rural study , case study of asandpur nandnaur village in sonipat , hariyana.

1. THE PLACE WHERE WE CAN SMELL THE LAND
WHERE TRADITIONS STILL PREVAIL IN AIR
OUR VILLAGES ARE NOT PROPERLY MAINTAINED THEY ARE NOT AWARE OF WHAT
IS HAPPENING AROUND THE WORLD AND EVEN IN THE CITIES AROUND THEM.
WHAT MAKES THE CITY GENERATION TO HATE VILLAGES IS THEIR EXTREME
DEPENDENCY ON CULTURE. THEIR BELIEFS ARE TOO OLD FOR THE PRESENT
GENERATION CULTURE. THEY WANT THEIR CHILDREN TO STUDY. BUT DO NOT
POSSESS THE PROPER FACILITIES FOR THEIR HIGHER EDUCATION. THEIR JOB OF
AGRICULTURE MAY NOT YIELD THEM MONEY THAT IS ENOUGH FOR THEIR
LIVELIHOOD
RURALAREAS ARE THE BIGGEST SUPPORT OF INDIA, FROM THE PAST TO FUTURE.
THEY ARE THE ONE, WITH WHICH THE WORLD RECOGNIZES INDIA. THEY ARE
THE ONE THAT DOES NOT DEPEND ON OTHER CITIES, BUT THE ENTIRE
INDIA IS DEPENDENT ON THE RURALAREAS. THEY CONTRIBUTE TO OUR MODERN
INDIA IN EVERY FIELDS FROM AGRICULTURE, ECONOMY, PRETTINESS OF OUR
COUNTRY. HENCE SPITE OF ALL THE NEGATIVE FACTORS, THE POSITIVE NESS
LEADS THE WAY. HENCE, WE CONCLUDE THAT VILLAGES ARE THE BIGGEST
STRENGTH TO OUR INDIA.
WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS IN INDIAN RURAL AREAS?
SUBMITED TO:-
AR.DEEPSHIKHA AND AR.SIDDHARTH
SUBMITTED BY :-
BALRAM,DEEP PRBHA,DEEPAK,
DHAIRYA,HARMANDEEP, JAI AND LISA

2. ASADPUR NANDNAUR
ZONE 8
LIGHT BLUE: SHOPS
DAK BLUE: SCHOOL
YELLOW: RESIDNCE
GREEN: CHAUPALS
GREEN BORDERS : AGRICULTURE LAND
RED: TEMPLES
MEDIUM BLE: ANGAMWARI, DISPENSARY
SURVEY ANALYSIS
•MONTHLY INCOME: VARIES FROM 2000-8000 IN
GENERAL . SOURCES: OWN SHOPS AS WORKERS IN
MILLS ,FACTORIES , BY FARMING , CATTLE , DRIVING ,
HOUSE HOLD WORKS LIKE STITCHING .
•SHOPPING: PEOPLE WITH LOW INCOME GENERALLY
SHOP FROM MURTHAL ITSELF WHEREAS OTHERS GO
TO SONEPAT .
•HEALTH FACILITIES: PEOPLE WITH LOW INCOME GO
TO GOVERNMENT DISPENSARIES IN VILLAGE .
FACTORY WORKERS USE THEIR ESI CARDS ISSUED .
OTHERS IN CASE OF MAJOR PROBLEMS PREFER TO
GO TO HOSPITALS IN SONEPAT AND DELHI.
•SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL: NEARBY EMPTY PLOTS.
MUNICIPAL TRUCKS REGULARLY COME TO COLLECT
WASTE .
•SOIL WASTE: USE OF SEPTIC TANKS.
•CATTLE WASTE: USED TO MAKE DUNG CAKES THAT
ARE BEING USED AS A FUEL IN COOKING PURPOSE .
•COMMUNICATION: ALL HAVE MOBILE PHONES FOR
THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION.
GENERAL
DATA : ZONE 2
POLES 25
TRANSFORME
RS
7
CHAUPALS 4
TEMPLES 2
SHOPS 23
TUBEWELLS 2
JOHADS 2
TREES SHEESHAM, KEEKAR, NEEM ,
BER ,GUAVA , POMEGRANATE
OTHER
FACILITIES
ANGANWADI, DISPENSARY,
SR. SEC. SCHOOL.
CASTES JATS , BALMIKI, TELLI, CHIPI,
LOHAR, KUMHA , JHIMAR,,
LAND USAGE
ZONE-8

