As A part of my minor project , Me and my Colleagues had worked on how the polypropylene fiber will affect the various properties of concrete viz. Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength , Workability and so on. So I would I like To share My Work With All Of You and the test result We obtained during the testing Procedure . Thank U.

1. MINOR PROJECT REPORT
EFFECT OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBER IN CONCRETE
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(CIVIL)
SUBMITTED BY
Charanjiv Singh (1714033)
Gaurav Kumar (1714041)
Devansh Shrivastav (1714038)
Ayush (1714028)
Under the guidance of [A.P] GAGANDEEP KAUR GREWAL
Civil Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE
LUDHIANA, PUNJAB

2. GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, LUDHIANA
CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the minor project report
entitled “EFFECT OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBER IN CONCRETE” by
CHARANJIV SINGH, GAURAV KUMAR, DEVANSH SHRIVASTAV, AYUSH,
in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech. (Civil)
submitted in the Department of Civil Engineering at GURU NANAK DEV
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, LUDHIANA under PUNJAB TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, KAPURTHALA is an authentic record of our own work carried out
during a period from ______ to _______under the guidance of Prof.
GAGANDEEP KAUR GREWAL The matter presented in this project report
has not been submitted by us in any other University / Institute for the award of any
Degree or Diploma.
Signature of Students
CHARANJIV SINGH (1714033)
GAURAV KUMAR (1714041)
DEVANSH SHRIVASTAV (1714038)
AYUSH (1714028)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate/s is correct to the
best of my/our knowledge.
Signature of the Minor Project Guide/s
Designation (Deptt.)

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are highly grateful to the Director, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College
(GNDEC), Ludhiana, for providing this opportunity to carry out the present minor
project work.
The constant guidance and encouragement received from Prof. Gagandeep Kaur
Grewal Department of Civil Engineering, GNDEC Ludhiana, who was our minor
project guide. Without the wise counsel and able guidance, it would have been
impossible to complete the in this manner.
We also take this opportunity to express my appreciation to all the participants
involved during my preliminary research for their invaluable time to answer my
queries and suggestions for the application to be developed.
Things always remain hidden in the shadow of the unsung heroes; still we would
thank all the people passively involved in the assignment, people who encouraged us
day in and day out to make it a success.
Finally, the authors are indebted to all whosoever have contributed in this minor
project work.
CHARANJIV SINGH (1714033)
GAURAV KUMAR (1714041)
DEVANSH SHRIVASTAV (1714038)
AYUSH (1714028)

4. CONTENT
SERIAL NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
01. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1-13
02. CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
14-15
03. CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVE
16
04. CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
17-21
05. CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
22-23

5. 1
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and
coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the
commonly used type of cement for production of concrete. Concrete technology deals
with study of properties of concrete and its practical applications.
In a building construction, concrete is used for the construction of foundations,
columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing elements.
There are different types of binding material is used other than cement such as lime
for lime concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road
construction.
Various types of cements are used for concrete works which have different properties
and applications. Some of the type of cement are Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC),
rapid hardening cement, Sulphate resistant cement etc.
Materials are mixed in specific proportions to obtain the required strength. Strength of
mix is specified as M5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30 etc, where M signifies Mix and 5,
10, 15 etc. as their strength in kN/m2.
Water cement ratio plays an important role which influences various properties such
as workability, strength and durability. Adequate water cement ratio is required for
production of workable concrete.
When water is mixed with materials, cement reacts with water and hydration reaction
starts. This reaction helps ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials
together into a durable stone-like material.
Concrete can be casted in any shape. Since it is a plastic material in fresh state,
various shapes and sizes of forms or formworks are used to provide different shapes
such as rectangular, circular etc.

