Gamification Elements by Age for Physical Activity Apps
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Age-differentiated motivational affordances conducive to designing physical activity technology apps for different age groups. this research was presented at CHIPLAY 2017 and can be downloaded from the folowing websites: 1) http://hcigames.com/download/gamification-motivational-affordances-physical-activity-technology/ 2)http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/3120000/3116604/p5-kappen.pdf?ip=70.26.105.55&id=3116604&acc=OPENTOC&key=4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E9F04A3A78F7D3B8D&CFID=825184743&CFTOKEN=91167002&__acm__=1509655228_9170d7d6ebe8866b05ed935c28df0545
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Gamification Elements by Age for Physical Activity Apps
- 1. Gamification through the Application of Motivational Affordances for Physical Activity Technology Dennis L. Kappen, Dr. Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Dr. Lennart E. Nacke Twitter: @3D_ideation 1 Technology for Active Living Human-centric Gamification
- 2. When I feel like exercising, I lie down until the feeling passes - Robert M. Hutchins Image credit – Pete-Nowicki – unsplash.com
- 3. 1. Motives for participation in physical activity (PA) 2. Differentiating gamification elements and feedback elements 3. Age-differentiated guidelines 3 Takeaways
- 4. 4 “Everything for everybody is nothing for nobody” - Philip Kotler Motivation for Research Image credit - David-Marcu–unsplash.com
- 5. 5 Research Questions • Are there differences in motivation to participate in PA between adults from different age groups? Image credit – Terrell Woods–unsplash.com • Does the choice of motivational affordances change with age between the groups?
- 6. 6 Survey study • N=150 • Four age categories - PEW research on gaming technology • 18-29 (G1 - younger adults), • 30-49 (G2 - middle aged), • 50-64 (G3 - older adults), • 65+ (G4 - Seniors) • Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2, 51 Item, 14 dimensions)(Markland et al., 1999) Image credit – Julie Macey–unsplash.com
- 7. 7 Results Ill Health Avoidance and Health Pressures Significant difference between the groups in these two dimensions Image credit - https://media.defense.gov/2016/Oct/12/2001646678/670/394/0/161008-F-MD915-084.JPG
- 8. 8 Results Types of Feedback Older adults (50-64), and seniors (65+) preferred step counts, distance travelled and time taken as opposed to calories heart-rate preferred by younger and middle-aged adults Image credit - https://c1.staticflickr.com/4/3873/14589702095_6097ab9d46_b.jpg
- 9. 9 PA Motivation Older adults (50-64), and seniors (65+) were motivated by the steps completed, distance travelled compared to badges, and progression by younger adults, and calories and progression for middle-aged adults Results Image credit - https://c1.staticflickr.com/4/3873/14589702095_6097ab9d46_b.jpg
- 10. 10 Continuance of PA Older adults (50-64) preferred goals and distance travelled, Seniors (65+) preferred feedback and progression information, compared to badges and goals and feedback of time taken by younger and middle-aged adults Results Image credit – Curtis Macnewton –unsplash.com
- 11. 11 Facilitating Goals for PA While all four age-groups wanted specific goals, distance travelled and challenges were favoured by older adults (50-64) and seniors (65+) Results Image credit – Curtis Macnewton –unsplash.com
- 12. 12 Motivational Elements Gamified motivational affordances (Intrinsic elements) Goals, Challenges, Progression, Achievements, Choice/options, Quests, Social sharing Gamified motivational affordances (Extrinsic elements) Badges, Rewards, Points, Incentives, Leaderboards Feedback elements (Quantification elements) Calorie tracker, Step-counters, Distance travelled, Daily notifications, Time spent, Heart rate, Breathing rate, Sleep cycle, Sound inputs, Weight loss indicator, Physical form-checker, Gait/posture- checkerImage credit – Curtis Macnewton –unsplash.com
- 13. Age Category Design Guidelines for PA Technology 18-29 Combine goals and progression with a reward system Facilitate accomplishments through challenges Opportunity to earn badges and rewards while reaching goals 30-49 Combine feedback elements with progression and social sharing Provide a platform for achieving long-term goals Visual representation of progression and achievements 50-64 Incorporate daily, weekly and monthly progression elements Provide for benchmarked physical activity markers Autonomy with goal selection and types of feedback 65+ Indicators for progress or improvement Integrate choice of exercise types and intensity Continuous feedback loops providing validation of efforts
- 14. •Tailoring gamification elements to: •Address needs and wants of the demographic •Provide for customization and personalization •Age-differentiated motivational affordances 14 Conclusion
- 15. 11/2/2017 Dennis L. Kappen 15 .com Thank You dennis.kappen@humber.ca Don’t Sit Still – Be Active www.gamefulplay.ca @3D_ideation Imagecredit-Scott-Webb–unsplash.com
Editor's Notes
- Good Morning everyone!! Welcome to my presentation on Gamification through the Application of Motivational Affordances for Physical Activity Technology, My coauthors are my supervisors Dr Pejman Mirza Babaei and Dr. Lennart Nacke
- We can definitely associate ourselves with the iconic character of Jughead from the land of eternal youth…..with everlasting youthfulness Participating in a physical activity is often at times challenging …..registering for an exercise routine is tough, and following through on the exercise routines is even tougher…let alone completing it It takes a lot of effort and commitment to initiate, maintain and sustain a physically active lifestyle Can Gamification strategy …..which is using game elements in mundane and boring contexts as Physical Activity be used to help make this journey enjoyable and rewarding
- I want to present to you three important takeaways from this study which formed an important phase in my PhD research Differences in Motives for participation in physical activity between age-groups Differentiating gamification elements and feedback elements Identifying Age-differentiated guidelines
- It has been shown that gamified and persuasive systems can be used to motivate people to adopt desirable behavior. Most gamified systems and frameworks have been focused on younger adults with a one-size fits all approach. However, whether gamified systems work and how it can be designed for adults in different age-groups is relatively new and unknown...... Specifically, there is a need to build technology that can be tailored to different age-groups. http://www.hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/addicted-to-playing-video-games-you-may-be-avoiding-depression/story-57cJchF6Co4J4D5Y42wlkK.html
- This led us to two important research questions Are there differences in motivation to participate in PA between adults from different age groups? Does the choice of motivational affordances change with age between the groups?
