3. âReality, mostly, is not what it is, but what we have
decided it isâ
(de Mello, 1988)
4. âFirst we make our conclusionsâ âthen we find some
way to arrive at themâ
(de Mello, 1988)
5. âCompared to what we ought to be we are
only half awakeâ (William James,1924)
âThe ultimate value of life depends
upon awareness and the power of
contemplation rather than upon
mere survival." (Aristotle, n.d)
âProblems cannot be solved at
the same level of awareness that
created themâ (Einstein, n.d)
6. AWARENESS, CONSCIOUSNESS AND MENTAL
PROCESSING
īĸ Consciousness has been distinguished from other
modes of mental processingânamely, cognition,
motives, and emotions.
īĸ Consciousness encompasses both awareness and
attention.
(Brown & Ryan, 2003)
7. DEFINITION OF MINDFULNESS
īĸ âPaying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the
present moment, and non-judgementallyâ (Kabat-Zinn,
1994)
īĸ âMindfulness involves intentionally bringing oneâs
attention to the internal and external experiences
occurring in the present momentâ (Baer, 2003)
īĸ âIn a state of mindfulness, thoughts and feelings are
observed as events in the mind, without over-identifying
with them and without reacting to them in in an
automatic, habitual pattern of reactivityâ (Bishop, Lau,
Shapiro et al, 2004)
8. FACETS OF MINDFULNESS
īĸSelf-Regulation of attention
âso that it is maintained on immediate experience,
thereby allowing for increased recognition of mental
events in the present momentâ
īĸOrientation to Experience
âorientation that is characterized by curiosity
openness, and acceptanceâ
(Bishop et al, 2004)
14. ORIGINS
Buddhism
īĸ Mindfulness is central to the Buddhism tradition
īĸ âThe primary interest of this tradition is the quality of
consciousness in the present momentâ, (Didonna,
2009)
īĸ Sati (mindfulness) â awareness, attention and
remembering
īĸ Used to alleviate suffering
15. MINDFULNESS IN THE SCIENTIFIC DOMAIN
īĸâlargely unconsidered outside the
fields of philosophical and religious
studiesâ (Dane, 2011)
īĸâas being âseen asâ too mystical or
âZen-likeâ to merit systematic
investigationâ (Dane, 2011)
16. MINDFULNESS IN THE SCIENTIFIC DOMAIN
īĸ Operational Definition
âno systematic efforts to establish the defining criteria of
itâs various componentsâ
âgeneral descriptions of mindfulness have not been
entirely consistent across investigatorsâ
Bishop et. al, 2004
īĸ Empirical Measure
âprovides new opportunities for empirical investigations of
the nature of mindfulness and itâs relationships with other
psychological constructsâ
Baer et. al, 2006
17. MINDFULNESS MEASURES
īĸ The Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS: Lau, Bishop, Segal, Buis, Anderson, Carlson, Shapiro &
Carmody, 2006)
īĸ Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS: Brown & Ryan, 2003)
īĸ The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS: Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman et. al. 2008)
īĸ The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS: Feldman, Hawes, Kumar, Greeson &
Laurenceau, 2007)
īĸ The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS: Baer et al. 2003)
īĸ The Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnare (FMMQ: Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer & Toney,
2006)
īĸ The Frieburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI: Buchheld, Grossman & Walach, 2001)
īĸ The Mindfulness Questionnaire (MQ: Chadwick, Hember, Mead, Lilley & Dagnan, 2005)
18. TMS
īĸ Curiosity
âreflects awareness or present moment experience
with a quality of curiosityâ
īĸ Decentering
âemphasising awareness of ones experience with
some distance and this identification rather than
being carried away by ones thoughts and feelingsâ
19. TMS
īĸ You will now be handed out the Toronto
Mindfulness Scale
īĸ This should just take a few minutes to
complete
20. TMS SCORING
īĸ All items are written in a positively keyed
direction so no reverse scoring of items is
required
īĸ Curiosity score: items 3,5,6,10,12,13
īĸ Decentering score: items 1,2,4,7,8,9,11
21. YOUR MINDFULNESS SCORE
īĸIf you have a high mindfulness score
well done
īĸIf, however, you do not donât worry
īĸIt is possible to improve your
mindfulness (i.e. meditation)
25. INTERVENTIONS
1. Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction
2. Mindfulness- Based Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy
3. Mindfulness-Based Approaches to Eating
Disorders
4. Mindfulness- Based Relationship Enhancement
Training Program.
26. MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION
īĸ Developed by Dr Jon Kabat-Zinn
īĸ Brought mindfulness into the mainstream of
medicine and society
īĸ MBSR -mindfulness, meditation and yoga
27. AIM OF MBRS
īĸ The mind is known to be a factor of stress and
stress related disorders
īĸ Consciously and systematically working with stress,
pain, illness and demands of everyday life.