6. 2
Various structural members such as beams, slabs, footings, columns, lintels etc. are
constructed with concrete.
There are different types of admixtures which are used to provide certain properties.
Admixtures or additives such as pozzolans or superplasticizers are included in the
mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material.
Various types of concrete are manufactured these days for construction of buildings
and structures. These have special properties and features which improve quality of
construction as per requirement.
1.1.1 COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE
Components of concrete are cement, sand, aggregates and water. Mixture of Portland
cement and water is called as paste. So, concrete can be called as a mixture of paste,
sand and aggregates. Sometimes rocks are used instead of aggregates.
The cement paste coats the surface of the fine and coarse aggregates when mixed
thoroughly and binds them. Soon after mixing the components, hydration reaction
starts which provides strength and a rock solid concrete is obtained.
1.1.2 GRADES OF CONCRETE
Grade of concrete denotes its strength required for construction. For example, M30
grade signifies that compressive strength required for construction is 30MPa. The first
letter in grade “M” is the mix and 30 is the required strength in MPa.
Based on various lab tests, grade of concrete is presented in Mix Proportions. For
example, for M30 grade, the mix proportion can be 1:1:2, where 1 is the ratio of
cement, 1 is the ratio of sand and 2 is the ratio of coarse aggregate based on volume or
weight of materials.
The strength is measured with concrete cube or cylinders by civil engineers at
construction site. Cube or cylinders are made during casting of structural member and
after hardening it is cured for 28 days. Then compressive strength test is conducted to
find the strength.

7. 3
Regular grades of concrete are M15, M20, M25 etc. For plain cement concrete works,
generally M15 is used. For reinforced concrete construction minimum M20 grade of
concrete are used.
1.1.3 CONCRETE MIX
Concrete is manufactured or mixed in proportions w.r.t. cement quantity. There are
two types of concrete mixes, i.e. nominal mix and design mix. Nominal mix is used
for normal construction works such as small residential buildings. Most popular
nominal mix are in the proportion of 1:2:4.
Design mixed concrete are those for which mix proportions are finalized based on
various lab tests on cylinder or cube for its compressive strength. This process is also
called as mix design. These tests are conducted to find suitable mix based on locally
available material to obtain strength required as per structural design. A design mixed
offers economy on use of ingredients.
Once suitable mix proportions are known, then its ingredients are mixed in the ratio as
selected. Two methods are used for mixing, i.e. Hand Mixing or Machine Mixing.

8. 4
Based on quantity and quality required, the suitable method of mixing is selected. In
the hand mixing, each ingredients are placed on a flat surface and water is added and
mixed with hand tools. In machine mixing, different types of machines are used. In
this case, the ingredients are added in required quantity to mix and produce fresh
concrete.
Once the it is mixed adequately it is transported to casting location and poured in
formworks. Various types of formworks are available which as selected based on
usage.
Poured concrete is allowed to set in formworks for specified time based on type of
structural member to gain sufficient strength.
After removal of formwork, curing is done by various methods to make up the
moisture loss due to evaporation. Hydration reaction requires moisture which is
responsible for setting and strength gain. So, curing is generally continued for
minimum 7 days after removal of formwork.
1.1.4 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Different properties of concrete:
1. Compressive strength
2. Characteristic Strength
3. Tensile strength
4. Durability
5. Creep
6. Shrinkage
7. Unit weight
8. Modular Ratio
9. Poisson’s ratio
1. Compressive strength of concrete
Like load, the strength of the concrete is also a quality which varies considerably for
the same concrete mix. Therefore, a single representative value, known as
characteristic strength is used.
2. Characteristic strength of concrete. It is defined as the value of the strength below
which not more then 5% of the test results are expected to fall (i.e. there is 95%
probability of achieving this value only 5% of not achieving the same)

9. 5
Characteristic strength of concrete in flexural member
The characteristic strength of concrete in flexural member is taken as 0.67 times the
strength of concrete cube.
Design strength (fd) and partial safety factor for material strength
The strength to be taken for the purpose of design is known is known as design
strength and is given by
Design strength (fd) = characteristic strength/ partial safety factor for material
strength
The value of partial safety factor depends upon the type of material and upon the type
of limit state. According to IS code, partial safety factor is taken as 1.5 for concrete
and 1.15 for steel.
Design strength of concrete in member = 0.45fck
3. Tensile strength of concrete
The estimate of flexural tensile strength or the modulus of rupture or the cracking
strength of concrete from cube compressive strength is obtained by the relations
fcr = 0.7 fck N/mm2. The tensile strength of concrete in direct tension is obtained
experimentally by split cylinder. It varies between 1/8 to 1/12 of cube compressive
strength
4. Creep in concrete
Creep is defined as the plastic deformation under sustained load. Creep strain depends
primarily on the duration of sustained loading. According to the code, the value of the
ultimate creep coefficient is taken as 1.6 at 28 days of loading.
5. Shrinkage of Concrete
The property of diminishing in volume during the process of drying and hardening is
termed Shrinkage. It depends mainly on the duration of exposure. If this strain is
prevented, it produces tensile stress in the concrete and hence concrete develops
cracks.
7. Modular ratio
Short term modular ratio is the modulus of elasticity of steel to the modulus of
elasticity of concrete.
Short term modular ratio = Es / Ec