- Survey Study was conducted to investigate preferences for Motivational Affordances in different age groups I used the Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 developed by Markland (1999) for this survey. The EMI comprises of 14 dimensions labelled: Stress Management, Revitalization, Enjoyment, challenge, social recognition, affiliation, competition, Health pressures, Ill-health avoidance, Positive health, weight management, appearance, strength and endurance, nimbleness.
- Within the fourteen dimensions of the Exercise Motivation Inventory, significant differences between groups were seen for the dimensions of Ill Health Avoidance and Health pressures.
- The second research question in the Survey study was to investigate if preferences of motivational affordances changed between age groups and investigate the motivational affordances for older adults (age 50+) and Seniors (age 65+) compared to younger and middle-aged adults. These were derived from content analysis of long form questions where respondents answered the following five questions: What types of feedback do you look for in an app to help you with PA? Can you suggest attributes in the app that could motivate you to participate in PA? Which attributes in the app that do not motivate (negative attributes) you to participate in PA? Which attributes in the app help facilitate goals for PA? Which attributes which could help you continue to participate in physical activity sessions over a longer period of time? Types of Feedback Older adults (50-64), and seniors (65+) preferred step counts, distance travelled and time taken as opposed to calories heart-rate preferred by younger and middle-aged adults PA Motivation Older adults (50-64), and seniors (65+) were motivated by the steps completed, distance travelled compared to badges, and progression by younger adults, and calories and progression for middle-aged adults
- The second research question in the Survey study was to investigate if preferences of motivational affordances changed between age groups and investigate the motivational affordances for older adults (age 50+) and Seniors (age 65+) compared to younger and middle-aged adults. These were derived from content analysis of long form questions where respondents answered the following five questions: What types of feedback do you look for in an app to help you with PA? Can you suggest attributes in the app that could motivate you to participate in PA? Which attributes in the app that do not motivate (negative attributes) you to participate in PA? Which attributes in the app help facilitate goals for PA? Which attributes which could help you continue to participate in physical activity sessions over a longer period of time? Types of Feedback Older adults (50-64), and seniors (65+) preferred step counts, distance travelled and time taken as opposed to calories heart-rate preferred by younger and middle-aged adults PA Motivation Older adults (50-64), and seniors (65+) were motivated by the steps completed, distance travelled compared to badges, and progression by younger adults, and calories and progression for middle-aged adults
- Facilitating Goals for PA While all four age-groups wanted specific goals, distance travelled and challenges were favoured by older adults (50-64) and seniors (65+) Continuance of PA Older adults (50-64) preferred goals and distance travelled, Seniors (65+) preferred feedback and progression information, compared to badges and goals and feedback of time taken by younger and middle-aged adults
- Facilitating Goals for PA While all four age-groups wanted specific goals, distance travelled and challenges were favoured by older adults (50-64) and seniors (65+) Continuance of PA Older adults (50-64) preferred goals and distance travelled, Seniors (65+) preferred feedback and progression information, compared to badges and goals and feedback of time taken by younger and middle-aged adults
- We were also able to differentiate motivational elements into Gamification elements and Quantification elements
- Age Cat Design Guidelines for PA Technology 18-29 Motivation for PA: While fostering intrinsic motivation through affordances like goals and progression, it is also critical to integrate extrinsic motivational affordances like badges and rewards. Facilitating goals for PA: Incorporate accomplishment affordances while fostering challenge within the context of PA Continuance of PA: Provide the opportunity to earn badges and rewards while working towards goals 30-49 Motivation for PA: Incorporate feedback elements like calories and distance travelled while providing daily progression and comparisons with a social circle. Facilitating goals for PA: While integrating a combination of short-term goals/long-term goals, and challenges, provide progression affordance in the form of reaching milestones Continuance of PA: Integrate progression in the form of visual graphs to show progress over time and achievement of goals 50-64 Motivation for PA: While integrating feedback elements like calories and distance travelled to facilitate walking, incorporate weekly progression elements to foster intrinsic motivation. Facilitating goals for PA: Provide the opportunity to achieve goals with provisions for comparison with benchmarked PA markers Continuance of PA: Provide the opportunity to set up goals with feedback on progression 65+ Motivation for PA: Provide monitoring of activities to encourage walking using feedback elements like step-counters and distance metrics while indicating progress or improvement as affordances from a feel-good perspective. Facilitating goals for PA: Integrate simple routines and challenges while providing opportunities to earn badges Continuance of PA: Integrate feedback elements to provide involuntary feedback, praise and improvement
- In conclusion, tailoring motivational affordances to address the needs and wants of the demographic is important for customization of gamification experiences this study takes us one small step closer to tailoring gamification elements for physical activity technology
- Thank you for listening and I believe that the Question and answer session is at the end