28. īĸ Ignite inner capacity and infuse your life with
moment-to-moment awareness
īĸ Such mindfulness helps patients use their inner
resources to achieve good health and well being
29. REASONS FOR JOINING:
īĸ Stress
īĸ Chronic pain and illness
īĸ Anxiety and panic
īĸ GI distress
īĸ Sleep disturbances
īĸ Fatigue
īĸ High blood pressure
īĸ Headaches
30. WHAT THE COURSE CONSISTS OF:
īĸ 8 weekly classes and 1 day long class that includes
-
ī Guided instruction in mindfulness meditation
classes
ī Gentle stretching and mindful yoga
ī Group dialogue/discussions
ī Individually tailored instruction
ī Daily home assignments
31. RESULTS AFTER COMPLETION:
īĸ Decrease in physical and psychological symptoms
īĸ Increased ability to relax
īĸ Reduction in pain levels
īĸ Enhanced ability to cope with pain
īĸ Greater energy and enthusiasm for life
īĸ Improved self esteem
īĸ Ability to cope better in stressful situations
33. AIMS OF MBCBT
īĸ Helps to understand depression
īĸ Discover what makes one vulnerable to staying at
the end of the downward spiral
īĸ Connection to downward spiral and what makes
like worth living
34. REASONS FOR JOINING:
īĸ Chronic pain
īĸ Hypertension
īĸ Heart disease
īĸ Cancer
īĸ Anxiety and panic
īĸ Depression (reduces relapse 50%)
35. WHAT THE COURSE CONSISTS OF:
īĸ Meeting with instructor prior to commencing
īĸ 8 weekly 2 hour classes
īĸ One all day session between week 5 and 7
īĸ Main work is done at home with CDâs
36. RESULTS AFTER COMPLETION:
īĸ To recognise and disengage from mind states
characterised by negative thought
īĸ See thoughts as negative events rather than facts
37. MINDFULNESS-BASED APPROACHES TO
EATING DISORDERS
īĸ Alexithymia
īĸ A change from externally oriented concrete thinking
style to internal orientation
īĸ Tend to use eating as a way to avoid or escape
negative emotional states
38. AIMS OF MB-EAT
īĸ Learn to approach eating in a more relaxed, non
judgemental way
īĸ Improve registration of appetite regulation
īĸ Reduce misappraisal of internal physical states
39. īĸ More attuned to utilizing physiological appetite cues
for initiating and ending eating periods
īĸ Offers a strong opportunity to improve emotion
regulation
īĸ Recognise that thoughts are just thoughts
41. WHAT THE COURSE CONSISTS OF:
Four Mindfulness-based programs combined:
1. Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
2. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
3. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
4. Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training
42. EMPOWER APPROACH
Nine Core Skill Sets:
1. Nonjudgmental observation of reactivity
2. Separating out emotions
3. Separating out thoughts
4. Separation & tolerance of behavioural urges
43. 5. Recognition of hunger and satiety
6. Recognition of taste
7. Discernment of appetite cues from other internal
events
8. Identification of true needs
9. Addressing true needs
44. MINDFULNESS-BASED RELATIONSHIP
ENHANCEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM
īĸ Foster greater awareness, ease and fresh
discovery of lifeâs experiences
īĸ Enhances access to innate resources of joy,
compassion and connectedness
45. AIMS OF MBRE:
īĸ Enrich the relationships of the relatively happy, non-
distressed couples
īĸ Beneficially affecting individuals:
ī Optimism
ī Spirituality
ī Relaxation
ī Psychological distress
46. īĸ Favourably impacting couples levels of:
ī Relationship satisfaction
ī Autonomy
ī Relatedness
ī Closeness
ī Acceptance of one another
ī Relationship distress
47. WHAT THE COURSE CONSISTS OF:
īĸ 8 weekly 150mins group sessions & 1 full day
retreat
īĸ Sample Session (week 3) -
ī Sitting meditation
ī Group discussion on practices and homework with
focus on pleasant experiences
ī Individual yoga
ī Homework assignments
48. RESULTS AFTER COMPLETION:
īĸ Enriching of current relationship functioning
īĸ Improvement of individual psychological well being
49. CASE STUDY
īĸ 44 participants â married or cohabitating for at least
12 months
īĸ Completed questionnaires prior to course and after
course
īĸ Kept daily diaries of:
Relationship happiness Relationship distress
Stress Coping Overall Stress
50. īĸ Results provided empirical support for MBRE
īĸ Couples found âa way of beingâ in all of lifeâs
experiences rather than a way to cope with specific
troublesome aspects of life
57. REFERENCES
Carson, J. W., Carson, K. M., Gil, K. M., & Baucom,
D. H. (2004). Mindfulness-based relationship
enhancement. Behaviour Therapy, 35, 471-494.
Mindful Living Programs (2011). What is Mindfulness-
Based Stress Reduction? Retrieved from:
www.mindfullivingprograms.com/whatMBSR.php
UMASS (2011). Stress Reduction Program. Retrieved
from: www.umassmed.edu
58. Baer, R. A. (2003).Mindfulness training as a clinical
intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10,
125â143.
Bishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L.,
Anderson, N.D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z.V., Abbey,
S., Speca, M., Velting, D., Devins, G. (2004).
Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 (3),
230-240.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you
are: mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New
York: Hyperion.
59. James, W. (1924). Memories and studies. New York:
Longmans, Green, & Co. (Original work published
1911)
De Mello, A. (1988). The Prayer of the Frog: Vol 1: A
book of story Meditations.
Didonna, F. (Ed.), The Clinical Handbook of
Mindfulness (221-243). New York: Springer.
Dane (2011). Paying Attention to Mindfulness and Its
Effects on Task Performance in the Workplace.
Journal of Management, 37(4), 997-1018.
60. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J.,
& Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment
methods to explore facets of mindfulness.
Assessment, 13, 27â45.
61. EXTRA RESOURCES
īĸ Kabat-Zinn: Intro to mindfulness
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nwwKbM_vJc
īĸ Cognitive Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sf6Q0G1iHBI
īĸ Malcom Huxter, Guided Meditation: Body Scan
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJjafJouvt4