SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 57
Ozone
Secondary Disinfection System
Public Swimming Venues
2010
Public Health Responsibility
• Swimming is the second most popular sport in the
United States; encompassing all age groups
• It is estimated that there are about 360,000
public pools in the U.S.
• Considering that most public swimming venues
are essentially communal baths, there is an
enormous task to protect public health from
communicable diseases and other health hazards
• There are existing technologies currently
available to help provide a safe and healthy
aquatic experience to all swimmers that cannot be
ignored
Cryptosporidium parvum Outbreaks
(136 outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis worldwide from 1988 to 2004 (68 in U.S.) with 92% in disinfected venues - Centers for Disease Control in
Atlanta)
Water Quality Issues and
Cryptosporidium parvum Outbreaks
• CDC swimming pool surveillance reports show that of
the 21,500 inspections conducted between May and
September of 2002, water chemistry violations were
found at 38.7% of these facilities, 14.3% of the
violations were for inadequate disinfection levels at
therapy pools
(CDC. Surveillance Data from Swimming Pool Inspections --- Selected States and
Counties, United States, May – September 2002. 2003. MMWR 52(22); 513-516.)
• In one of the largest outbreaks reported, approximately
2,300 persons developed cryptosporidiosis following
exposure to a New York spray park
(Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational
Water Use and Other Aquatic Facility -- Associated Health Events --- United States,
2005—2006 MMWR Surveill Summ. September 12, 2008 / 57(SS-9);1-38.
Recreational Water Illness
• Chlorine has been the standard water treatment
chemical for public pools since 1961 (U.S. Public Health
Service)
• Chlorine is effective in reaching certain water quality
standards, however scientists are learning more about
its limitations and hazards in public swimming venues
• Recreational Water Illness (RWI) has become wide
spread in the US in public pool venues and is increasing
annually; posing a significant public health and liability
risk
• RWI is a term coined by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) to describe illnesses caused by
microorganisms as well as those from chloramines
– Some microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.
coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Giardia and Cryptosporidium
parvum (Crypto), can cause serious illness in swimmers
– Chloramines can cause breathing disorder illnesses such as
“Swimmers Asthma”
Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC)
• Currently there is no uniform national standard for
water quality or RWI response
• To address this, the CDC has developed a Model Aquatic
Health Code (MAHC)
• State and Federal public health officials along with
industry professionals from across the US, have
participated for two years in the creation of the MAHC
which includes the best available standards and
practices for protecting public health
• The MAHC is formatted to be easily adopted by state
and local health departments
• The CDC states it is “intended to transform the typical
health department program into a data-driven,
knowledge-based, risk reduction effort to prevent
disease and injuries and promote healthy recreational
water experiences”
Secondary Disinfection Systems SDSs
• When the MAHC is published later this year, it will
include a section on the importance of Secondary
Disinfections Systems (SDSs) to significantly reduce
RWIs (caused by microorganisms and chloramines)
• According to the MAHC
– All Secondary Disinfection Systems (SDSs) must be
certified by an ANSI-Accredited third-party testing and
certification organization to verify that they provide the
minimum inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in the full
flow
– All Secondary Disinfection Systems (SDSs) must provide a
minimum of 3 log (99.9%) inactivation of Cryptosporidium
parvum in the full flow, prior to return of the water to the
pool or aquatic feature at the minimum turnover rate
• Approved SDSs are Ozone systems and UV systems
MAHC Swimming Venue Code
• “Due to the risk of outbreaks of Recreational
Water Illnesses (RWI’s) associated with sanitizer-
resistant pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and
Giardia it is strongly recommended that all
aquatic facilities include Secondary Disinfection
Systems (SDSs) to minimize the risk to the public
associated with these outbreaks.”
• “However, there are specific types of facilities
that pose a greater risk to bathers, and therefore,
Secondary Disinfection Systems are required for:
therapy pools, wading pools, swim school pools,
and aquatic play facilities/features.”
Definitions of Ozone and UV
• Ozone is a gas that is dissolved in water to kill
microorganisms, destroy organics, and break down
chloramines by oxidation. This occurs immediately at
the ozone gas injection point, and continues as the
side-stream remixes with the main return. A small
residual (~0.1 PPM) of dissolved ozone will enter the
pool, providing further oxidation of contaminants.
• UV light inactivates microorganisms and breaks down
chloramines with light energy. This happens while the
water is in the UV chamber only, and as long as the
water has no turbidity. No further process occurs once
the flow leaves the chamber. UV provides no oxidation
except as trace amounts as a result of the formation of
a limited number of hydroxyl free radicals in or near the
UV chamber.
Properties of Ozone
• Ozone (O3) is a gas derived from oxygen which can be readily dissolved
in water
• Ozone has a fresh scent at low concentrations and smells pungent at
higher concentrations
• Gaseous Ozone dissolved in water is referred to as Aqueous Ozone
(which has no odor)
• Ozone is a powerful antimicrobial oxidizer and sanitizer
• Aqueous Ozone is an effective micro-flocculant
• Aqueous Ozone is an effective anti-foaming agent
• Aqueous Ozone is an effective antimicrobial agent
• 1 PPM Aqueous Ozone, on average, is equal to 200 PPM Cl (Air Liquide
Corp. James T.C. Yuan, PhD, 2000)
• Ozone is compatible with Chlorine in Swimming Pools
Benefits of Ozone
• Ozone controls the chloramine levels in the water to 0.2 PPM
or less
• Ozone can eliminate “shock-oxidizing” for chloramine
reduction
• Ozone offers significantly more oxidation than free available
chlorine (FAC) alone (1/200 ratio)
• Ozone provides a minimum 3 log (99.9 percent) kill of
Cryptosporidium parvum and other RWI pathogens in a side-
stream applied single-pass
• Ozone will destroy emerging pharmaceutical pollutants such as
endocrine disruptors
• Ozone provides micro-flocculation to aid filtration and
noticeably improve water clarity (eliminates foam from spas)
• Ozone destroys biofilm
• Chlorine consumption is reduced by 50-75% while still
maintaining an FAC residual; at the lowest applied O3 dose of
1.6 PPM
Can Ozone Stand Alone?
• Ozone’s role is actually as the primary sanitizer, but
maintaining an ozone residual in the pool that is high
enough to ensure continuous in-pool protection from
bather-to-bather cross-contamination can be
expensive; and present the risk of ozone off-gas
• With current technology it’s impractical to expect
ozone to perform as a stand-alone sanitizer in a public
swimming venue without a residual halogen in the pool
(0.3-1.0 PPM)
• A low residual of chlorine, in conjunction with an
appropriately sized and maintained ozone system, will
be virtually undetectable even by the most sensitive
bathers, and keep operating costs very low
How is Ozone Measured?
• Dissolved ozone is measured by an
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)
monitor/controller in a swimming pool
• The ORP reading can range between 600
mV to 900 mV at the point of introduction
into the main return line before entering
the pool
• An ORP of 800 mV is ~ 0.2 PPM dissolved
ozone which equates to ~40 PPM Cl in
terms of oxidation and efficacy
Breakdown of Pool Types
Based on bather load and water
temperature, four categories have
been identified
1. Recreation/Lap Pool (78-85°F)
2. Therapy/Swim School Pool (86-94°F)
3. Wading Pool/Spray Pad (80-88 °F)
