Company; 1996.
82

Cross references
• Khanna TS, Gurav SV, Ram SM, Nandeeshwar DB. Immediate overdenture.
Journal of Contemporary Dentistry. 2012 Sep;2(3):101-5.
• Van Waas MA, Jonkman RE, Kalk W, Van't Hof MA, Plooij J, Van Os JH.
Differences two years after tooth extraction in mandibular bone reduction
in patients treated with immediate overdentures or with immediate
complete dentures. Journal of dental research. 1993 Jun;72(6):1001-4.
• Mensor Jr MC. Classification and selection of attachments. The Journal of
prosthetic dentistry. 1973 May 1;29(5):494-7
• Anupam P, Anandakrishna GN, Vibha S, Suma J, Shally K. Mandibular
overdenture retained by magnetic assembly: A clinical tip. The Journal of
Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2014 Dec 1;14(1):328-33.
• Thayer H H , C aputo AA: Photoelastic stress analysis of overdenture
attachm ents. J Prosthet Dent 1980;43:611-617.
83

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