This document provides an overview of goitre (enlargement of the thyroid gland) including its definition, anatomy, functions, classifications, clinical features, investigations, and treatment options. It discusses the etiology, types and treatment of thyroid cancers. It also covers thyroiditis, imaging, histopathology, tests, and medical and surgical treatment approaches for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism including anti-thyroid drugs, thyroidectomy, and radioiodine therapy. The document emphasizes the importance of a systematic clinical approach and awareness of red flags when evaluating patients with goitre.
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
A Systematic Approach to Managing Goitre
1. A Systematic Approach to
Goitre
Chea Chan Hooi
MD, MS, FMAS, DMAS, CMIA, AMM
Borneo Medical Centre (Miri)
23rd November 2019
2. Content
• Definition
• Anatomy
• Function
• Classification
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Treatment options
• Medicine
• Surgery
• Radioiodine
• Q&A
3. Definition
• Goitre Enlargement of thyroid gland
• Thyroxine (T4) Hormone produced by thyroid gland
• Triiodotyronine (T3) The active form of thyroid hormone
• Hypothyroidism Inadequate hormone
• Hyperthyroidism Excessive hormone
• Thyrotoxicosis Excessive hormone with fullblown symptoms
11. History
• Compressive symptoms
• Malignancy component
• Risk factors
• Red flags
• Metastatic symptoms
• Thyroid status
• Hyper or hypothyroidism
symptoms
• Past thyroid or any neck surgery
12. Physical examination
• Goitre?
• Morphology
• STN
• MNG
• Dominant nodule of MNG
• Diffuse
• Signs of malignancy
• Thyroid function status
• Eye signs
• General thyrotoxicosis
• Graves disease
• Metastatic signs
18. Graves eye signs
NO SPECS
Class 0 None
Class 1 Only signs (lid retraction ± lag)
Class 2 Soft tissue (conjunctival & lids edema, injection)
Class 3 Proptosis
Class 4 Extraocular muscles involvement
Class 5 Corneal involvement
Class 6 Sight loss (usually CNII)
19. Imaging - Ultrasonography
• The first investigation of choice
• Role
• Screening - exposed to neck radiation, FH of throid ca
• Diagnostic & guide FNAC
• Follow-up
• Therapeutic in guiding RFA
• TI-RADS score
20.
21. Histopathology
• FNAC
• The standard
• Image-guided to target solid component of
lesion
• Can be therapeutical for cyst fluid aspiration
• Not applicable for follicular neoplasm
• Core needle biopsy
• Anaplastic or poorly differentiated TC
• Seldom
• Excision/Incision biopsy
• Discrete lymph nodes
• Cutaneous extension
23. Other tests
• TFT
• TSH
• T4
• T3
• Iodine deficiency, in the earliest
stages or relapse of thyrotoxicosis
• T3:T4 ratio low in destruction-
induced thyrotoxicosis (thyroiditis) vs
high in Graves
• Antibodies
• Anti-TPO
• Anti-Tg
• Thyroglobulin
• ECG
• CXR
• CT scan
24. Treatment options
• Cancer
• Surgery
• Radioiodine
• Hyperthyroidism
• Medical
• Radioiodine
• Surgery
• Thyroiditis
• Medical
• Less is more
25. Anti-thyroid drugs
• Carbimazole is usually the first choice, more rapid control, option of OD dose,
less tablet burden
• PTU recommended in 1st trimester of pregnancy, less teratogenic, less
secretion in breast milk, more hepatotoxic
• Adverse effect
• Altered taste sensation, rash (1:20), agranulocytosis (1: 1000 - 3000, 2PTU:CMZ)
• Strategy
• Titration
• Block & replace
• Higher risk for relapse
• Men, <40 y/o, large goitre, eye involvment, high starting TSI level and drug dosage
needed, previous relapse
• Smoking
44. Complications post thyroidectomy
Early
• Haemorrhage
• RLN injury
• SSI
• Other adjacent organ injury
• Surgical hypothyroidism
• Surgical hypocalcaemia
• Tracheomalacia
Late
• Chronic hypocalcaemia
• Conscious about scar
45. Radioiodine therapy
• I-131
• Thyroid cells will take up iodine from blood stream
• Indications
• Adjuvant post total thyroidectomy for DTC
• Graves disease: 1st choice if younger, large goitre, very high T4, high TSI
• Risk of precipitating thyroid storm: elderly, poorly controlled thyroid
function
• Absolute contraindication: pregnancy
46. Precautions
• Stop ATDs 2/52 prior or administer rhTSH
• Only in SGH, Kuching
• Do not conceive, do not breast feed x 6/12
• Minimise contact with others, especially small children and pregnant
women
• Drink plenty of water
• Clean the toilet thoroughly regularly and flush 3x after use
47. Conclusion
• Goitre is common
• Variety of morphologic presentation, etiologies
• Beware of red flag symptoms that suggest malignancy
• Anatomical, functional & diagnostic clinical assessment
• Transoral thyroidectomy is the next frontier in thyroid surgery