4. Spa (94-104°F)
Ozone Sizing Parameters
• In each of the 4 categories, 1.6 PPM Ozone (D)
is applied to the total volume of the pool based
on time, using an additional conversion
constant of 0.227
• The time value changes with each category
1. Recreation/Lap Pool 1.6PPM/24 hr (1440 min)
2. Therapy/Swim School Pool 1.6PPM/12 hr (720 min)
3. Wading Pool/Spray Pad 1.6PPM/4 hr (240 min)
4. Spa 1.6PPM/2 hr (120 min)
Ozone Retention Parameters
• Ozone efficacy is measured by the
combination of applied Ozone Dose and
Retention Time in the side stream (CT Value
[Concentration X Time])
1. Recreation/Lap Pool 4 minutes
2. Therapy/Swim School Pool 2 minutes
3. Wading Pool/Spray Pad 40 seconds
4. Spa 20 seconds
Sample Pool Ozone Sizing
• Sample Pool
– 100,000 Gallon Recreation/Lap Pool (6 hour
turnover)
– Volume/Minutes = Flow (F)
– Generator Sizing Formula: F * D * 0.227 = Grams
per hour Ozone Required
– Retention Tank Sizing Formula: F * T (minutes) =
Size of Retention in Gallons
• 100,000 * 1.6 X 0.227/1440 = 25 grams/hour
• 69 * 4 = 278 gallons
Non-Compliant Ozone Systems
are NOT Identified as SDSs
• Only ozone systems that are certified by an
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)-Accredited third-party testing and
certification organization to verify that they
provide a 3 log (99.9%) inactivation of
Cryptosporidium parvum in the side-stream
applied full flow are qualified to be an SDS
– This is in addition to the current ANSI/NSF
Standard 50
• All ozone systems must be sized in accordance
with the MAHC
• The MAHC does not allow undersized ozone
systems; they are not in compliance
Ozone Regulatory
1976 EPA Approves Ozone as an Antimicrobial Oxidizer
1982 IBWA Bottled Water Approve Ozone as an Antimicrobial for Product and
Disinfectant for Filler Lines
1999 EPA Lists Ozone as Safe for Surface and Ground Water
2001 FDA/USDA Approve Ozone as an Antimicrobial Food Additive
2001 FDA/USDA Approve Ozone as a Food Contact Surface Disinfectant
2001 USDA National Organic Program Allows Ozone as an Antimicrobial Food
Additive and Food Surface Disinfectant
2010 Ozone is added to the FDA Model Food Code as an approved antimicrobial
surface sanitizer
2010 Ozone is recommended as a Secondary Disinfection System in the Model
Aquatic Health Code
Ozone Safety
• EPA approved
– As a pesticide, ozone equipment must be registered by
the EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). DEL Ozone is an EPA
registered establishment (EPA Estab. No. 071472-CA-
001).
• OSHA Regulations for Ozone (Gaseous Only)
– Health Hazard Data
• Inhalation /Respiratory System, Eyes, Blood
– PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit)
• 8 hour Time Weighted Average 0.1 PPM Vol.
– STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
• 15 Minute 0.3 PPM Vol.
– IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health)
• 5 PPM
• No OSHA Regulations apply to Aqueous Ozone; it is not
harmful to humans
OZONE SAFETY
• Vacuum Generated Ozone Ensures User Safety
– No ozone gas can escape in the event of loss of vacuum
– Systems provide complete isolation in the event of any
shutdown
• Vacuum Operation Optimizes Mass-transfer
Efficiency
– Venturi Injectors operate under negative pressure; a
vacuum ozone system provides ease of injector
adjustment and operation
– Mass-transfer is optimized and consistent
– Optimized mass-transfer results in more dissolved
ozone
– Undissolved ozone is degassed and destroyed
A Sanitizer is one of the three groups of antimicrobial
agents registered by the USEPA for public health uses.
Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied
to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the
process of which is known as disinfection.
Sanitizers are substances that reduce the number of
microorganisms to a safe level. The main difference
between a sanitizer and a disinfectant is that at a
specified use dilution, the disinfectant must have a
higher kill capability for pathogenic bacteria compared
to that of a sanitizer.
Definition of Sanitizers & Disinfectants
Ozone is an EPA Approved
Antimicrobial, Disinfectant and
Sanitizer by all Definitions
Ozone Performs these
Functions as an Oxidizer
In Use for a Century
Worldwide as a Water
Disinfectant
Ozone Biocidal Behavior
1. Ozone oxidizes cell membranes, causing osmotic bursting
2. Ozone continues to oxidize enzymes and DNA
Before ozone treatment After ozone treatment
E. coli dried as a biofilm on a porous surface
Public Bath Tubs
Ozone Anti-Microbial Validation under NSF Protocol P308
Pass compliance requires a 3-log (99.9%) reduction of E. coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton
mentagrophytes and Candida albicans in 30 minutes
Actual Microbial Reductions in 30 Minutes
E. coli 4.7 log (>99.99%)
Staphylococcus aureus 4.7 log (>99.99%)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3.2 log (>99.9%)
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 4.0 log (99.99%)
Candida albicans 4.7 log (>99.99%)
Test Parameters
• Water temperature @ 93° F
• 20 PPM oil insult
• 1.1 PPM side-stream applied ozone dose
• Microorganism destruction was measured in the tub
Public Swimming Venues
Ozone Anti-Microbial Validation under ANSI/NSF Standard 50,
Annex H
Pass compliance requires a 3-log (99.9%) reduction of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecium in 30 minutes
Actual Microbial Reductions in 6 Minutes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6.6 log (>99.9999%)
Enterococcus faecium 6.7 log (>99.9999%)
Test Parameters
• Water temperature @70° F
• 20 PPM oil insult
• 9 PPM Urea insult
• 1.6 PPM side-stream applied ozone dose
• Microorganism destruction was measured in the pool
Public Swimming Venues
Pass compliance requires a 3 Log (99.9%) reduction of
Cryptosporidium parvum
Actual Microbial Reductions in 30 Seconds
Cryptosporidium parvum 3.0 log (>99.9%)
Test Parameters
• Water temperature @76° F
• 1.6 PPM side-stream applied ozone dose
• Crypto measurements were taken on a single pass
[measured after side-stream is diluted in full flow]
Ozone Antimicrobial Validation for Cryptosporidium parvum Reduction
tested by NSF International
Representation of Crypto Destruction
CT Values for Cryptosporidium
parvum Inactivation
CT Value
Concentration times Time
(PPM * Minutes Exposure = CT Value)
Chlorine
CT is 15,300 [20 PPM for 13 hours (780 minutes)]
Aqueous Ozone
CT is 0.72 (1.257 PPM for 34 seconds)
• Oxygen molecules (O2)
split by adding energy,
resulting in two
individual oxygen atoms
(O1)
• Oxygen atoms (O1) unite
with other oxygen
molecules (O2) to
produce Ozone (O3)
• (O1) + (O2) = (O3)
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
ADDED
How Ozone is Made
How Ozone Works
• The third oxygen atom is held
by a weak single bond
• An oxidation reaction occurs
upon any collision between an
ozone molecule and a molecule
of an Oxidizable substance
• The weak bond splits off
leaving oxygen as a by-product
• During an oxidation reaction,
organic molecules are changed
or destroyed and dissolved
metals are no longer soluble
Weak Bond
Oxygen (O2)
Oxidizable Substances
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Algae
Suntan Oils
Body Oils
Basic Ozone System
Very Small Ozone System
Small Ozone System
Large Ozone System
Ozone Generation System
Components
Ozone Gas Dissolution
Ozone Reaction in Water
Degas Undissolved Ozone
Destroy Undissolved Ozone
Flange to Flange Ozone Skid
Ozone Systems Made Simple
• Complex ozone systems of the past have
been replaced by modern, compact,
affordable systems
• Skid-mounted, plug and play ozone
systems are the norm for 200,000 gallon
pools and smaller
• Flange to flange hook-up to the main
return line decreases cost and complexity
of the installation
• The system’s 4’X3’ footprint is compact to
easily fit into the equipment room
Costs and Savings with Ozone
Assumptions
• 100,000 gallon indoor pool
• $250/ 10 PPM shock/100K Gal (chlorine @ $2.50/gal)
• Shock (without ozone) estimate 52 per year = $13,000
• Annual chlorine use estimate is based on chlorine cost @ $2.50/gal
Bather load assumptions
• 100 bathers/day = 1,825 gals @ $2.50 = ~$4,563
• 200 bathers/day = 3,650 gals @ $2.50 = ~$9,125
• 300 bathers/day = 5,475 gals @ $2.50 = ~$13,687