3. +0-
+3000
+6000
+9000
+12000
+13000
SKY LINE
BUILDING CATEGORIES HEIGHT
S
AVERAGE HEIGHT OF RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS
4000MM
AVERAGE HEIGHT OF COMERCIAL
BUILDING
3000MM
AVERGE HEIGHT OF SOCIAL BUILDINGS 6000MM
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING
7000MM
MINIMUM HEIGHT OF RESIDENIAL
BUILDING
3000MM
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF COMERCIAL
BUILDING
3500MM
MINIMUM HEIGHT OF COMERCIAL
BUILDING
2700MM
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF SOCIAL
BUILDING
13000MM
MINIMUM HEIGHT OF SOCIAL BUILDING 4000MM
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDING IN
VILLAGE
TEMPLE
ASADPUR NANDNAUR

4. STREETS IN ZONE 8
MATERIALS USED FOR
STREET CONSTRUCTION:
MATERIALS USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF STREETS ARE
• PCC
• PRECAST
CONCRETE
BLOCKS
• CONCRETE TILES
• BRICKS
CONSTRUCTION OF STREET
• THE STREETS ARE OF TWO TYPES:
PCC STREETS
PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS
STREET PATTERN
 IN NANDNAUR VILLAGE ORGANIC
STREET PATTERN IS FOLLOWED.
 ORGANIIC SREETS GO EVERY WAY,
THEY START AND END, SEMINGLY
AT RENDOM, THEY CURVE BACK
AND FORTH.
 THIS KIND OF STREET ARE NOT
VERY WELL PLANED, THESE ARE
COMMON IN RUAL AREA.
 SEEMINGLY RANDOM LINESS OF
ORGANIG STREETS MAY ACTULLY
BE ANYTHING BUT: THEY MAY
FOLLOW CONTOOR LINES,
POLITICAL DIVIISIONS,
WATERCOURSES OR OTER
FEATURES.
• MADE BY THREE LAYERS.
• FIRST LAYER IS OF GRAVELS.
• SECOND LAYER OF SAND.
• THIRD AND TOP LAYER OF PRECSAT
CONCRETE BLOCKS.
• IN ANOTHER METHOD IT IS ALSO IN
THREE LAYERS.
• FIRST LAYER OF SAND FILLING.
• SECOND LAYER OF GRAVELS.
• TOP LAYER IS OF 6 INCHES THICK
PCC.
SLOPES HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR
FLOW OF THE WATER TOWARDS
DRAINS.

