A process by which group of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running a governmental or state affairs.

2. The word politics come from the Greek word “ politika ” models on Aristotle’s affairs of the city.

4. A process by which group of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running a governmental or state affairs. As an activity to govern the state or political institutions. Study of state, power and political institutions which play an important roles in managing human activity.

5. Laswell & Kaplan: An empirical research/study on the power development and distribution The study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of power. K. Ramanathan : As a way to manage human activities.

6. In sum, the study of political science focuses on:

7. FIVE PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT

8. Begins 500 B.C. – end of 19 th Century Political discussions focus on the existence and problem which may face by an ideal society.

9. Discussion can be classified into three main topics : What is human What is society What is human civilization Political idea based on moral basis (morality issue, harmonization and rules in society).

10. Begins on end of 19 th century. Scholar : Machiavelli Main discussion based on the idea of the following: Voter’s role, administration system State existence Roles play by the political institutions (example: Constitution) T ype of western government Power State is regards as a formal structure to govern the society.

11. Begins in the US (1865-1867) Populared by Walter Bagehot in his book entitled The English Constitution Regard as a new political discussion in order to overcome political and social problem exist in the US. Combination of the idea of universalism, legalism and informal politics.

12. Basic discussion focused on:

13. Political research during this phase mainly focuses on democratic government, less attention given on other type of political power such as fascism, Nazism and totalitarian government such as in Russia, Spain, German, Italy and Japan Scholars (Charles Merriam and advocates) argue that the reconceptualization of the political study may help scholars and the government to make any prediction on political situations. War between Britain and German in 1930s and after World War II – reconceptualized political study.

15. Scholars: Giovarnni Sartori Maurice Duverger Seymzour Lipset Bernard Berelson The development of new political discipline i.e. Comparative political study. Emphasis on the political changes and the development of new independent countries and third world countries.

18. Derives from the Latin word ‘Monos’ means one and ‘archien’ means rules. A form of government in which a monarch, usually a single person, is both the head of state and government. The monarch holds their position for life.

19. Many monarchs claimed to rule by divine right, ruling either by the will of the god(s) or even claiming to be (incarnated) gods themselves (the right to rule is anointed by God (or gods)). Highly respected. Example of country which has monarchical system still exist: Bhutan, Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland.

20. Unlimited political power (political, economic and social power) held by a single person/one individual holds all the power. Against the democratic concept. Exists from the failure of legitimate power in solving development or public riot . Society may involve in any activity which may not considered as a threat to the ruler.

23. THE AMERICAN TYPE OF REPUBLIC Chosen by the majority of the voters in elections. Elected periodically (normally for 4 years) and can held position for the second term. Held position as the head of state and the head of government. The President cannot interfere in Senate and the House of Representative affairs. example : Philippines, North Korea , Taiwan

25. THE INDIAN TYPE OF REPUBLIC President is the official head of state elected indirectly by an electoral college for a five-year term. Its function is same as constitutional monarchy. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President But, the Prime Minister is, however, the de facto head of government and exercises most executive powers. Example: India, German, Singapore

26. Derives from the ancient Greek demokratia formed from the roots demos "people”, and kratos "rule” Introduced during the Renaissance era (1400-1600 Century) Emphasizes on the importance of the individual in the context of government through the representative system.

28. Democracy: Characteristics

29. Democracy: Characteristics

31. MALAYSIA Parliamentary Democracy The establishment of the government is based on the two-third majority voting in Parliament. Members of Dewan Rakyat are chosen by the majority of the voters in elections. The Federal Constitution of Malaysia divides the authority of the Federation into three authority:

35. The power to govern the laws endorsed by the Parliament.