• 400 bathers/day = 7,300 gals @ $2.50 = ~$18,250
• Chlorine reduction with ozone is average 50%
Ozone System Cost Estimates
• End-user purchase price $30,000.00
• Annual power consumption at 0.12 per kWh $2,375.00
• Annual Maintenance parts $300.00
Savings Estimates
• Eliminate shock treatments and labor costs $13,000 plus labor cost savings
• Chlorine Reduction at 50% avg. 100 bathers/day $2,281
400 bathers/day $9,125 savings
Return on Investment (ROI) approximately 1.5 - 2 years
Ozone Compatibility with Cl and Br
• Ozone’s reaction with chlorine is minimal
• Ozone will break down chloramines
• Ozone provides the main oxidation and disinfection in
the pool while the chlorine provides a chemical
residual
• Ideal Chlorine residual is 0.3 – 1.0 PPM
• It is not recommended that ozone be used in
conjunction with bromine. When used with bromine,
ozone oxidizes “spent” bromine (bromide) back to
useful bromine. This depletes the ozone before it can
oxidize the organic contaminants in the water, and
significantly reduces ozone’s efficacy.
Ozone compared to UV Sterilizers
Both Ozone and UV provide very effective Crypto reduction as documented by
NSF Standard 50, Annex H
Ozone Destruction of Chloramines
• Ozone breaks down Chloramines by oxidation in two ways
– By breaking down the N-Cl bonds of the Chloramine molecules through
oxidation by ozone (this process occurs at the point of ozone injection
and continues the oxidation process as it passes at low levels into the
pool)
– Ozone also forms hydroxyl free radicals, adding to the Chloramine
oxidation process
• Ozone reduction of Chloramines is also a function of its powerful oxidation
of chloramine-producing organic contaminants; eliminating their initial
production
UV Destruction of Chloramines
• UV can break down Chloramines in two ways
– By breaking the N-Cl bonds of the Chloramine molecules with UV light
energy (this process occurs in the UV chamber only)
– By forming small numbers of hydroxyl radicals with UV light energy,
which oxidize Chloramines (this process occurs within nanoseconds,
effectively occurring only in, or very near the UV chamber)
• UV produces very little oxidation to affect organics in the water
Ozone and UV comparison
OZONE UV
Ozone kills cryptosporidium parvum  UV inactivates cryptosporidium parvum
 Ozone kills microorganisms  UV inactivates microorganisms
 Ozone is a powerful oxidizer UV is not an oxidizer
 Ozone passes into the pool at low levels to provide
additional oxidation
UV affects the water only as it passes through the UV
chamber
 Ozone functions well in cloudy water, and is a
micro-flocculent, which aids water clarification
Only clear water can be effectively dosed with UV;
cloudiness in the water can absorb the UV light
 Ozone oxidizes the organics and inorganics that
create chloramines, eliminating their production
UV breaks down chloramines that have been previously
created
 Ozone utilizes ORP (REDOX) to measure the
cleanliness of the water
UV systems utilize a UV intensity meter which
measures the UV dose regardless of water quality
 Ozone’s reaction with free available chlorine (FAC)
is very slow and in a pool will not affect the FAC
levels; only chloramine destruction
 UV can break down free available chlorine in the
water while it breaks down chloramines
 Ozone cells require no replacement; require annual
periodic cleaning; no hazardous components
Mercury vapor lamps are replaced @ 3-12 mos.;
disposal procedures must be considered as lamp gases
are considered hazardous waste
 Ozone destroys biofilm UV does not affect biofilm
 Ozone destroys Humic and Fulvic Acid UV does not affect Humic and Fulvic Acid
Ozone and UV Together
• Ozone and UV may be used together to create a
synergistic approach to water sanitation
• This process has been in use for drinking water,
food processing, and waste water for many years
• It is one of several advanced oxidation processes
(AOPs) that are in commercial use today in
selected industrial processing
• The technology has rarely been used in public
pools to date, but with the advent of improved
technology and cost reduction, perhaps it will be
the wave of the future for RWIs and chloramine
elimination
Mobile Ozone Surface Sanitation
• Antimicrobial ozone-enriched cold water
can be sprayed directly on:
– Shower stalls
– Toilet stalls
– Locker rooms
– Pool decks
– Play features
– Any wettable surface
• Ozone-Compatible Materials:
– Metals: 304/316 SS
– Plastics: ECTFE, PTFE, PVC, PVDF
– Gaskets: FPM (Viton), EPDM
– Pump seals: FPM (Viton)
– All painted surfaces, concrete, wood
Mobile Ozone Surface Sanitation
• NSF studies of Ozone systems include EPA-required:
– Antimicrobial efficacy data (Disinfectant
Technical Science Section DIS/TSS - AOAC
methods)
– Toxicologic profiles
– Environmental impact information
– Specific label information/technical literature
that details recommended use of applications
and directions
EPA Requirements
• Ozone systems are tested by NSF
Toxicology Group for antimicrobial
efficacy and human safety
• Antimicrobial Efficacy
– NSF conducted studies according to EPA
established AOAC Official Methodology 961.02
& 960.09, Germicidal Spray Products as
Disinfectants and Germicidal & Detergent
Sanitizing Action test procedures
• Safety
– NSF performed safety testing based on Hazard
Communications Standard as promulgated
through Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA) of 1970 and documented in the Code of
Federal Regulations Title 29
The Balance of Efficacy & Safety
Third-Party Validation Results
• Efficacy
– Bacteria
• Escherichia coli 5 log reduction (99.999%)
• Listeria monocytogenes 4 log reduction (99.99%)
• Salmonella choleraesuis 6 log reduction (99.9999%)
• Staphylococcus aureus 6 log reduction (99.9999%)
• Campylobacter jejuni 4 log reduction (99.99%)
– Fungi
• Aspergillus flavus 4 log reduction (99.99%)
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 log reduction (99.9999)
• Brettanomyces bruxellensis 4 log reduction (99.99%)
• Trichophyton mentagrophytes 6 log reduction (99.9999%)
• Safety
– NSF performed safety testing based on Hazard Communications
Standard as promulgated through Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA) of 1970 and documented in the Code of Federal Regulations
Title 29.
Well Known DEL Ozone Customers
Resorts, Zoos, Aquariums
• Walt Disney World - FL
• San Diego Zoo - CA
• Atlantis Paradise Island – Bahamas
• Vancouver Aquarium - BC
• Beijing Aquarium, China
• Toledo Zoo – Toledo, OH
• Brookfield Zoo – Chicago, IL
• Seattle Aquarium – Seattle, WA
• Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, NV
• Buffalo Zoo – Buffalo, NY
• Silverton Casino – Las Vegas, NV
• Metro Miami Zoo – Miami, FL
• Houston Zoo – Houston, TX
• Audubon Zoo – New Orleans, LA
• Calgary Zoo – Calgary, AL
• Santa Barbara Zoo – Santa Barbara, CA
Pools
• Atlantis Paradise Island, Waterpark
-Bahamas
• Canada Games Pool – Kamloops, BC
• Georgetown University – Wash, DC
• McDonogh School – Owings Mills, MD
• Medicine Hat Aquatic Centre – Alberta
• 92nd Street JCC – New York, NY
• Ojai Athletic Club – Ojai, CA
• Peninsula YMCA – San Mateo, CA
• Presidio YMCA – San Francisco, CA
• Santa Monica YMCA - Santa Monica, CA
• Silverton Casino – Las Vegas, NV
• The Palms – Las Vegas, NV
• Universal Studios, Islands of Adventure –
Orlando, FL
• Westminster Aquatic Center - Denver, CO
• Mason High School – Mason, OH
• The Broadmoor Hotel – Colorado Springs, CO
KEY LIME COVE INDOOR WATERPARK, Gurnee,KEY LIME COVE INDOOR WATERPARK, Gurnee,
ILIL
Atlantis Resort, Paradise Island, Bahamas
Outdoor Lagoon Pool
Conclusion
• Advances in Ozone Technology have
provided the means for affordable and
effective ozone systems for commercial
pool applications
• Commercial pools will benefit from safer,
cleaner and more manageable water, free
of chloramines and noticeably clearer
• Pool water sanitized with Ozone provides
a very pleasant swimming experience
Beth Hamil
Vice President
Corporate Compliance
DEL Ozone
800 676 1335
805 441 4444
beth@delozone.com
Ozone liaison for:
 Water Quality Technical Committee of the MAHC
 APSP Recreational Water Quality Committee
 FDA Food Code
 State Health Department Consultant for ozone
applications