5. DRAINAGE
THROUGH DRAINS RUNNING ON ONE
SIDE OR BOTH THE SIDES OF THE
STREET ACCORDING TO THE
REQUIREMENT .
BASIC PRINCIPLE USED
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF EARTH.
DUE TO THIS WATER FLOWS FROM
HIGHER LEVEL TO LOWER LEVEL . SO
SLOPE MATTERS IN DRAINAGE
PATTERN OF A VILLAGE .FROM THE
DRAINAGE PATTERN OF THE VILLAGE
WE CAN GET THE IDEA OF THE
TOPOGRAPHY OF THAT PLACE.
MATERIALS USED
DRAINS ARE MAINLY OF THREE TYPES
ON THE BASIS OF MATERIALS USED .
• CONCRETE,PRE CAST CONCRETE
PIPES. BRICK
IN SOME HOUSES NO SUCH PROVISION
IS THERE FOR DRAINAGE PURPOSE ,
WATER FLOWS BY ITSELF ACCORDING
TO THE SLOPE AND FINALLY FALLS
INTO THE STREET DRAIN.
AT JUNCTIONS OF STREETS: DRAINS
ARE COVERED BY CONCRETE SLABS OR
METAL JALI. AT FEW PLACES STONE
SLAB IS ALSO USED AND LEFT PLACES
ARE WITH OPEN DRAINS. JOINING OF
TWO DRAINS: USE OF METAL JALI OR
SOMETIMES LEFT OPEN.
JUNCTION OF DRAINS
DRAINAGE COVERING OUTSIDE
HOUSES
RAMPS ARE MADE AT THE ENTRANCES .IN
LOW COST CONSTRUCTION HOUSES
ONLY STONE SLABS OR PRE CAST
CONCRETE BLOCKS ARE USED TO COVER
THE DRAIN ATE THE ENTRANCE. AT SOME
PLACES A CONCRETE SLAB OF ALMOST 2
TO 3 INCHES IS MADE SUPPORTED ON
BRICK COLUMNS OF 9”X9” FROM STREET
LEVEL TO UP TO THE FLOOR LEVEL OF
THE HOUSE. STEPS ARE PROVIDED FOR
THE APPROACH. THIS SLAB COULD BE
USED FOR SITTING AND OTHER
PURPOSES.
DRAINAGE
LAYOUTTHE DRAINAGE IS DONE ON THE BASIS OF THE TOPOLOGY OF THE
VILLAGE.
WASTE WATER IS COLLECTED IN A JHOD THROUGH THE DRAINS.

6. RAIN WATER.:
NO DIFFERENT PROVISION FOR RAIN WATER DRAINAGE AND
NO CONCEPT OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING IS THERE
REQUIREMENT OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING:
AS THE GROUND WATER LEVEL OF THE VILLAGE IS
DECREASING AT A FAST RATE AS TUBE WELLS ARE THE ONLY
SOURCE OF WATER HERE , THEREFORE IT NEEDS TO BE
RECHARGED WHICH COULD BE DONE BY RAINWATER
HARVESTING.
 AS THE ROOF AREA IN VILLAGES IS GOOD ENOUGH TO
COLLECT WATER AND SOME HOUSES HAVE JOINED ROOF
ALSO WHICH MAY ALSO HELP.
HOUSE DRAINAGE: SAME MATERIALS ARE
USED AS IN STREETS AND ALONG WITH THEM
PVC PIPES AND CAST IRON PIPES ARE ALSO
USED IN INTERNAL HOUSE DRAINAGE.
SECTIONS: SHOWING THE STREET
MATERIALS AND DRAIN SECTIONS
A. PVC PIPES WITH BRICK
LINING FOR DRAINS.
B. NO PROPER DRAIN
.BRICK REMOVED FROM
WALL .WATER FLOWS
ACCORDING TO THE
SLOPE.C. WATER FALLS DIRECTLY
IN THE STREET DRAIN
THROUGH PVC PIPE.
D. CONCRETE USED AS
LINING OF DRAIN
ROOF WATER DRAINAGE: USE OF PARNALA FOR
DIRECT FLOW OF WATER TO THE WASTE WATER
DRAIN OR CAST IRON PIPES, PVC PIPES OR PRE
CAST CONCRETE PIPES ARE USED .
DRAINAGE
PROBLEMS:
IN DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF VILLAGES THE MOST
IMPORTANT DRAWBACK IS THAT THE DRAINS ARE OPEN.
 SECONDLY THE WASTE WATER IS FINALLY COLLECTED
IN JOHAD .WATER STANDS OVER THERE. A VERY SMALL
AMOUNT OF THAT WASTE WATER DRIES UP DAILY DURING
DAYTIME. THIS STANDING WATER IS NOT GOOD FOR THE
HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THE NEARBY AREA.
BLOCKAGE: THE SOLID WASTE THAT COLLECTS DUE TO
DIFFERENT REASONS IN THE DRAIN CREATES THE
PROBLEM OF BLOCKAGE.
 IF DRAINS ARE NOT CONSTRUCTED PROPERLY
LIKE THE DEPTH IS NOT PROPER , OR THE
MATERIAL IS NOT GOOD ETC.
SOMETIMES DURING CONSTRUCTION OF
HOUSES THE RAW MATERIAL FOR CONSTRUCTION
OR THE MUD THAT CAME OUT DURING
EXCAVATION CREATES BLOCKAGE. DURING
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINS ALSO SUCH
PROBLEMS EVOLVE.
IMPROPER DRAINAGE MAY HARM THE
STRUCTURE ALSO
WASTE WATER FLOWING
ON STREET WITHOUT
ANY PROPER DRAINAGE
DRAIN WATER
DIRECTLY FALLING IN
STREET DRAIN AND
SPREADING ALL
AROUND IN NEARBY
AREA OF STREET