10. 6
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel (2 x 10 5 N/mm2)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (5000 x SQRT(fck) N/mm2)
As the modulus of elasticity of concrete changes with time, age at loading etc the
modular ratio also changes accordingly. Taking into account the effects of creep and
shrinkage partially IS code gives the following expression for the long term modular
ratio.
Long term modular ratio (m) = 280/ (3fcbc)
Where, fcbc = permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete in N/mm2.
7. Poisson’s ratio
Poisson’s ratio varies between 0.1 for high strength concrete and 0.2 for weak mixes.
It is normally taken as 0.15 for strength design and 0.2 for serviceability criteria.
8. Durability of concrete
Durability of concrete is its ability to resist its disintegration and decay. One of the
chief characteristics influencing durability of concrete is its permeability to increase
of water and other potentially deleterious materials.
The desired low permeability in concrete is achieved by having adequate cement,
sufficient low water/cement ratio, by ensuring full compaction of concrete and by
adequate curing.
9. Unit weight of concrete
The unit weight of concrete depends on percentage of reinforcement, type of
aggregate, amount of voids and varies from 23 to 26 kN/m2. The unit weight of plain
and reinforced concrete as specified by IS:456 are 24 and 25 KN/m3 respectively.
1.1.5 USES OF CONCRETE
1. Concrete Dams
The characteristics of concrete such as high strength and unit weight make it a more
suitable material for the construction of dams. Dams are used to store water and
produce electricity. The loads imposed on the dam due to water pressure are very
intense which makes concrete as a suitable material for dam construction.

11. 7
2. Residential Buildings
The construction of small buildings, villas, and even high-rise buildings are done
using concrete with traditional or modern form-work as a method of construction of
the skeleton from foundations to the slabs and of course columns and beams.
3. Commercial Buildings
The use of concrete in commercial buildings makes it safer than using most other
construction materials. It is mostly more economic than steel buildings and requires
less maintenance. It is easy to control the heat transfer from inside to outside and vice
versa which reduces the energy consumed.
4. Roads or Driveways
Concrete streets, pavements, and driveways are more durable and stronger than
asphalt roadways. The long-lasting service time and the less maintenance required for
concrete roads make it the first choice of material for the construction of roads and
driveways.
5. Marine Construction
Concrete has had extensive use as a construction material for seawalls, jetties, groins,
breakwaters, bulkheads, and other structures exposed to seawater. The performance
record has generally been good.
6. Culverts and Sewers
Sewers and underground construction works need strong and durable building
materials and concrete is the ideal one. Culverts, piers, foundation, abutments are
constructed using special concrete mix.
7. Foundations
The foundation of high-rise or low-rise buildings is usually constructed using
reinforced cement concrete, as it is durable and has a huge load-carrying capacity.
8. Concrete Bridges
Reinforced concrete strength, durability, ductility, weather resistance, fire resistance,
and long-lasting life cycle makes the concrete the best solution for constructing the
bridges. Pre-stressed concrete, post-stressed concrete, self compacted concrete are
different types of concrete that may apply in bridges construction.

12. 8
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO POLYPROPYLENE
Polypropylene is a tough, rigid and crystalline thermoplastic produced from propene
(or propylene) monomer. It is a linear hydrocarbon resin. The chemical formula of
polypropylene is (C3H6)n. PP is among the cheapest plastics available today.
PP belongs to polyolefin family of polymers and is one of the top three widely used
polymers today. Polypropylene has applications both as a plastic and a fiber in:
 Automotive Industry
 Industrial Applications
 Consumer Goods, and
 Furniture Market
1.2.1 POLYPROPYLENE MANUFACTURING
These days, polypropylene is made from polymerization of propene monomer (an
unsaturated organic compound - chemical formula C3H6) by:
 Ziegler-Natta polymerization or
 Metallocene catalysis polymerization

