3. major gastrointestinal secretions 胃腸分泌

4. major hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters 荷爾蒙 生肽 神經傳導物質

5. enteric nervous system and splanchnic circulation 腸神經系統 內臟循環

6. 胃腸構造 Organization of the wall of the intestine into functional layers

7. 腸構造 structure of intestinal villi 絨毛 and crypts 窩

8. Regulation of salivary secretion 唾液分泌 parasympathetic nervous system 副交感神經 ACh, acetylcholine.

9. Anatomy of the stomach 胃

10. Structure of a gastric gland 胃腺 from the fundus 底部 and body 體部 of the stomach

14. Anions: Cl–, HPO4 2–, SO4 2–

15. Pepsins 胃蛋白酶

16. Lipase 脂肪酶

17. Mucus 黏液

18. Intrinsic factor 內因子

19. Intrinsic factor 內因子 absorption 吸收 of vitamin B12

20. Regulation of gastric acid 胃酸 and pepsin 胃蛋白酶 secretion (SST somatostatin 體抑制素 )

21. Parietal cell 壁細胞 receptors 受體

22. Ion transport 離子運輸 proteins of parietal cells 壁細胞

25. decrease mucus and HCO3 – secretion

28. PANCREATIC SECRETION 胰臟分泌

31. Trypsin 胰蛋白酶 Proteins  Polypeptides

32. Lipase 脂肪酶 Triglycerides  Monoglycerides, fatty acids

33. Amylase 澱粉酶 Starch  Dextrins, maltotriose, maltose

34. Liver, gallbladder 膽 , and pancreas 胰

35. Human bile acids 膽汁酸

36. Lipid digestion 脂質消化 and passage to intestinal mucosa 腸黏膜

37. circulation of bile acids 膽汁酸循環

40. Stomach 2500

43. NaCl absorption in the small intestine and colon

44. Sodium 鈉離子 absorption in the colon

45. Chloride 氯離子 secretion 分泌 in the small intestine and colon

48. Pain was severe; moving would aggravate 加重 ; bending forward relieved pain

49. Vomiting

51. Amylase 1627 IU/L (normal < 200 IU/L)

52. Admission diagnosis 住院診斷 : ACUTE PANCREATITIS

55. Alcohol ( 酒 )

57. Sites of production of the five gastrointestinal hormones along the length of the gastrointestinal tract

58. GLP-1 (glucagon 昇糖素 -like peptide 1) ( 糖尿病新藥 )

59. MOTILIN 運動素 - Migrating motor complexes (MMCs) 移動 式複合 運動

62. intestinal secretion 分泌

64. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin,  -aminobutyrate (GABA), the gases NO and CO, peptides

65. Some of these peptides also act in a paracrine 旁分泌 fashion or enter the bloodstream 血流 , becoming hormones

66. most of them are also found in the brain 腦

68. causing sphincters to contract

69. GASTROINTESTINAL (SPLANCHNIC) CIRCULATION 內臟循環

71. Hormones and paracrine factors are released from enteroendocrine cells in response to signals coincident with the intake of meals.

74. The majority of its venous outflow does not return directly to the heart, but rather is directed initially to the liver via the portal vein.

78. Saunders; 9th ed, 2010