7. ELECTRICITY SOURCES:
GOVERNMENT SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY FOR
ABOUT 7 TO 9 HRS PER DAY.
VERY FEW PEOPLE USE GENERATORS AND
INVERTERS AS SUPPLEMENT.
ELECTRICITY POWER PLANTS
RED TRIANGLES IN THIS PLAN ARE
TRANSFORMERS.
POLES ARE CONNECTED BY WIRING . A
TENTATIVE WIRING PLAN IS ALSO GIVEN.
A DIAGRAM TO SHOW HOW
ELECTRICITY REACHES OUR
HOUSE.
TRANFORME
RS
MESSED UP WIRES ON THE POLES AND IN
SOME HOUSES ALSO . LOW
MAINTENANCE CAUSES SOME PROBLEMS
.LIKE AS WE CAN SEE THE WIRES ARE
BURNT BUT STILL IN USE.
THESE WIRES CAN CAUSE SHORT
CIRCUITS.
STREET LAMPS ON THE POLES MAY BE
AFFECTED DUE TO OPEN WIRES.
MAINTAINANCE OF LAMPS ALSO
AFFECTED BY LOW MAINTAINANCE OF
THE ELECTRICAL WIRING. AND CAN BE
HARMFUL TO HUMAN ALSO.
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
WIRES CONNECTED TO THE
POLES .
TOWERS IN ZONE
8

8. SOURCE OF THAT SUPPLY IS TUBE WELLS
OF DIA 10” , 600’ TO 900’ DEEP, THAT ARE
LOCATED ON DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN
VILLAGE.
PVC AND CI PIPES ARE USED FOR WATER
DISTRIBUTION
UNDERGROUND FITTING IS BY CI PIPES .
AROUND 100 SUBMERSIBLES HAVE ALSO
BEEN INSTALLED BY PEOPLE IN THEIR
HOUSES IN CONTRIBUTION OR SEPARATELY
IN INITIAL TIMES HAND PUMPS WERE
USED. BUT AS WATER LEVEL AHS
DECREASED TO A GREAT EXTENT , NOW
THEY ARE NOT SUCCESSFUL.
LOCATION OF TUBE
WELL- TUBE WELLS
FEEDING MURTHAL ARE
LOCATED :
NEAR GIRL’S COLLEGE
NEAR GUMBAZ (WATER
RESERVOIR OR HAUZ)
NEAR BOYS COLLEGE
AT KUMASPUR ROAD
DECREASING GROUND WATER LEVEL:
BECAUSE OF THESE GROUND WATER HAS DECREASED AT
RAPID RATE.
THOSE TUBE WELLS ARE THE MAIN REASON FOR THE
DECREASE IN THE GROUND WATER LEVEL OF NANDNUR
WHICH HAS DECREASED FROM 15 FT TO MORE THAN 100 FT
IN PAST 20 YRS.
IN BETWEEN WHERE THE WATER LEVEL WAS 35 FT ONE
PROBLEM THAT PEOPLE FACED WAS THAT THAT OIL CAME
MIXED ALONG WITH WATER.
MISUSE OF WATER IS ALSO ANOTHER PROBLEM.
NO TAPS ARE USED IN SOME HOUSES.
SUBMERCIBLE
DETAILS:
COST OF INSTALLATION 18,000.
AROUND 1 TO 1.5 HP MOTOR IS
USED.
DEPTH AROUND 120 TO 150
FEET AT THIS TIME
AROUND 130 SUBMERSIBLES
IN TOTAL IN MURTHAL.
45 SUBMERSIBLES ARE
INSTALLED BY PANCHAYAT
4” PVC PIPE IS USED IN
SUBMERSIBLES.
AFTER THAT 1 OR 1.5” GI PIPE
IS USED.
USE OF ELECTRIC
MOTORS TO FILL THE
OVERHEAD STORAGE
TANKS .
PIPE CONNECTED TO THE
SUBMERSIBLE WITH A TAP
AND ALSO TO THE OVER
HEAD TANK.
TENTATIVE SKETCH SHOWING THE
SECTIONAL DETAILS OF A
SUBMERSIBLE.
WATER STORAGE TANKS:
CONNECTED EITHER TO THE
SUBMERSIBLE TAP OR TO THE
GOVERNMENT WATER SUPPLY.
THEY COULD BE ON THE
GROUND OR OVER HEAD.
WATER SUPPLY:

9. CHARACTERSTIC
S
HOUSE 1
(SANJIVE JI)
HOUSE 2
(VIKAS SAGAR)
HOUSE 3
(SANTLAL SAIN)
HOUSE 4
(SAVITRI JI)
HOUSE 5
(SHIV KUMAR JI)
YEAR OF
CONSTRUCTION
2015 2006 2000 1995 1990
NO. OF MALE
AND FEMALE
3 MALES
1 FEMALES
3 MALES
1 FEMALES
6 MALES
3 FEMALES
2 MALES
1 FEMALES
7 MALES
4 FEMALES
SOURCE OF
INCOME
FARMING+
JAMIDAR
SERVICE SERVICE+FARMING FARMING BUSINESS+FARMING
NO. OF VEHICLES 1BIKE
1TRACTOR
1CAR 1 BIKE 1 CYCLE 1CAR,2BIKES,2TRACTOR
BUILDING
MATERIAL
BRICK/RCC BRICK/RCC BRICK/RCC MUD,BRICK,S
TONE,STEEL
KADI,TIMBER,BRICK
MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION
MOBILES
NO LAN LINE
MOBILES
NO LAN LINE
MOBILES
NO LAN LINE
MOBILES
NO LAN LINE
MOBILES
NO LAN LINE
ANIMAL LIVE
STOCK
2 BUFFALO _ 1 BUFFALO 1 COW 1 COW,1BUFFALO
+VE FACTORS SETISFIED SETISFIED SETISFIED SETISFIED SETISFIED
-VE FACTORS _ _ IMPROPER
SPORTS
FACILITIES
_ HOSPITALS+CONNECTIVIT
Y
MALES
FEMALES
AUTOS
BUS
PRIVATE
HOUSE 5HOUSE 1 HOUSE 2 HOUSE 3 HOUSE 4
SCHOOLING
UNDER
GRADUATE
POST
GRADUATE
ILLITERATE
10
H
O
U
S
E
S