13. 9
Upon polymerization, PP can form three basic chain structures depending on the
position of the methyl groups:
 Atactic (aPP) - Irregular methyl group (CH3) arrangement
 Isotactic (iPP) – Methyl groups (CH3) arranged on one side of the carbon chain
 Syndiotactic (sPP) - Alternating methyl group (CH3) arrangement
Various production processes exist with some general similarities. They are taking
place either in a gas-phase (fluidized bed or stirred reactor) or a liquid-phase process

14. 10
(slurry or solution). An example of flow diagram corresponding to each of the two
types of processes is illustrated in figure 1 bellow. The gas-phase polymerization is
economical and flexible and can accommodate a large variety of catalysts. It is the
most common technology in modern polypropylene production plants. Relevant
technologies are Novolen®, Unipol® (gas-phase processes), Borstar® and
Spheripol® (liquid-phase processes).
The obtained powder is finally conveyed to powder silos and then converted into
pellets that incorporate a full range of well-dispersed additives.

15. 11
1.2.2 TYPES OF POLYPROPYLENE & THEIR BENEFITS
Homopolymers and Copolymers are the two major types of polypropylene available
in the market.
 Polypropylene Homopolymer is the most widely utilized general-purpose grade.
It contains only propylene monomer in a semi-crystalline solid form. Main
applications include packaging, textiles, healthcare, pipes, automotive and
electrical applications.
 Polypropylene Copolymer family is further divided into random copolymers
and block copolymers produced by polymerizing of propene and ethane:
1. Polypropylene Random Copolymer is produced by polymerizing together ethene
and propene. It features Ethene units, usually up to 6% by mass, incorporated
randomly in the polypropylene chains. These polymers are flexible and optically clear
making them suitable of applications requiring transparency and for products
requiring an excellent appearance.
2. While in Polypropylene Block Copolymer, ethene content is larger (between 5
and 15%). It has co-monomer units arranged in regular pattern (or blocks). The
regular pattern hence makes thermoplastic tougher and less brittle than the random
co-polymer. These polymers are suitable for applications requiring high strength, such
as industrial usages.
Polypropylene, Impact Copolymer – Propylene Homopolymer containing a
co-mixed Propylene Random Copolymer phase which has an ethylene content of
45-65% is referred to PP impact copolymer. It is useful in parts which require good
impact resistance. Impact copolymers are mainly used in packaging, houseware, film,
and pipe applications, as well as in the automotive and electrical segments.
Expanded Polypropylene - It is a closed-cell bead foam with ultra-low density. EPP
is used to produce three-dimensional polymer foam products. EPP bead foam has
higher strength to weight ratio, excellent impact resistance, thermal insulation, and
chemical and water resistance. EPP is used in various applications ranging from
automobiles to packaging, from construction products to consumer goods and more.

16. 12
Polypropylene Terpolymer - It is composed by propylene segments joined by
monomers ethylene and butane (co-monomer) which appear randomly throughout the
polymer chain. PP terpolymer has better transparency than PP homo. Also, the
incorporation of co-monomers reduces crystalline uniformity in the polymer making it
suitable for sealing film applications.
Polypropylene, High Melt Strength (HMS PP)– It is a long chain branched material,
which combines both high melt strength and extensibility in the melt phase. PP HMS
grades have a wide mechanical property range, high heat stability, good chemical
resistance. HMS PP is widely used to produce soft, low density foams for food
packaging applications as well as used in automotive and construction industries.
1.2.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE
Keeping information about the properties of a thermoplastic beforehand is always
beneficial. This helps in selecting the right thermoplastic for an application. It also
assists in evaluating if the end use requirement would be fulfilled or not. Here are
some key properties and benefits of polypropylene:
1. Melting Point of Polypropylene - The melting point of polypropylene occurs at
a range.
 Homopolymer: 160 - 165°C
 Copolymer: 135 - 159°C
2. Density of Polypropylene - PP is one of the lightest polymers among all
commodity plastics. This feature makes it a suitable option for lightweightweight
saving applications.
 Homopolymer: 0.904 – 0.908 g/cm3
 Random Copolymer: 0.904 – 0.908 g/cm3
 Impact Copolymer: 0.898 – 0.900 g/cm3
3. Polypropylene Chemical Resistance
 Excellent resistance to diluted and concentrated acids, alcohols and bases
 Good resistance to aldehydes, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones

17. 13
 Limited resistance to aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and oxidizing
agents
4. Flammability: Polypropylene is a highly flammable material
5. PP retains mechanical & electrical properties at elevated temperatures, in humid
conditions and when submersed in water. It is a water-repellent plastic
6. PP has good resistance to environmental stress cracking
7. It is sensitive to microbial attacks, such as bacteria and mold
8. It exhibits good resistance to steam sterilization
1.2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF POLYPROPYLENE
 Poor resistance to UV, impact and scratches
 Embrittles below -20°C
 Low upper service temperature, 90-120°C
 Attacked by highly oxidizing acids, swell rapidly in chlorinated solvents and
aromatics
 Heat-aging stability is adversely affected by contact with metals

18. 14
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Kolli.Ramujee (2013)
The interest in the use of fibers for the reinforcement of composites has increased
during the last several years. A combination of high strength, stiffness and thermal
resistance favorably characterizes the fibers. In this study, the results of the Strength
properties of Polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete have been presented. The
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength of concrete samples made with
different fibers amounts varies from 0%, 0.5%,1% 1.5% and 2.0% were studied.
The samples with added Polypropylene fibers of 1.5 % showed better results in
comparison with the others.
2. Milind V. Mohod (2015)
This paper presents an experimental study on performance of polypropylene fiber
reinforced concrete. In this study deals with the effects of addition of various
proportions of polypropylene fibers on the properties of High strength concrete
(M30and M40 mixes). An experimental program was carried out to explore its effects
on compressive, tensile, flexural strength under different curing condition. The main
aim of the investigation program is to study the effect of
Polypropylene fiber mix by varying content such as
0% ,0.5%,1%,1.5% & 2% and finding the optimum Polypropylene fiber content. A
notable increase in the compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed.
However, further investigations were highly recommended and should be carried out
to understand more mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete.
3. According to Balaguru (1988)
The uniaxial compression test is normally used to evaluate the behavior of concrete
in compression. This produces a combination of shear failure near the ends of the
specimen with lateral swelling of the unconfined central section accompanied by
cracking parallel to the loading axis when the lateral strain exceeds the matrix
cracking strain in tension. Fibers can affect these facets of uniaxial compressive
behavior that involve shear stress and tensile strain. This can be seen from the

19. 15
increased strain capacity and also from the increased toughness (area under the curve)
in the post-crack portion of the stress-strain curve.
4. Khajuria and Balaguru, (1989)
In some instances, if more water is added to fiber concrete to improve its workability,
a reduction in compressive strength can occur. This reduction should be attributed to
additional water or due to an increase in entrapped air, not fiber addition.
5. Johnston and Skarendahl, (1992).
The addition of fibers up to a volume fraction of 0.1% does not affect the
compressive strength. When tested under compression, failure occurs at or soon after
the peak load providing very little toughness. It is found that the fibers have very little
effect on compressive strength calculated from the peak load, and both slight increase
and decrease in strength have been reported with increase in fiber content. The
decrease in strength is mostly reasoned due to incomplete consolidation.
6. Alhozaimy, A.M., et al (1995)
Carried out experimental investigations on the effects of adding low volume fractions
(<0.3%) of calculated fibrillated polypropylene fibres in concrete on compressive
flexural and impact strength with different binder compositions. They observed that
polypropylene fibres have no significant effect on compressive (or) flexural strength,
while flexural toughness and impact resistance showed increased values. They also
observed that positive interactions were also detected between fibres and pozzolans.
7. Bentur, (2007). (Hasan Et Al., 2011 Roesler Et Al. (2006)
The addition of polypropylene fibres does not have a significant effect on the direct
tensile cracking strength (Bentur, 2007). However, in moderate volume replacements
(0.33-0.5%) the addition of macro-synthetic polypropylene fibres showed a 10 to 15%
increase in splitting tensile strength.

20. 16
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
There are various objectives of which are as follow :-
1. To study the effect of polypropylene fiber in concrete.
2. To conduct a comparative study on fiber in concrete and conventional concrete.

