3. Detoxification: Biochemical process whereby the noxious
substances are rendered less harmful and more water
soluble
Xenobiotics: Compounds which may be accidentally
ingested / taken as drugs / produced in the body by the
bacterial action is rendered hydrophilic.
Biotransformation: Is a process whereby a substance is
changed from one chemical form to another by a chemical
reaction in the body
• Detoxification is the process of biotransformation of a
xenobiotic
4. Detoxification
Knowledge of how to handle toxic matter at
cellular level is key to learn how to survive in
this adulterated and polluted world
Basic to a rational understanding of
Pharmacology, Toxicology, Cancer research and
DRUG ADDICTION
Why?
5. Few terms for better understanding
• Toxin: Substance with harmful effects on living
systems.
• Detoxification: Removal / neutralization of toxic
quality of toxins.
• Xenobiotic: Chemical substance present within but
not made within a living body – stranger to life
• Toxic load: Sum Total toxins within a given living
system
6. Few terms for better understanding
• Lipophilic Toxin: Low molecular weight, non
polar, fat soluble toxins. Difficult to
eliminate.
• Polyvinyl chloride, Bisphenols, Benzoate
• Hydrophilic toxins: Water soluble, Polar
toxins. Easy to be excreted.
• Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubindiglucuronide
7. Truth:
Ubiquitous,
too many to count,
Complex interactions
• Alter brain function,
• Gut disturbance,
• Reproductive effects,
• Hormonal imbalance
Inflammation,
cancer,
diabetes,
Autoimmune disease,
CVD,
Renal disease
and more…
Consequences R MANY
8. Definition
• Biochemical process to convert toxic
lipophilic substances to less toxic or
nontoxic hydrophilic form.
• Easy to excrete form
9. What are the Source of Toxins?
• Exogenous
• Diet - addative
• Drug - chemical
• Abuse – toxins
• Microbes -
• Occupation – man made
• Endogenous
• Metabolism
• Normal – urea, UA,
Bilirubin
• Abnormal – Acetae,
formate
10. Bio-transformation:
Substance is changed from one substance to other
by a chemical reaction within the body
Bio-activtion
Biotransformation
leading to more
toxic compound
than the parent
-Entoxication
Bio-inactivation
Noxious substances
rendered less harmful
and more water soluble
is called Detoxication
and
Procarcinogen / prodrug
11. What all needs detoxification?
Food additives
Toxins / Poisons
Cosmotics
Drugs
Metabolites
Chemicals / Dyes
Pesticides
Insecticides
Many more…..
12. Who looks after Bio-transformations?
• The liver handles 70% of the bio-transformation
reactions in body.
• Other sites are
• Kidneys
• Lungs
• Skin
• Intestinal cells
• Endothelial cells of BBB
13. Factors that affect biotransformation
• Diet
• Age
• Developmental status
• Hormonal status
• Disease
• Functional status of Liver and Kidney
• Genetics
14. Biotrans formation of lipophilic Toxins
• Phase 1:
• Reaction that add a functional group to a fat
soluble toxin so the new structure can be
conjugated and made hydrophilic, excretory
form.
• Phase 2:
• Reactions that either continue the phase 1 or
independent, create a water soluble compound
suitable for excretion
15. Phase 1 Phase 2
Fat Soluble
Oxidation/
epoxidation
Conjugation with Glucuronic acid
Reduction Conjugation with sulfate
Hydrolysis Conjugation with Glutathione
Acetylation Conjugation with Amino acid
How does it happen ?
