The concept of digital library revolutionized its popularity with the development of networking technology. Digital library stores various kind of documents in digitized format that enables user smooth access to these documents at subsidized costs. In the recent past, a similar concept i.e., ontology library has gained popularity among the communities like semantic web, artificial intelligence, information science, philosophy, linguistics, and so forth.

1. Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a
Critical Study

2. Outline
• Introduction and Overview
• Languages for expressing Ontologies
• Tools for building Ontologies
• Ontology Libraries
• Evaluation criteria
• Transitions to the future

3. What is Ontology?
• The term "ontology" can be defined as
an explicit specification of conceptualization.
1. Ontology is a term in philosophy and its meaning is ``theory
of existence''.
2. Ontology is an explicit specification of conceptualization.
3. Ontology is a body of knowledge describing some domain.

4. Ontology-Definition
Ontologies to capture human knowledge based on common sense.
- Lenat y Guha (1990)
Source: http://www.emiliosanfilippo.it/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Ontology-3.jpg

5. How are Ontologies currently being used to Librarians?
• Standardize vocabulary.
• Provide better routes.
• Provide better search.
Source: http://gonereading.com/newshop/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/Librarian-Gift-446x446.png

6. Languages for Expressing Ontologies

7. Tools for Building ontology
• The are many Ontology tools are available in the
present times such as Protégé, OntoEdit, Ontolingua,
OilEd, pOWL etc.
Source: http://www.colourbox.com/preview/2456889-245207-three-3d-people-with-the-tools-in-the-hands-of.jpg

8. Protégé
• Free, open source
• Web client and format
• Strong community
Source: http://www.racer-systems.com/img//logo/protege.gif

9. Ontology built using Protégé
Source: http://protege-ontology-editor-knowledge-acquisition-system.136.n4.nabble.com/attachment/4658809/2/jbddhbbc.png

10. What is Ontology Libraries (OL)?
 Ontology libraries are the systems that collect ontologies from
different sources and facilitate the tasks of finding, exploring, and
using these ontologies.
Source: http://semanticweb.com/files/2013/09/9685321345_afc5296f95.jpg

11. Need for ontology libraries
• Enables and facilitates interoperability
• Well-established and well-tested ontologies
• Integrates the data much more easily
(Contd.)

12. Need for ontology libraries
• Find and determine the domain
• Evaluate the quality
• Ontology in specific format
• Publish their ontology

13. Characteristics of ontology libraries

14. Purpose and Coverage
 What is it for?
-Domain
-Intended scope

15. Library content
 What is in it?
-Ontology and how they are collected
-Gatekeeping
-Mappings and other inter-ontology relations
-Metadata

16. Main function for users
 What does it let you do?
-Finding, Search and evaluating ontologies
-Browsing
-Programmatic access

17. Other features
 What else is there?
-Versioning
-Reasoning
-User management
-Notifications

18. What OL offers!!
Ontology library systems offer functions for
managing, adapting and standardizing groups of
ontologies, for indexing content with ontologies, and
for utilizing ontologies in applications.
Source: http://assets.fiercemarkets.com/public/newsletter/fiercehealthit/telehealth4.jpg

19. Requirements for an Ontology Library Service
• Designing the ontologies
• Populating the ontologies
• Publishing the ontologies
(Contd.)

20. Requirements for an Ontology Library Service
• Ontology based semantic application
• Ontology based semantic content creation
• Ontology based end user application

21. Structure of Ontology Library Systems
Source: http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0169023X02000411-gr4.jpg

22. Lists of Ontology libraries
Domain General Mixed
• BioPortal
• OBO Foundry
• OLS
• oeGov
• Cupboard
• ODP
• OntoSelect
• OntoSearch2
• Schema-Cache
• TONES
• SHOE
• ONKI
• COLOR
• Ontohub
• WebOnto
• DAML
• IEEE Standard
Upper Ontology
(SUO)
• MMI
• SHOE

23. Ontology Libraries-Domain
• Biomedical
- BioPortal
- OBO (Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies )
Foundry
- OLS (Ontology Lookup Service).
• e-Government
- oeGov (Ontologies for e-Government)

25. Ontology Libraries-General
- Cupboard
- ODP(Ontology Design Pattern)
- OntoSelect
- OntoSearch2
- TONES(Thinking ONtologiES)
- Schema-Cache