10. CHARACTERSITICS HOUSE 1
[SANJEEV
JI]
HOUSE 2
VIKAS SAGAR
HOUSE 3
SANTILAL
JI
HOUSE 4
SAVITRI JI
HOUSE 5
SHIV
KUMAR JI
HOUSE 6
ATTIM JI
HOUSE 7
MANGLU
RAM JI
HOUSE 8
RAM JI
HOUSE 9
NARANG
JI
HOUSE 10
GOPAL JI
YEAR OF
CONSTRUCTION
2015 2006 2010 2009 2006 2008 1998 2004 1999 1996
NO. OF MALE &
FEMALE
3 MEN
1 FEMALES
3 MALES
1 FEMALE
6 MALES
2
FEMALES
2 MALES
1 FEMALE
7 MALES
3
FEMALES
3 MALES
2
FEMALES
1 MALE
1 FEMALE
2 MALES
1
FEMALES
4 MALES
2
FEMALES
1 MALE 2 FEMALES
SOURCE OF INCOME FARMING +
JAMIDAR
SERVICE SERVICE +
FARMING
FARMING BUSINESS
FARMING
FARMING +
JAMIDAR
SERVICE
+
FARMING
SERVICE FARMING BUSINESS
FARMING
NO. OF VEHICLES 1 BIKE
1
TRACTOR
1 BIKE 1 CAR 2
TRACTOR
1 CYCLE 1
SCOOTER
1 BIKE + 1
CAR
1 BIKE 1 CAR + 1
CYCLE
1 CYCLE
BUILDING MATERIAL BRICK/RCC MUD, BRICK,
SAND, STONE
BRICK/RC
C
BRICK/RC
C
MUD,
BRICK,
STONES
BRICK/
RCC
MUD,
BRICK,
SAND,
STONE
MUD,
BRICK,
SAND,
STONE
BRICK/RC
C
MUD, BRICK,
STONES
MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION
MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES MOBILES
ANIMAL LIVE STOCK 2 BUFFALO 1 BUFFALO _ 1 COW 2
BUFFALO
1 COW + 1
BUFFALO
1
BUFFALO
+ 2 COW
- - 2 COW
+VE FACTORS SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIE
D
SATISFIED SATISFIE
D
SATISFIED SATISFIED SATISFIED
-VE FACTORS - MPROPER
SPORTS
FACILITIES
HOSPITAL
S
- MPROPER
SPORTS
FACILITIE
S
HOSPITAL
S
- HOSPITAL
S +
CONNECTI
VITY
- -

11. HOUSE SURFACE
 HOUSE1
* PLINTH LEVE-700MM
* LINTEL LIVEL-2000MM
* CILL LEVEL -1000MM
* APROX AREA OF HOUSE WAS 250 SQ.YARD
* SIMPLE FLOORING OF CONCRETE WERE MADE
* BRICKS AND RCC WHERE CHEAF MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
* SEPRATE AREA FOR LIFE STOCK WERE GIVEN IN HOUSE ONLY
* HANDPUMPS WHERE USED TO PUMP GROUND WATER AND WAS THE
CHEAF SOURCE OF WATER
 HOUSE2
* PLINTH LEVEL-600MM
* LINTEL LEVEL-1800MM
* CILL LEVEL -900MM
* APROX AREA OF HOUSE WAS 200
SQ.YARD
* TILES WERE USED ON OUTER WALL
* HANDPUMPS WERE USED FOR
PUMPING GROUND WATER
 HOUSE 3
* PLINTH LEVEL-650MM
* LINTEL LEVEL -2100MM
* CILL LEVEL -850MM
* APROX AREA OF HOUSE WAS 150
SQ.YARD
* BASIC RURAL HOUSE WITH
AATTACHED
SHOP

12.  HOUSE 5
* PLINTH LEVEL-400MM
* LINTEL LEVEL -1800MM
* CILL LEVEL -700MM
* THIS WAS THE HOUSE PRADHAN OF THE
VILLAGE
* MOST DEVELOPED HOUSEFULL OF
ALLBASIC RESOURES
* POWERBACKUP WAS THERE
* HANDPUMPS WAS THERE TOPUMP
GROUNDWATER LEVEL
* KADI,TIMBER,AND BRICK RCC WERE
USED
 COMMAN REVIEWS
* VILLAGE HAD ALL BASIC RECUIREMENTS
* MJORITY HOUSE HAD OPEN AREA LIKE A
COUTYARD
* AS AMOUT OF ANIMAL STOCK WAS THERE
CONCIDRABLE STORAGE AREA WAS GIVEN
 HOUSE4
* PLINTH LEVEL-600MM
* LINTEL LEVEL-2100MM
* CILL LEVEL - 850MM
* HAD UNDER GROUND PIPEING
SYSTUM AND
POWER BACKUP SYSTUM
* MUD,BRICKS,STONES AND STEEL
WERE USED

