Chapter 2 part 1 the development of the u s intelligence

2. Chapter 2: The Development of US Intelligence
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* Part1MAJOR THEMESIN THE DEVELOPMENTSOF U.S.
INTELLIGENCE
* Part 2MAJORHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOF
INTELLIGENCE
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3. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE

4. THE PHRASE
“INTELLIGENCE
COMMUNITY” IS USED
THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK
AS WELL AS IN MOST
OTHER DISCUSSIONS OF
U.S.INTELLIGENCE. THE
WORD “COMMUNITY” IS
PARTICULARLY APT IN
DESCRIBING U. S.
INTELLIGENCE. THE
COMMUNITY IS MADE UP OF
AGENCIES AND OFFICES
WHOSE WORK IS OFTEN
RELATED AND SOMETIMES
COMBINED.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
B U T T H E Y S E R V E
D I F F E R E N T N E E D S
O R D I F F E R E N T
C L I E N T S A N D W O R K
U N D E R V A R I O U S
L I N E S O F A U T H O R I T Y
A N D C O N T R O L . T H E
I N T E L L I G E N C E
C O M M U N I T Y G R E W
O U T O F A S E T O F
E V O L V I N G D E M A N D S
A N D W I T H O U T A
M A S T E R P L A N . I T I S
H I G H L Y F U N C T I O N A L
A N D Y E T S O M E T I M E S
D Y S F U N C T I O N A L .
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5. One Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), Richard Helms
(1966–1973), testified before Congress
“That, despite all of the criticisms of the structure and functioning
of the intelligence community, if one were to create it from scratch,
much the same community would likely emerge.”
Helms’s focus was not on the structure of the community
but on the services it provides, which are multiple, varied,
and supervised by a number of individuals. This approach to
intelligence is unique to The United States, although others
have copied facets of it.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
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6. Director of Intelligence Richard Helms
MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
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7. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
To the French
Intelligence from
the sway of
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8. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
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DURING THIS TIME
THE UNITED STATES
INTELLIGENCE
EXPERIENCE WAS
BRIEF.

9. from the late nineteenth century, a broader
U. S. national intelligence capability began
to arise only with the creation of the
Coordinator of Information (COI) The
predecessor of the Office of Strategic
Services (OSS)
MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
The first glimmer of a national
intelligence enterprise did not
appear until 1940. Although
permanent and specific naval and
military intelligence units date
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10. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
Allen Welsh Dulles OSS/COI
Spymaster
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11. The
Office of
Strategic
Services
(OSS).
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12. What explains this nearly 170-year
absence of organized U.S. intelligence?
For most of its history, the United
States did not have strong foreign policy interests beyond its
immediate borders. The success of the 1823 Monroe
Doctrine (which stated that the United States would resist
any European attempt to colonize in the Western
Hemisphere), assisted by the agreement and unspoken
support of Britain, solved the basic security interests of the
United States and its broader foreign policy interests. The
need for better intelligence became apparent only after the
United States achieved the status of a world power and
became involved in wide-ranging international issues at the
end of the nineteenth century. 12

13. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
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14. The United States faced no threat to its security from its
neighbors, from powers outside the Western Hemisphere, with
the exception of the Civil War (1861-1865) from large-scale
internal dissent that was unfavorable to its form of government.
This benevolent environment, so unlike that faced by all European
states, undercut any perceived need for national intelligence.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE
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15. 15

16. 16

17. A Threat-Based Foreign Policy.
The United States assumed a vested interest in the
international status quo. This interest became more
pronounced after the Spanish-American War in 1898. With
the acquisition of a small colonial empire, the United States
achieved a satisfactory international position—largely self-
sufficient and largely unthreatened. However, the twentieth
century saw the repeated rise of powers whose foreign
policies were direct threats to the status quo: Germany in
World War I, the Axis in World War II, and then the Soviet
Union during the cold war.
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18. 18

19. How Did This War End?
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20. World War 2
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21. The Cold War
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22. 22

23. 23

24. During the special circumstances of World War II and the Cold War, the
American people were willing to support a permanent, organized, secret
intelligence effort and to delegate oversight of its performance to a limited
number of members of the executive and legislative branches. Whether the
public will continue to support a large intelligence effort in the more benign
climate of the 1990s is by no means certain. Because the case can be made
only by providing the public with information needed to judge intelligence
performance, openness is a necessity. The alternative is to watch intelligence
budgets shrink and return to the situation prevailing before World War II,
when the intelligence effort was limited, sporadic, and largely unimportant.
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UNCLASSIFIED
A basic tension
Openness and Secrecy
David D. Gries

25. As the war progressed and our national security was
threatened, breakthroughs in jet-engine technology, radar,
sonar, rocketry, and atomic weapons required special
protection. Openness in operations of the legislative and
executive branches, previously the guarantors of the
Founding Fathers' promise, was sharply curtailed.
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26. Elaborate systems were devised to ensure secrecy, not only
for spectacular achievements like reading German and
Japanese wartime codes, but also for daily activities of the
foreign affairs, intelligence, and military components of
government. With the advent of the Cold War, conflict
between the old tradition of openness and the new
requirement for secrecy became a significant issue.
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