A brief introduction to the subject of biochemistry and clinical pathology. This introduction will give readers a quick overall view of this subject. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome.
4. Biochemistry is the study of chemical
process within and relating to living organism.
The science that is concerned with the structures,
interactions, and transformations of biological
molecules.
Biochemistry deals with the structures, functions
and interactions of biological macromolecules.
The chemistry of life.
DEFINATION
5. Biochemistry can be subdivided three principal areas
• Structural chemistry- determines molecular
geometry, configuration, dynamical structure
• Metabolism- describe all chemical reactions
involved in maintaining the living state of the cells
and the organism
• Molecular genetics- The chemistry of processes
and substances that store and transmit biological
information
7. Therapeutics:
Introduction to pathology of blood and urine:
Blood Related
- Lymphocytes and platelets, their role in health and disease.
-Erythrocytes-Abnormal cells and their significance.
Urine Related
- Abnormal constituents of urine and their significance in
diseases.
8. Cell:
• The basic structural, functional, and
biological unit of all known living organisms.
• The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
• Also called the "building blocks of life"
• Cells are composed of:
– Small molecules
– Macromolecules
– organelles
Introduction to Biochemistry
9. • Prokaryotes :
• A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks
a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other
membrane-bound organelle.
-Amoeba
10. • Eukaryotic cells:
• These are organism whose cells have
a nucleus enclosed within membrane.
– animal cells
– plant cells (chloroplasts and cell walls)
11.
12. Biochemistry and Life
Percent of Total Cell
Weight
Number of Types of
Each Molecules
Water 70 1
Inorganic ions 1 20
Sugars and precursors 3 200
Amino acids and
precursors
0.4 100
Nucleotides and
precursors
0.4 200
Lipids and precursors 2 50
Other small molecules 0.2 ~200
Macromolecules 22 ~5000
The Approximate Chemical Composition of Bacterial Cell
13. The Chemicals Of Life
Water- All life forms contains Water
Organic Compounds-
Nucleic acid
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats & Lipids
Inorganic element
Bulk element (N, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K & Ca)
Traces elements ( Fe, Zn, I)
14. Biochemistry and Life
• Expect for water, most of the molecules
found in the cell are macromolecules, can
be classified into four different categories:
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids
15.
16. Carbohydrates
• Like lipids, contain a carbon backbone, but they also
contain many polar hydroxyl (-OH) groups and
therefore very soluble in water.
• A biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H)
and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–
oxygen atom ratio of 2:1
• Empirical formula Cn(H2O)n
• Starch and sugars are the most important carbohydrates
in human diet
• Serve for the storage of energy
• Play key roles in the immune system, fertilization,
preventing pathogenesis, blood clotting, development.
20. Proteins & Amino acids
• Are the most complex macromolecules of every cell in
the body.
• They are composed of linear polymers called
polypeptides, which contain amino acids connected by
peptide bond.
• 20 amino acids are commonly found in protein.
• These 20 amino acids are linked together through
“peptide bond forming peptides and proteins (what’s the
difference?).
• The chains containing less than 50 amino acids are called
“peptides”, while those containing greater than 50
amino acids are called “proteins”.
21. • Is an To build and repair tissues.
• Protein important building block of bones, muscles,
cartilage, skin, and blood.
• Serve as a fuel source.
• It provide as much energy density as carbohydrates.
• Amino Acids are the building units of proteins.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together
by what is called “ Peptide bond”.
• There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature.
Only 20 of them occur in proteins.
22. Structure of amino acids:
Each amino acid has 4 different groups attached to α-
carbon ( which is C-atom next to COOH). These 4
groups are : amino group, COOH group,
Hydrogen atom and side
Chain (R)
R
25. Lipids
• Are primarily hydrocarbon structures.
• A lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar
solvents.
• Formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids
combined together by ester linkage.
• The functions of lipids include storing
energy, signaling, and acting as structural
components of cell membranes.
• Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and
food industries as well as in nanotechnology
32. SYLLABUS FOR PRACTICALS
1. To identify given sample of Carbohydrate by qualitative tests (6)
Glucose
Lactose
Fructose
Sucrose
Maltose
Starch
2. To identify given sample of Amino acid by qualitative tests (5)
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Cystein
Arginine
Glycine
3. To identify given milk sample of Protein by qualitative tests (Casein)
33. 4. To identify given sample of Protein by Quantitative tests (3)
Albumin
Gelatin
Casein
5. To study physical and chemical properties of fats & oil (2)
6. Analysis of normal and abnormal constituents of Blood and Urine
Glucose, urea, creatine, cretinine, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatatase
acid phosphatase, Bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, calcium, Diastase, Lipase
7. Examination of sputum and faeces (microscopic & staining).
8. Practice in injecting drugs by intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous routes,
withdrawal of blood samples
34. Sr.no Title Author
1
Comprehensible Viva & Practical
Biochemistry
Deb A C
2 Concept Of Biochemistry Deb A C
3 Practical Biochemistry Agarkar P H , Kulkarni J S
4 Practical Biochemistry Gaund R S , Gupta G D
5 Fundamental Of Biochemistry Deb A C
6 Biochemistry For Medical Students Haridas N
7 Essentials Of Biochemistry Satyanarayana U
8 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Ushir Yogesh , Singh Sudarshan
9 Biochemistry Kulkarni M V , Thonte S S , Rathod S S
10 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Fursule R A , Kulkarni J S
11 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Sawant S D , Aland G R
12 Biochemistry Berg J M , Tymocko J L , Stryer L
13
Outlines Of Biochemistry
Cohn E E , Stunpf P K
14
An Introduction To Practical
Biochemistry
Plummer David T
15 Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry Radwell W , Bender David
BOOKS FOR BIOCHEMIstry