13. SPACE ALLOCATION
REQUIREMENTS:
•GUEST ROOM OR
BAITHAK.
•FODDER CUTTING
MACHINE.
•MACHINERY PLACE.
•STORAGE SPACE.
•RAW MATERIAL :-
•COW DUNG
•COTTON WOOD
•FODDER.
•COURTYARD
•KITCHEN AND CHULHA
•STAIRS
•TOILETS AND
BATHROOMS
•WATER STORAGE
•BEDROOMS
•SEPTIC TANKS
FLOORING
OF A PARTICULAR PLACE
DEPENDS ON ITS
FUNCTIONALITY. FOR E.G. :-
WHETHER IT IS OPEN OR
CLOSED USED FOR WET OR
DRY AREA.
CATTLE SPACE – EITHER NO
FLOORING IS DONE, ONLY
EARTH COMPACTION.
GOOD FOR CATTLE.
COURTYARD – BRICK
FLOORING WITH POINTING,
CEMENT FLOORING.
FLOORING IS DONE SUCH
THAT IT REQUIRES LOW
MAINTENANCE.
THE CONSTRUCTION STARTS
FROM FOUNDATION AND ENDS AT
THE PARAPET.
THE VERY FIRST STEP IS MAKING
OF TRENCHES FOR FOUNDATION
LAYING, FILLING BRICK BALLAST,
COMPACTION AND FINALLY
FOUNDATION FOOTING.
THEN COMES THE DPC LEVEL. IN
VILLAGES IN OLDER HOSES THERE
WAS NO DPC.
BRICK DETAILS : EARLIER THE
BRICK SIZE WAS 1.5” X 3.5” X 5”.AS
EARLIER BRICKS WERE MADE
MANUALLY WITHOUT USING
INSTRUMENTS , SOME VARIATIONS
ARE ALWAYS THERE.
NOW THE BRICK SIZE IS 4.5” X
3” X 9”.
PLANNING
IN MOST OF THE
HOUSES THE
PLANNING IS
COURTYARD .
THERE ARE MANY
USES OF COURTYARD
PLANNING
CATTLE SPACE : VERY
IMPORTANT PART OF THE
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE.
CONSTRUCTION
SKETCHES
SHOWING
TYPES OF
FLOORING

14. PLASTER DETAILS:
BRICK POINTING:
FOR ECONOMIC
USE.
HELPS IN
PREVENTING THE
WATER TO
PENETRATE.
CRUSHER
PLASTERING:
IMPROVES THE
INSULATION
QUALITY OF WALL.
FOR AESTHETICS
ALSO.
NORMAL
PLASTERING:
ABOUT 12MM THICK
PLASTER ON WALL
OF RATIO 1:4 OF
CEMENT WITH
JAMUNA SAND.
WALL THICKNESSES:
IN EARLIER STAGES THICK
WALLS USED. THEY HELPED
IN INSULATION .AND ALSO
THEY WERE LOAD BEARING
WALLS .
THICKNESS VARIED FROM 9”
TO 18”
NOW SOME WALLS THAT
ARE NOT LOAD BEARING ARE
GENERALLY MADE UP OF
LESS THICKNESS. LIKE 4.5”
BRICK JALI:
VERY IMPORTANT PART OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE. CAN BE
USED AS:
VENTILATOR
WINDOW
PARTITION WALL
PARAPET
IN CATTLE SHED
KITCHEN
FOR CHIMNEY.
CEILING DETAILS:
4” X4” BATTENS AND
WOODEN TILES WITH
WOODEN BEAM ARE STEEL
SECTIONS.
INSTEAD OF WOODEN
TILES SOMETIMES STONE
SLAB OR CONCRETE SLAB IS
ALSO USED
USE OF PHUSKA WITH
BAMBOO STICKS AND STEEL
RODS
MUD CEILING.
NOW A DAYS RCC SLAB IS
USED IN HOUSES.
WOODEN LOGS
OVER WHICH
BRICKS ARE LAID
WITH MUD
MORTAR
MUD PLASTER
•MATERIALS:-MUD MORTAR +
COW DUNG
•PUT A VERY THIN LAYER BY
HANDS (MANUAL).
•NEEDS MAINTENANCE.
• PROTECT WALL FROM RAIN.
•HELPS IN INSULATION
CONSTRUCTION
DETAIL