More Related Content

What's hot

Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011
Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011
Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011
rvansant
 
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable Water
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable WaterWater Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable Water
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable Water
Sourabh Kulkarni
 
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point Presentation
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point PresentationWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point Presentation
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point Presentation
Shyamal Chowdhury
 
Low Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in Bangladesh
Low Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in BangladeshLow Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in Bangladesh
Low Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in Bangladesh
Kevin Banahan
 

What's hot (20)

Ozone water treatment
Ozone water treatmentOzone water treatment
Ozone water treatment
 
Ozone Sterilization
Ozone SterilizationOzone Sterilization
Ozone Sterilization
 
Ozone wastewater treatment
Ozone wastewater treatmentOzone wastewater treatment
Ozone wastewater treatment
 
Ozone H2 O2
Ozone H2 O2Ozone H2 O2
Ozone H2 O2
 
Sonication
SonicationSonication
Sonication
 
Aspe Presentation 02 17 09
Aspe Presentation 02 17 09Aspe Presentation 02 17 09
Aspe Presentation 02 17 09
 
Ozone & Dialysis Water
Ozone & Dialysis WaterOzone & Dialysis Water
Ozone & Dialysis Water
 
Envirozone Ozone Presentation
Envirozone Ozone PresentationEnvirozone Ozone Presentation
Envirozone Ozone Presentation
 
Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011
Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011
Uv Pure Overview Mar 2011
 
Water purification methods
Water purification methodsWater purification methods
Water purification methods
 
Qmax Greentech
Qmax GreentechQmax Greentech
Qmax Greentech
 
Sewage treatment plant on a ship explained
Sewage treatment plant on a ship explainedSewage treatment plant on a ship explained
Sewage treatment plant on a ship explained
 
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable Water
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable WaterWater Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable Water
Water Quality In Mumbai : Chlorinated Compounds In Potable Water
 
Basic description of a sewage treatment plant on ship
Basic description of a sewage treatment plant on shipBasic description of a sewage treatment plant on ship
Basic description of a sewage treatment plant on ship
 
Water purification techniques
Water purification techniquesWater purification techniques
Water purification techniques
 
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point Presentation
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point PresentationWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point Presentation
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, Power Point Presentation
 
Water purification methods
Water purification methodsWater purification methods
Water purification methods
 
Low Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in Bangladesh
Low Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in BangladeshLow Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in Bangladesh
Low Cost Design of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater in Bangladesh
 
AquaH2O Water filtration - water purification
AquaH2O Water filtration - water purificationAquaH2O Water filtration - water purification
AquaH2O Water filtration - water purification
 
Sewage systems
Sewage systemsSewage systems
Sewage systems
 

Similar to Ozone for MAHC Secondary Disinfection

Artigo pronto! desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...
Artigo pronto!   desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...Artigo pronto!   desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...
Artigo pronto! desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...
José Demontier Vieira de Souza Filho
 
Contaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptx
Contaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptxContaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptx
Contaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptx
mohammedado3
 
Project water t&d
Project water t&dProject water t&d
Project water t&d
DEEPAK0733
 

Similar to Ozone for MAHC Secondary Disinfection (20)

Bs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finals
Bs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finalsBs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finals
Bs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finals
 
Bs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finals
Bs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finalsBs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finals
Bs water-treatment-presentation-1-1 finals
 
Water copy
Water   copyWater   copy
Water copy
 
Private Wells Owner Guide for Pennsylvania
Private Wells Owner Guide for PennsylvaniaPrivate Wells Owner Guide for Pennsylvania
Private Wells Owner Guide for Pennsylvania
 
Pool school book_new
Pool school book_newPool school book_new
Pool school book_new
 
Control and Monitor Algae with the MPC-Buoy
Control and Monitor Algae with the MPC-BuoyControl and Monitor Algae with the MPC-Buoy
Control and Monitor Algae with the MPC-Buoy
 
Artigo pronto! desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...
Artigo pronto!   desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...Artigo pronto!   desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...
Artigo pronto! desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residua...
 