21. 17
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the work consist of
1) Identifying the specification of material to be selected.
2) Collection of materials.
3) Identifying the properties of collected materials. Various tests were conducted on
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate.
4) Selection of concrete grade.
5) Preparation of mix design of M30 grade concrete.
6) Cubes, cylinder and beams were casted with control mix using natural aggregate.
7) Preparation of test specimen by adding 0.5, 1,1.5 and 2% of polypropylene fibers
in concrete.
8) Workability tests, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength &
modulus of elasticity of concrete were conducted.
9) Optimum percentage of fibre addition in concrete was determined.
Test Procedure
Concrete test specimens consist of 150x150x150mm cubes, Cylinders of 150mm
diameter and 300mm height and 100x100x500 beams. Concrete cube specimens were
tested at 7 and 28 days to obtain the compressive strength of concrete. Cylindrical
specimens were tested at 28 day to obtain the split tensile strength and modulus of
elasticity of concrete. Beam specimens were tested at 28 day to obtain the flexural
strength of concrete.
Test on fresh concrete
Workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength
and durability as well as the cost of labour and appearance of the finished product.
Concrete is said to be workable when it is easily placed and compacted
homogeneously i.e. without bleeding or Segregation. The workability of concrete is
measured by compaction factor test and slump test.
Test on hardened concrete
Various tests on hardened concrete is done to ensure the design strength of concrete
and quality of concrete construction is achieved. It includes compressive strength test,
flexural tensile strength test, split tensile strength test and modulus of elasticity.

22. 18
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Optimization of polypropylene fiber in concrete
In this section polypropylene fiber (blended type- 24mm, 40mm, 55mm) of different
percentage added in concrete
Workability decreases due to more addition of fibers, there is increases in amount of
entrapped air voids due to the presence of fibers and therefore increase in air content
attributes in reducing workability.

23. 19
Compressive strength increases for all dosages of fibers due to confinement provided
by fiber increases bonding characteristics of concrete.

24. 20
Failure patterns of splitting tensile test indicate that specimens after first cracking do
not separate unlike the concrete failure. Large damage zone is produced due to closely
spaced micro cracks surrounding a splitting plane.Fiber bridging mechanism is
responsible for such enhanced ductile failure pattern.

25. 21
The enhancement in flexural strength is achieved due to
improvement in mechanical bond between the cement paste and fiber. As amount
of fiber increases in mix, it greatly helps to reduce widening of cracks more
effectively.

26. 22
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
[1]. Balaguru P.N. and Shah S.P., 1992, Fiber-Reinforced Cement
Composites, McGraw- Hill Inc., New York, United State of America
[2]. Bentur A. and Mindess S., 1990, Fibre Reinforced Cementitious
Composites, Elsevier Science Publishing Ltd., New York, United State of
America.
[3]. James J. Beaudoin, 1990, Handbook of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete:
Principles, Properties, Development and Applications, Noyes
Publications, New Jersey, United State of America.
[4]. Riley, V.R. and Reddaway, J.L., 1968, Tensile strength and failure
mechanics of Fibre composites, J. Materials Science.
[5]. Reinforced Concrete Design, M.L Gambhir
[6]. M.V. Krishna Rao*A, N.R. Dakhshina Murthyb and V. Santhosh
Kumara A department Of Civil Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute
of Technology
[7]. Sanjuan M.A., Andrade C, and Bentur A., 1998, Effect of
polypropylene fibre reinforced mortars on steel reinforcement corrosion
induced by carbonation, Materials and Structures, Volume 31, Number
209, June 1998, p.343-349
[8]. Gupta, P. et al., Journal of Materials in Civil Engrg., ASCE, 12 (1)
81-90; 2000.
[9]. Banthia N. and Dubey A., 2000, Measurement of flexural Toughness
of Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Using Technique – Part 2: Performance of
various Composites,
[10]. Nanni A., and ACSE, 1992, Properties of Aramid-Fiber Reinforced
Concrete and SIFCON, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,
Volume 4, Number 1, February 1992, p.1-13.
[11]. Fibremesh, 1989, Fibremesh Micro-Reinforcement System,
Synthetic Industries, Fibremesh Division, TN, United State of America.

27. 23
[12]. Performance of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete , Milind
V. Mohod1 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering ,Prof.
Ram Meghe Institute of Technology And Research,Badnera, Amravati,
India
[13]. POLYPROPYLENE FIBER IN CONCRETE Divya S Dharan1,
Aswathy Lal2 1 PG Scholar, Structural Engineering, SBCE, Alappuzha,
Kerala,India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
SBCE, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
[14]. Polypropylene Fibers in Concrete to achieve maximum strength N.
Sohaib, Seemab, Sana G, R. Mamoon, Department of Civil Engineering,
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Civil Engineering, International Islamic University,
Islamabad, Pakistan
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[7]. Shodh Ganga (www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in)
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