27. Ontology Libraries-Mixed
• ONKI Ontology Server
• COLOR (Common Logic Ontology Repository)
• Ontohub
• WebOnto
• DAML Ontology library system
• IEEE-SUO (Standard Upper Ontology)
• MMI-ORR (Marine Metadata Interoperability-
Ontology Registry and Repository )
• SHOE (Simple HTML Ontology Extensions)

29. BioPortal- Biomedical
• Browse, search and visualize ontologies.
• Multiple formats support
• Add notes
• Add review
• Add mapping
• NCBO annotator
• NCBO Resource Index
Source: http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OOR/OOR-Logo/OOR-Logo-candidates/BioPortal-1.jpg

30. Where can I access the BioPortal?

31. oeGov- e-Government
• Distributed creation and maintenance of information
• RDF/OWL formats
• Semantics and controlled vocabularies
• Schemas and several datasets
• Blog system and review
Source: http://oegov.org/images/oegov_logo.jpg

32. Where can I access the oeGOV Ontologies?

33. TONES-General
• Browsing ontology
• Empirical studies
• RDF/XML format
• Collection of OWL ontologies
Source: http://webont.org/owled/2007/TonesLogo.png

34. Where can I access the TONES?

35. SHOE-Mixed
• Management
- Storage
- Versioning
• Adaptation
- Searching
• Standardization
- Language
- Upper-level ontology
Source: http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/SHOEtitle.gif

36. Where can I access the SHOE?

37. Evaluation Criteria
1. Domain
2. Number of ontologies
3. Dynamics
4. Search metadata
5. Search within ontology
6. Browsing ontologies
7. Architecture
8. Components
9. Collection
10. Gatekeeping
11. Search across ontologies
12. Metrics
13. Comments and reviews
14.Ranking
15. Navigation criteria
16. SPARQL endpoint
17. Content available
18. Read or write
19. Intended use
20. Storage
21. Web service access
22. Accepted formats

38. OL
Features
BioPortal Cupboard OBO
Foundry
oeGov OLS ODP Schema-
Cache
Domain Biomedical General Biomedical e-Govt. Biomedical General General
No. of
ontologies
270 150 86 31 79 125 157
Dynamics Growing Growing Stable Growing Stable Growing Stable
Search
metadata
Yes Yes Yes Blog-based No Wiki-based No
Search
within
ontology
Yes, with
autocomple
te
Advanced
search
No No Yes, terms
and terms
IDs
No Keyword-
based
Browsing
ontologies
Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes
Compone
nts
Protégé,
LexGrid
Watson Sourceforge Wordpress OBO API MediaWiki Talis
platform
Architectu
re
Single
server
REST-based
communicat
ion
CVS-based Single
server
Single
server
Single
server
Cloud-
based

40. Transitions to the future
 Challenges and opportunities for an ontology
developer
-Role of an ontology libraries in massive adoption
and reuse.
-Community service as provided by ontology libraies
through appropriate endorsements.
(contd.)

41. Transitions to the future
 Challenges and opportunities for an ontology
user
- Important for ontologies to be validated by a given
community
- An Ontologies be considered to one particular
domain, one particular format

42. References
1. Mathieu, d’Aquin, F. Noy, Natalya (2012). Where to publish and find
ontologies? A survey of ontology libraries. Web Semantics: Science,
Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 11, 96–111
2. http://obitko.com/tutorials/ontologies-semantic-web/ontologies.html
3. Curras, E (2010), Ontologies, Taxonomies and Thesauri in system science
and systematics. Great Abinton, CB: Woodhead Publishing.
4. King, Brandy . E , Reinold, Kathy (2008). Finding the concept, not just
the word: a librarian’s guide to ontologies and semantics. Witney, OX:
Chandos Publishing.
5. Bechhofer, S. Goble, C and Horrocks, I (2002). Requirements of
Ontology Languages. IST Project IST-2000-29243 OntoWeb.
6. http://www.dur.ac.uk/p.h.shaw/teaching/ais/lectures/patricia/ais13-rdfs.pdf

43. References (Contd.)
7. Heflin, J , an introduction to the owl web ontology language
8. http://protege.stanford.edu/
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_Libraries_(computer_science)
10.http://protege.stanford.edu/publications/ontology_development/ontolog
y101-noy-mcguinness.html
11. Y. Ding, D. Fensel, Ontology library systems. The key to successful
ontology reuse, in: First Semantic Web Working Symposium, Stanford
University, 2001, pp. 93–112.
12. http://rpc295.cs.man.ac.uk:8080/repository/
13. http://semanticweb.com/oegov-open-government-through-semantic-
web-technologies_b13990
14. http://oegov.org/

44. Thank You