Dialysis water treatment equipment cleaning and disinfection
Dialysis water treatment equipment cleaning and disinfectionDialysis water treatment equipment cleaning and disinfection
Dialysis water treatment equipment cleaning and disinfection
 
Recycling of water water into drinking water
Recycling of water water into drinking waterRecycling of water water into drinking water
Recycling of water water into drinking water
 
Sonication
Sonication   Sonication
Sonication
 
Bioindicators ppt
Bioindicators pptBioindicators ppt
Bioindicators ppt
 
Op oxygen sensors
Op oxygen sensorsOp oxygen sensors
Op oxygen sensors
 
Contaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptx
Contaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptxContaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptx
Contaminants transportation & Water Quality (CVE 814) Module 4-6.pptx
 
Modern potable water disinfection
Modern potable water disinfectionModern potable water disinfection
Modern potable water disinfection
 
UltraViolet Systems Overview
UltraViolet Systems OverviewUltraViolet Systems Overview
UltraViolet Systems Overview
 
Instrumentation and control
Instrumentation and controlInstrumentation and control
Instrumentation and control
 
Report waste water
Report waste waterReport waste water
Report waste water
 
Understanding Pool & Spa Water Testing
Understanding Pool & Spa Water TestingUnderstanding Pool & Spa Water Testing
Understanding Pool & Spa Water Testing
 
Project water t&d
Project water t&dProject water t&d
Project water t&d
 
SWIMMING POOL DISINFECTION
SWIMMING POOL  DISINFECTIONSWIMMING POOL  DISINFECTION
SWIMMING POOL DISINFECTION
 

Recently uploaded

Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...
Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...
Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...
adilkhan87451
 
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝 9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝  9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝  9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝 9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
9953056974 Low Rate Call Girls In Saket, Delhi NCR
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Most Beautiful Call Girl in Bangalore Contact on Whatsapp
Most Beautiful Call Girl in Bangalore Contact on WhatsappMost Beautiful Call Girl in Bangalore Contact on Whatsapp
Most Beautiful Call Girl in Bangalore Contact on Whatsapp
 
💕SONAM KUMAR💕Premium Call Girls Jaipur ↘️9257276172 ↙️One Night Stand With Lo...
💕SONAM KUMAR💕Premium Call Girls Jaipur ↘️9257276172 ↙️One Night Stand With Lo...💕SONAM KUMAR💕Premium Call Girls Jaipur ↘️9257276172 ↙️One Night Stand With Lo...
💕SONAM KUMAR💕Premium Call Girls Jaipur ↘️9257276172 ↙️One Night Stand With Lo...
 
Coimbatore Call Girls in Coimbatore 7427069034 genuine Escort Service Girl 10...
Coimbatore Call Girls in Coimbatore 7427069034 genuine Escort Service Girl 10...Coimbatore Call Girls in Coimbatore 7427069034 genuine Escort Service Girl 10...
Coimbatore Call Girls in Coimbatore 7427069034 genuine Escort Service Girl 10...
 
Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...
Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...
Russian Call Girls Lucknow Just Call 👉👉7877925207 Top Class Call Girl Service...
 
Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426
Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426
Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426
 
8980367676 Call Girls In Ahmedabad Escort Service Available 24×7 In Ahmedabad
8980367676 Call Girls In Ahmedabad Escort Service Available 24×7 In Ahmedabad8980367676 Call Girls In Ahmedabad Escort Service Available 24×7 In Ahmedabad
8980367676 Call Girls In Ahmedabad Escort Service Available 24×7 In Ahmedabad
 
Jogeshwari ! Call Girls Service Mumbai - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 90042684...
Jogeshwari ! Call Girls Service Mumbai - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 90042684...Jogeshwari ! Call Girls Service Mumbai - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 90042684...
Jogeshwari ! Call Girls Service Mumbai - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 90042684...
 
Best Rate (Patna ) Call Girls Patna ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl In 5 ...
Best Rate (Patna ) Call Girls Patna ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl In 5 ...Best Rate (Patna ) Call Girls Patna ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl In 5 ...
Best Rate (Patna ) Call Girls Patna ⟟ 8617370543 ⟟ High Class Call Girl In 5 ...
 
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Jaipur Just Call 9521753030 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jaipur Just Call 9521753030 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Jaipur Just Call 9521753030 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jaipur Just Call 9521753030 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
 
Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...
Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...
Manyata Tech Park ( Call Girls ) Bangalore ✔ 6297143586 ✔ Hot Model With Sexy...
 
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
 
Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Vasai Virar Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
 
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Hosur Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 9630942363 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝 9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝  9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝  9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝 9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
 
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
 
Coimbatore Call Girls in Thudiyalur : 7427069034 High Profile Model Escorts |...
Coimbatore Call Girls in Thudiyalur : 7427069034 High Profile Model Escorts |...Coimbatore Call Girls in Thudiyalur : 7427069034 High Profile Model Escorts |...
Coimbatore Call Girls in Thudiyalur : 7427069034 High Profile Model Escorts |...
 
Low Rate Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP NISHA Call Girls in Bangalo...
Low Rate Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP NISHA Call Girls in Bangalo...Low Rate Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP NISHA Call Girls in Bangalo...
Low Rate Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP NISHA Call Girls in Bangalo...
 
9630942363 Genuine Call Girls In Ahmedabad Gujarat Call Girls Service
9630942363 Genuine Call Girls In Ahmedabad Gujarat Call Girls Service9630942363 Genuine Call Girls In Ahmedabad Gujarat Call Girls Service
9630942363 Genuine Call Girls In Ahmedabad Gujarat Call Girls Service
 

