This document discusses various methods for measuring force, torque, power, flow, temperature, and their reliability and calibration. It describes direct and indirect force measurement techniques including equal arm balances, load cells, strain gauges, and accelerometers. It also outlines torque measurement using prony brakes, strain gauges, and torsion bars. Methods for measuring power, flow, and temperature are presented including dynamometers, orifice meters, venturimeters, thermocouples, and pyrometers. The document concludes with definitions and descriptions of reliability, calibration, readability, and reliability.

1. UNIT V
MEASUREMENT OF POWER, FLOW, AND
TEMPERATURE

2. FORCE MEASUREMENT
1.Direct methods
 Equal arm balance
 Unequal arm balance
 Multiple lever system
 Pendulum scale
2.Indirect methods
 Accelerometers
 Electromagnetic balance
 Load cell
 Hydraulic load cell
 Pneumatic load cell
 Strain gauge load cell

3. Strain gauge load cell
 Coil spring
 Proving ring
 Load cells
 Bourdon tube
 Bellows
 Pressductor
 Electronic weighing system

4. EQUALARM BALANCE

5. UNEQUALARM BALANCE

6. MULTIPLE LEVER SYSTEM

7. PENDULUM SCALE

8. ACCELEROMETERS

9. LOAD CELL

10. HYDRAULIC LOAD CELL

11. PNEUMATIC LOAD CELL

12. STRAIN GAUGE LOAD CELL

13. COIL SPRING

14. PROVING RING

15. BOURDON TUBE

16. BELLOWS

17. PRESSDUCTOR

18. ELECTRONIC WEIGHING SYSTEM

19. TORQUE MEASUREMENT
 Torque reaction methods
 Prony brake
 Torque measurement using strain gauge
 Torque measurement using torsion bar
 Optical method
 Capacitive method
 Laser optic method
 Proximity sensor method
 Stroboscope method
 Magnetostrictive method
 Surface acoustic wave method

20. TORQUE REACTION METHODS

21. PRONY BRAKE

22. MEASUREMENT OF POWER
Mechanical dynamometer
DC dynamometer
Eddy current or inductor dynamometer
Hydraulic dynamometer

23. DC DYNAMOMETER

24. MEASUREMENT OF FLOW
Orifice meter
Venturimeter
Flow nozzle
Rotameter
Pitot tube
Ultrosonic flow meter

25. ORIFICE METER

26. VENTURIMETER

27. FLOW NOZZLE

28. ROTAMETER

29. PITOT TUBE

30. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
 Bimetallic strip
 Pressure thermometer
 Thermocouples
 Thermopile
 Resistance temperature detector
 Thermister
 Pyrometers
 Radiation pyrometers
 Infrared pyrometers
 Optical pyrometers

31. BIMETALLIC STRIP

32. PRESSURE THERMOMETER

33. THERMOCOUPLES

34. THERMOPILE

35. RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE
DETECTOR

36. THERMISTER

37. PYROMETERS

38. RELIABILITY AND CALIBRATION
RELIABILITY: Reliability may be explicitly defined as the
probability that a system will perform satisfactory for at least a
given period of time when used under stated conditions. The
reliability function is thus same probability expressed as a
function of the time period.
CALIBRATION: Calibration is the process of determining and
adjusting an instruments accuracy to make sure its accuracy is
within the manufacturers specifications.

39. READABILITY AND RELIABILITY
READABILITY: It is a term frequently used for
analog type instruments. It is obvious that this
characteristics depends on both the instrument
and observer.
RELIABILITY: Reliability is a degree to
which an assessment tool produces stable and
consistent result.

40. THANK YOU