17. Phase 1 Oxidation or Hydroxylation
• Large number of foreign substances are
destroyed by oxidation or hydroxylation
• Reaction needs
• Cytochrome P450 / Mono-oxygenase
• Concentrated on smooth ER of liver
• Heme containing enzyme
• Inducible: By Phenobarbitone, Alcohol
18. • P450 because absorb light at 450nm
• It can detoxify exogenous drugs as well
endogenous steroid and eicosanoids
• It is typically mono-oxygenase as it incorporates
one atom of oxygen to form hydroxy derivative,
Second atom is reduced to water
Cytochrome - P450
RH + O2 + NADPH ROH +H2O NADP+
19. Mechanism of mono-oxygenase
NADPH+H
NADP+
NADPH- Cyt P450
Reductase Ox
NADPH- Cyt P450
Reductase Red
Fe+3
Fe+2
Cyt P450
Cyt P450
R-H
R-OH
H2O
O2
50% of the medicinal drugs are metabolised by Cyt P450
OX
Red
21. • CYP3A is important cytochrome P450involved in drug
metabolism, because of its abundance in liver and
intestine it can fluctuate by almost 400-fold due to
inhibition and induction, thus leading to problems with
drug dosage
Iso forms
22. • CYP2E1, which is induced by consumption of
ethanol. This may increase the risk of carcinogenicity
developing from exposure to such compounds
• CYP2A6, involved in the metabolism of nicotine null
alleles, who have impaired metabolism of nicotine,
are apparently protected against becoming tobacco-
dependent smokers
Iso forms
24. Oxidation
Aniline P- Amino Phenol
Acetanilide P- acetyl amino phenol
Ingrediant of analgesic drug which relieves pain
Meprobamate Hydroxy meprobamate
A Tranquilizer use for psychiatric disorder
Chloral (CCl3CHO) Trichloroacetic acid
Used as hypnotic, converted to TCA and excreted
25. Epoxide
An epoxide is a cyclic ether with a three-atom ring.
This ring approximates an equilateral triangle,
which makes it highly strained. The strained ring
makes epoxides more reactive than other ethers.
Oxidation
27. Entoxification
Poly cyclic Aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)
Epoxide
Potent carcinogen
•Iso form of Cyt P450 i.e. P448 found in lung of
cigarette smokers
•Cigatette smoke PAH are converted to Tar
Which is procarcinogen
29. Reduction
• Less important than oxidation
Picric acid Picramic acid
NO2
NO2
OH
NO2 NH2
NO2
OH
NO2
Chloral (CCl3CHO) Trichloro ethyl alcohol
Used as sedetive, reduced before excreted
36. Phase 2 Reactions
Conjugation
Number of substances undergo complex formation
– conjugation after phase 1 reaction, this will
make them more hydrophilic and suitable for
excretion
37. Conjugation
1. Conjgation with glucuronic acid
2. Conjugation with glycine
3. Conjugation with Sulfate
4. Conjugation with glutamine
5. Conjugation with Cysteine / Glutathione
6. Acetylation
7. Methylation
42. R –X + GSH GS – R + X –H
Glutathione helps in conjugation reaction
Isoniazide & Sulfanamide are detoxicted by Acetylation
Isoniazide Acetyl-INH
Sulphaniamide Acetyl sulphanilamide
Acetic acid
Foreign compounds like food, drugs, chemical carcinogens, food additives, food preservatives, pollutants, products of micro organism needs biotransformation or detoxication to protect health of an individual.
Though on broad sense make same meaning but they make difference on deeper sense.
Human encounter thousands of toxic chemicals and metabolites which need to be transformed in the water soluble and non-toxic form before they are excreted out of the body.
It is impossible to stay away from toxic chemicals / substances. As they are ubiquitous and uncountable. If they remain it is going to affect on your body and bring toxic effect in the form of abnormal physiology or disease.
Exogenous – Knowingly or unknowingly we are exposed or consuming from external source
Endogenous – many are produced in our body as part of normal metabolic intermediates.
Good diet – exposes less toxic matter
Young age positive factor in detoxication
Balanced hormonal correlation help removal of toxins
Healthy liver and kidney keeps body toxin free
Genetic makeup of person is sometimes responsible for toxicity
Disease may produce toxic or unphysiological product which has to be eliminated
By phase 1 reaction some substances are converted in to less toxic form which then conjugate with other substance. Thus phase 1 reaction make them ready for conjugation.
Phase 2 reaction generally make them water soluble form so that they are easily excreted via urine without getting deposited in lipid fraction of body.
Enzymes of Oxidation are present in microsome and non-microsomal fraction (cytosol, mitochondria)
Microsomal oxidation – cyt P450
Non-microsomal oxidation – dehydrogenase enzymes
Liver contains many P450 isoenzymes, as it is involved in bulk of drug metabolism.
Main compounds required for cyt P450 is NADPH and Molecular oxygen (O2). NADPH transfers electron through FAD and FeS complex. It is also called as mixed function oxygenase as it oxidise two different substrate simultaneously.
Epoxides are acting as free oxygen radical and have carcinogenic property.
Oxidation reaction belongs to phase 1, instead making chemical nontoxic less effective, it increases the activity and toxicity.
Epoxidation reaction belongs to phase 1, instead making chemical nontoxic less effective, it increases toxicity.
Example : Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon present in cigarette smoke is oxidised by Cyt P488 to black TAR which is responsible for lung cancer.