Ozone for MAHC Secondary Disinfection

  • 2. Public Health Responsibility • Swimming is the second most popular sport in the United States; encompassing all age groups • It is estimated that there are about 360,000 public pools in the U.S. • Considering that most public swimming venues are essentially communal baths, there is an enormous task to protect public health from communicable diseases and other health hazards • There are existing technologies currently available to help provide a safe and healthy aquatic experience to all swimmers that cannot be ignored
  • 3. Cryptosporidium parvum Outbreaks (136 outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis worldwide from 1988 to 2004 (68 in U.S.) with 92% in disinfected venues - Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta)
  • 4. Water Quality Issues and Cryptosporidium parvum Outbreaks • CDC swimming pool surveillance reports show that of the 21,500 inspections conducted between May and September of 2002, water chemistry violations were found at 38.7% of these facilities, 14.3% of the violations were for inadequate disinfection levels at therapy pools (CDC. Surveillance Data from Swimming Pool Inspections --- Selected States and Counties, United States, May – September 2002. 2003. MMWR 52(22); 513-516.) • In one of the largest outbreaks reported, approximately 2,300 persons developed cryptosporidiosis following exposure to a New York spray park (Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water Use and Other Aquatic Facility -- Associated Health Events --- United States, 2005—2006 MMWR Surveill Summ. September 12, 2008 / 57(SS-9);1-38.
  • 5. Recreational Water Illness • Chlorine has been the standard water treatment chemical for public pools since 1961 (U.S. Public Health Service) • Chlorine is effective in reaching certain water quality standards, however scientists are learning more about its limitations and hazards in public swimming venues • Recreational Water Illness (RWI) has become wide spread in the US in public pool venues and is increasing annually; posing a significant public health and liability risk • RWI is a term coined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to describe illnesses caused by microorganisms as well as those from chloramines – Some microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Giardia and Cryptosporidium parvum (Crypto), can cause serious illness in swimmers – Chloramines can cause breathing disorder illnesses such as “Swimmers Asthma”
  • 6. Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) • Currently there is no uniform national standard for water quality or RWI response • To address this, the CDC has developed a Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) • State and Federal public health officials along with industry professionals from across the US, have participated for two years in the creation of the MAHC which includes the best available standards and practices for protecting public health • The MAHC is formatted to be easily adopted by state and local health departments • The CDC states it is “intended to transform the typical health department program into a data-driven, knowledge-based, risk reduction effort to prevent disease and injuries and promote healthy recreational water experiences”
  • 7. Secondary Disinfection Systems SDSs • When the MAHC is published later this year, it will include a section on the importance of Secondary Disinfections Systems (SDSs) to significantly reduce RWIs (caused by microorganisms and chloramines) • According to the MAHC – All Secondary Disinfection Systems (SDSs) must be certified by an ANSI-Accredited third-party testing and certification organization to verify that they provide the minimum inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in the full flow – All Secondary Disinfection Systems (SDSs) must provide a minimum of 3 log (99.9%) inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in the full flow, prior to return of the water to the pool or aquatic feature at the minimum turnover rate • Approved SDSs are Ozone systems and UV systems
  • 8. MAHC Swimming Venue Code • “Due to the risk of outbreaks of Recreational Water Illnesses (RWI’s) associated with sanitizer- resistant pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia it is strongly recommended that all aquatic facilities include Secondary Disinfection Systems (SDSs) to minimize the risk to the public associated with these outbreaks.” • “However, there are specific types of facilities that pose a greater risk to bathers, and therefore, Secondary Disinfection Systems are required for: therapy pools, wading pools, swim school pools, and aquatic play facilities/features.”
  • 9. Definitions of Ozone and UV • Ozone is a gas that is dissolved in water to kill microorganisms, destroy organics, and break down chloramines by oxidation. This occurs immediately at the ozone gas injection point, and continues as the side-stream remixes with the main return. A small residual (~0.1 PPM) of dissolved ozone will enter the pool, providing further oxidation of contaminants. • UV light inactivates microorganisms and breaks down chloramines with light energy. This happens while the water is in the UV chamber only, and as long as the water has no turbidity. No further process occurs once the flow leaves the chamber. UV provides no oxidation except as trace amounts as a result of the formation of a limited number of hydroxyl free radicals in or near the UV chamber.
  • 10. Properties of Ozone • Ozone (O3) is a gas derived from oxygen which can be readily dissolved in water • Ozone has a fresh scent at low concentrations and smells pungent at higher concentrations • Gaseous Ozone dissolved in water is referred to as Aqueous Ozone (which has no odor) • Ozone is a powerful antimicrobial oxidizer and sanitizer • Aqueous Ozone is an effective micro-flocculant • Aqueous Ozone is an effective anti-foaming agent • Aqueous Ozone is an effective antimicrobial agent • 1 PPM Aqueous Ozone, on average, is equal to 200 PPM Cl (Air Liquide Corp. James T.C. Yuan, PhD, 2000) • Ozone is compatible with Chlorine in Swimming Pools
  • 11. Benefits of Ozone • Ozone controls the chloramine levels in the water to 0.2 PPM or less • Ozone can eliminate “shock-oxidizing” for chloramine reduction • Ozone offers significantly more oxidation than free available chlorine (FAC) alone (1/200 ratio) • Ozone provides a minimum 3 log (99.9 percent) kill of Cryptosporidium parvum and other RWI pathogens in a side- stream applied single-pass • Ozone will destroy emerging pharmaceutical pollutants such as endocrine disruptors • Ozone provides micro-flocculation to aid filtration and noticeably improve water clarity (eliminates foam from spas) • Ozone destroys biofilm • Chlorine consumption is reduced by 50-75% while still maintaining an FAC residual; at the lowest applied O3 dose of 1.6 PPM
  • 12. Can Ozone Stand Alone? • Ozone’s role is actually as the primary sanitizer, but maintaining an ozone residual in the pool that is high enough to ensure continuous in-pool protection from bather-to-bather cross-contamination can be expensive; and present the risk of ozone off-gas • With current technology it’s impractical to expect ozone to perform as a stand-alone sanitizer in a public swimming venue without a residual halogen in the pool (0.3-1.0 PPM) • A low residual of chlorine, in conjunction with an appropriately sized and maintained ozone system, will be virtually undetectable even by the most sensitive bathers, and keep operating costs very low
  • 13. How is Ozone Measured? • Dissolved ozone is measured by an Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) monitor/controller in a swimming pool • The ORP reading can range between 600 mV to 900 mV at the point of introduction into the main return line before entering the pool • An ORP of 800 mV is ~ 0.2 PPM dissolved ozone which equates to ~40 PPM Cl in terms of oxidation and efficacy
  • 14. Breakdown of Pool Types Based on bather load and water temperature, four categories have been identified 1. Recreation/Lap Pool (78-85°F) 2. Therapy/Swim School Pool (86-94°F) 3. Wading Pool/Spray Pad (80-88 °F) 4. Spa (94-104°F)
  • 15. Ozone Sizing Parameters • In each of the 4 categories, 1.6 PPM Ozone (D) is applied to the total volume of the pool based on time, using an additional conversion constant of 0.227 • The time value changes with each category 1. Recreation/Lap Pool 1.6PPM/24 hr (1440 min) 2. Therapy/Swim School Pool 1.6PPM/12 hr (720 min) 3. Wading Pool/Spray Pad 1.6PPM/4 hr (240 min) 4. Spa 1.6PPM/2 hr (120 min)
  • 16. Ozone Retention Parameters • Ozone efficacy is measured by the combination of applied Ozone Dose and Retention Time in the side stream (CT Value [Concentration X Time]) 1. Recreation/Lap Pool 4 minutes 2. Therapy/Swim School Pool 2 minutes 3. Wading Pool/Spray Pad 40 seconds 4. Spa 20 seconds
  • 17. Sample Pool Ozone Sizing • Sample Pool – 100,000 Gallon Recreation/Lap Pool (6 hour turnover) – Volume/Minutes = Flow (F) – Generator Sizing Formula: F * D * 0.227 = Grams per hour Ozone Required – Retention Tank Sizing Formula: F * T (minutes) = Size of Retention in Gallons • 100,000 * 1.6 X 0.227/1440 = 25 grams/hour • 69 * 4 = 278 gallons
  • 18. Non-Compliant Ozone Systems are NOT Identified as SDSs • Only ozone systems that are certified by an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-Accredited third-party testing and certification organization to verify that they provide a 3 log (99.9%) inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in the side-stream applied full flow are qualified to be an SDS – This is in addition to the current ANSI/NSF Standard 50 • All ozone systems must be sized in accordance with the MAHC • The MAHC does not allow undersized ozone systems; they are not in compliance
  • 19. Ozone Regulatory 1976 EPA Approves Ozone as an Antimicrobial Oxidizer 1982 IBWA Bottled Water Approve Ozone as an Antimicrobial for Product and Disinfectant for Filler Lines 1999 EPA Lists Ozone as Safe for Surface and Ground Water 2001 FDA/USDA Approve Ozone as an Antimicrobial Food Additive 2001 FDA/USDA Approve Ozone as a Food Contact Surface Disinfectant 2001 USDA National Organic Program Allows Ozone as an Antimicrobial Food Additive and Food Surface Disinfectant 2010 Ozone is added to the FDA Model Food Code as an approved antimicrobial surface sanitizer 2010 Ozone is recommended as a Secondary Disinfection System in the Model Aquatic Health Code
  • 20. Ozone Safety • EPA approved – As a pesticide, ozone equipment must be registered by the EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). DEL Ozone is an EPA registered establishment (EPA Estab. No. 071472-CA- 001). • OSHA Regulations for Ozone (Gaseous Only) – Health Hazard Data • Inhalation /Respiratory System, Eyes, Blood – PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) • 8 hour Time Weighted Average 0.1 PPM Vol. – STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) • 15 Minute 0.3 PPM Vol. – IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health) • 5 PPM • No OSHA Regulations apply to Aqueous Ozone; it is not harmful to humans
  • 21. OZONE SAFETY • Vacuum Generated Ozone Ensures User Safety – No ozone gas can escape in the event of loss of vacuum – Systems provide complete isolation in the event of any shutdown • Vacuum Operation Optimizes Mass-transfer Efficiency – Venturi Injectors operate under negative pressure; a vacuum ozone system provides ease of injector adjustment and operation – Mass-transfer is optimized and consistent – Optimized mass-transfer results in more dissolved ozone – Undissolved ozone is degassed and destroyed
  • 22. A Sanitizer is one of the three groups of antimicrobial agents registered by the USEPA for public health uses. Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. Sanitizers are substances that reduce the number of microorganisms to a safe level. The main difference between a sanitizer and a disinfectant is that at a specified use dilution, the disinfectant must have a higher kill capability for pathogenic bacteria compared to that of a sanitizer. Definition of Sanitizers & Disinfectants
  • 23. Ozone is an EPA Approved Antimicrobial, Disinfectant and Sanitizer by all Definitions Ozone Performs these Functions as an Oxidizer In Use for a Century Worldwide as a Water Disinfectant
  • 24. Ozone Biocidal Behavior 1. Ozone oxidizes cell membranes, causing osmotic bursting 2. Ozone continues to oxidize enzymes and DNA Before ozone treatment After ozone treatment E. coli dried as a biofilm on a porous surface
  • 25. Public Bath Tubs Ozone Anti-Microbial Validation under NSF Protocol P308 Pass compliance requires a 3-log (99.9%) reduction of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans in 30 minutes Actual Microbial Reductions in 30 Minutes E. coli 4.7 log (>99.99%) Staphylococcus aureus 4.7 log (>99.99%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3.2 log (>99.9%) Trichophyton mentagrophytes 4.0 log (99.99%) Candida albicans 4.7 log (>99.99%) Test Parameters • Water temperature @ 93° F • 20 PPM oil insult • 1.1 PPM side-stream applied ozone dose • Microorganism destruction was measured in the tub
  • 26. Public Swimming Venues Ozone Anti-Microbial Validation under ANSI/NSF Standard 50, Annex H Pass compliance requires a 3-log (99.9%) reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecium in 30 minutes Actual Microbial Reductions in 6 Minutes Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6.6 log (>99.9999%) Enterococcus faecium 6.7 log (>99.9999%) Test Parameters • Water temperature @70° F • 20 PPM oil insult • 9 PPM Urea insult • 1.6 PPM side-stream applied ozone dose • Microorganism destruction was measured in the pool
  • 27. Public Swimming Venues Pass compliance requires a 3 Log (99.9%) reduction of Cryptosporidium parvum Actual Microbial Reductions in 30 Seconds Cryptosporidium parvum 3.0 log (>99.9%) Test Parameters • Water temperature @76° F • 1.6 PPM side-stream applied ozone dose • Crypto measurements were taken on a single pass [measured after side-stream is diluted in full flow] Ozone Antimicrobial Validation for Cryptosporidium parvum Reduction tested by NSF International
  • 29. CT Values for Cryptosporidium parvum Inactivation CT Value Concentration times Time (PPM * Minutes Exposure = CT Value) Chlorine CT is 15,300 [20 PPM for 13 hours (780 minutes)] Aqueous Ozone CT is 0.72 (1.257 PPM for 34 seconds)
  • 30. • Oxygen molecules (O2) split by adding energy, resulting in two individual oxygen atoms (O1) • Oxygen atoms (O1) unite with other oxygen molecules (O2) to produce Ozone (O3) • (O1) + (O2) = (O3) ELECTRICAL ENERGY ADDED How Ozone is Made
  • 31. How Ozone Works • The third oxygen atom is held by a weak single bond • An oxidation reaction occurs upon any collision between an ozone molecule and a molecule of an Oxidizable substance • The weak bond splits off leaving oxygen as a by-product • During an oxidation reaction, organic molecules are changed or destroyed and dissolved metals are no longer soluble Weak Bond Oxygen (O2) Oxidizable Substances Bacteria Viruses Fungi Algae Suntan Oils Body Oils
  • 41. Flange to Flange Ozone Skid
  • 42. Ozone Systems Made Simple • Complex ozone systems of the past have been replaced by modern, compact, affordable systems • Skid-mounted, plug and play ozone systems are the norm for 200,000 gallon pools and smaller • Flange to flange hook-up to the main return line decreases cost and complexity of the installation • The system’s 4’X3’ footprint is compact to easily fit into the equipment room
  • 43. Costs and Savings with Ozone Assumptions • 100,000 gallon indoor pool • $250/ 10 PPM shock/100K Gal (chlorine @ $2.50/gal) • Shock (without ozone) estimate 52 per year = $13,000 • Annual chlorine use estimate is based on chlorine cost @ $2.50/gal Bather load assumptions • 100 bathers/day = 1,825 gals @ $2.50 = ~$4,563 • 200 bathers/day = 3,650 gals @ $2.50 = ~$9,125 • 300 bathers/day = 5,475 gals @ $2.50 = ~$13,687 • 400 bathers/day = 7,300 gals @ $2.50 = ~$18,250 • Chlorine reduction with ozone is average 50% Ozone System Cost Estimates • End-user purchase price $30,000.00 • Annual power consumption at 0.12 per kWh $2,375.00 • Annual Maintenance parts $300.00 Savings Estimates • Eliminate shock treatments and labor costs $13,000 plus labor cost savings • Chlorine Reduction at 50% avg. 100 bathers/day $2,281 400 bathers/day $9,125 savings Return on Investment (ROI) approximately 1.5 - 2 years
  • 44. Ozone Compatibility with Cl and Br • Ozone’s reaction with chlorine is minimal • Ozone will break down chloramines • Ozone provides the main oxidation and disinfection in the pool while the chlorine provides a chemical residual • Ideal Chlorine residual is 0.3 – 1.0 PPM • It is not recommended that ozone be used in conjunction with bromine. When used with bromine, ozone oxidizes “spent” bromine (bromide) back to useful bromine. This depletes the ozone before it can oxidize the organic contaminants in the water, and significantly reduces ozone’s efficacy.
  • 45. Ozone compared to UV Sterilizers Both Ozone and UV provide very effective Crypto reduction as documented by NSF Standard 50, Annex H Ozone Destruction of Chloramines • Ozone breaks down Chloramines by oxidation in two ways – By breaking down the N-Cl bonds of the Chloramine molecules through oxidation by ozone (this process occurs at the point of ozone injection and continues the oxidation process as it passes at low levels into the pool) – Ozone also forms hydroxyl free radicals, adding to the Chloramine oxidation process • Ozone reduction of Chloramines is also a function of its powerful oxidation of chloramine-producing organic contaminants; eliminating their initial production UV Destruction of Chloramines • UV can break down Chloramines in two ways – By breaking the N-Cl bonds of the Chloramine molecules with UV light energy (this process occurs in the UV chamber only) – By forming small numbers of hydroxyl radicals with UV light energy, which oxidize Chloramines (this process occurs within nanoseconds, effectively occurring only in, or very near the UV chamber) • UV produces very little oxidation to affect organics in the water
  • 46. Ozone and UV comparison OZONE UV Ozone kills cryptosporidium parvum  UV inactivates cryptosporidium parvum  Ozone kills microorganisms  UV inactivates microorganisms  Ozone is a powerful oxidizer UV is not an oxidizer  Ozone passes into the pool at low levels to provide additional oxidation UV affects the water only as it passes through the UV chamber  Ozone functions well in cloudy water, and is a micro-flocculent, which aids water clarification Only clear water can be effectively dosed with UV; cloudiness in the water can absorb the UV light  Ozone oxidizes the organics and inorganics that create chloramines, eliminating their production UV breaks down chloramines that have been previously created  Ozone utilizes ORP (REDOX) to measure the cleanliness of the water UV systems utilize a UV intensity meter which measures the UV dose regardless of water quality  Ozone’s reaction with free available chlorine (FAC) is very slow and in a pool will not affect the FAC levels; only chloramine destruction  UV can break down free available chlorine in the water while it breaks down chloramines  Ozone cells require no replacement; require annual periodic cleaning; no hazardous components Mercury vapor lamps are replaced @ 3-12 mos.; disposal procedures must be considered as lamp gases are considered hazardous waste  Ozone destroys biofilm UV does not affect biofilm  Ozone destroys Humic and Fulvic Acid UV does not affect Humic and Fulvic Acid
  • 47. Ozone and UV Together • Ozone and UV may be used together to create a synergistic approach to water sanitation • This process has been in use for drinking water, food processing, and waste water for many years • It is one of several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that are in commercial use today in selected industrial processing • The technology has rarely been used in public pools to date, but with the advent of improved technology and cost reduction, perhaps it will be the wave of the future for RWIs and chloramine elimination
  • 48. Mobile Ozone Surface Sanitation • Antimicrobial ozone-enriched cold water can be sprayed directly on: – Shower stalls – Toilet stalls – Locker rooms – Pool decks – Play features – Any wettable surface • Ozone-Compatible Materials: – Metals: 304/316 SS – Plastics: ECTFE, PTFE, PVC, PVDF – Gaskets: FPM (Viton), EPDM – Pump seals: FPM (Viton) – All painted surfaces, concrete, wood
  • 49. Mobile Ozone Surface Sanitation
  • 50. • NSF studies of Ozone systems include EPA-required: – Antimicrobial efficacy data (Disinfectant Technical Science Section DIS/TSS - AOAC methods) – Toxicologic profiles – Environmental impact information – Specific label information/technical literature that details recommended use of applications and directions EPA Requirements
  • 51. • Ozone systems are tested by NSF Toxicology Group for antimicrobial efficacy and human safety • Antimicrobial Efficacy – NSF conducted studies according to EPA established AOAC Official Methodology 961.02 & 960.09, Germicidal Spray Products as Disinfectants and Germicidal & Detergent Sanitizing Action test procedures • Safety – NSF performed safety testing based on Hazard Communications Standard as promulgated through Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 and documented in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 29 The Balance of Efficacy & Safety
  • 52. Third-Party Validation Results • Efficacy – Bacteria • Escherichia coli 5 log reduction (99.999%) • Listeria monocytogenes 4 log reduction (99.99%) • Salmonella choleraesuis 6 log reduction (99.9999%) • Staphylococcus aureus 6 log reduction (99.9999%) • Campylobacter jejuni 4 log reduction (99.99%) – Fungi • Aspergillus flavus 4 log reduction (99.99%) • Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 log reduction (99.9999) • Brettanomyces bruxellensis 4 log reduction (99.99%) • Trichophyton mentagrophytes 6 log reduction (99.9999%) • Safety – NSF performed safety testing based on Hazard Communications Standard as promulgated through Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 and documented in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 29.
  • 53. Well Known DEL Ozone Customers Resorts, Zoos, Aquariums • Walt Disney World - FL • San Diego Zoo - CA • Atlantis Paradise Island – Bahamas • Vancouver Aquarium - BC • Beijing Aquarium, China • Toledo Zoo – Toledo, OH • Brookfield Zoo – Chicago, IL • Seattle Aquarium – Seattle, WA • Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, NV • Buffalo Zoo – Buffalo, NY • Silverton Casino – Las Vegas, NV • Metro Miami Zoo – Miami, FL • Houston Zoo – Houston, TX • Audubon Zoo – New Orleans, LA • Calgary Zoo – Calgary, AL • Santa Barbara Zoo – Santa Barbara, CA Pools • Atlantis Paradise Island, Waterpark -Bahamas • Canada Games Pool – Kamloops, BC • Georgetown University – Wash, DC • McDonogh School – Owings Mills, MD • Medicine Hat Aquatic Centre – Alberta • 92nd Street JCC – New York, NY • Ojai Athletic Club – Ojai, CA • Peninsula YMCA – San Mateo, CA • Presidio YMCA – San Francisco, CA • Santa Monica YMCA - Santa Monica, CA • Silverton Casino – Las Vegas, NV • The Palms – Las Vegas, NV • Universal Studios, Islands of Adventure – Orlando, FL • Westminster Aquatic Center - Denver, CO • Mason High School – Mason, OH • The Broadmoor Hotel – Colorado Springs, CO
  • 54. KEY LIME COVE INDOOR WATERPARK, Gurnee,KEY LIME COVE INDOOR WATERPARK, Gurnee, ILIL
  • 55. Atlantis Resort, Paradise Island, Bahamas Outdoor Lagoon Pool
  • 56. Conclusion • Advances in Ozone Technology have provided the means for affordable and effective ozone systems for commercial pool applications • Commercial pools will benefit from safer, cleaner and more manageable water, free of chloramines and noticeably clearer • Pool water sanitized with Ozone provides a very pleasant swimming experience
  • 57. Beth Hamil Vice President Corporate Compliance DEL Ozone 800 676 1335 805 441 4444 beth@delozone.com Ozone liaison for:  Water Quality Technical Committee of the MAHC  APSP Recreational Water Quality Committee  FDA Food Code  State Health Department Consultant for ozone applications