This power point presentation enables to the learn about fundamentals of computers for the Beginners

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2. ZRI ENTERPRISES
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FUNDAMENTALS
OF COMPUTER
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3. Need to Learn Computer
Today’s world is an information-rich world.
(Earlier - library/books/Newspaper)
Can Access information (through internet)
from your place using Computers.
Hence it has become a necessity for everyone
to know about computers.
Purpose of this presentation is to introduce
you about computer and its fundamentals.
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4. Computer
Definition
Computer is an electronic data processing
device which
 accepts and stores data input,
 processes the data input, and
 Generates the output in a required format.
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5. Computer
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INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS

6. Data
Data – representation of facts, concepts or
instructions in a formalized manner which
should be suitable for communication,
interpretation, or processing by human or
electronic machine.
- Data is represented with the help
of characters like alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits
(0-9) or special characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.).
-requires interpretation to become
information.
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7. Data
Sl.
No
City Name Temperature( ̊ C)
1 Hosur 33
2 Krishnagiri 35
3 Dharmapuri 36
4 Salem 39
5 Coimbatore 38
6 Madurai 37
7 Chennai 40
8 Kanchipuram 38
9 Trichy 38
10 Ooty 20
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8. Process
Process – set of interrelated tasks that
transform inputs into outputs.
- Process (computing), a
computer program, or running a program
concurrently with other programs
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9. Information
Information – organised or classified data
which has some meaningful values for the
receiver.
- Information is the processed
data on which decisions and actions are
based.
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10. Information
Sl.No City Name Temperature( ̊ C)
1 Ooty 20
2 Hosur 33
3 Krishnagiri 35
4 Dharmapuri 36
5 Madurai 37
6 Coimbatore 38
7 Kanchipuram 38
8 Trichy 38
9 Salem 39
10 Chennai 40
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1)Sorted the data from smallest value to largest Value(Processing)
2)Lowest temperature = 20 ̊ c(Output)
3)Highest temperature = 40 ̊ c(Output)
4)Average temperature = 35.4 ̊ c(Processing,Output)
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11. Advantages of Computer
High Speed
Accuracy
Storage Capability
Diligence
Versatility
Reliability
Automation
Reduction in Paper Work
Reduction in Cost
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12. Advantages of Computer
High Speed
- capable of performing calculation of very
large amount of data.
- perform millions of calculations in a few
seconds as compared to man who will spend
many months for doing the same task
- has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and
even the picosecond.
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Microsecond Equal to (0.000001 or 10−6 or 1/1,000,000) of a Second
Nanosecond Equal to (10−9 or 1/1,000,000,000 ) of a Second
Picosecond Equal to (10−12 or 1/1,000,000,000,000 )of a Second
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13. Advantages of Computer
Accuracy
- calculations are 100% error free.
- perform all jobs with 100% accuracy
provided that correct input has been given.
Storage Capability
-Memory is a very important characteristic
of computers.
- can store large amount of
data.(Example1TB(One Terabyte))
- can store any type of data such as images,
videos, text, audio etc.,
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14. Advantages of Computer
Diligence
- Unlike human beings, a computer
is free from monotony(repetition and routine),
tiredness and lack of concentration.
- can work continuously without
any error and boredom.
- can do repeated work with same
speed and accuracy
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15. Advantages of Computer
Versatility
- solve the problems related to
various fields.
- At one instance, it may be solving
a complex scientific problem and the very
next moment it may be playing a card
game.
- ability to adapt to many different
functions or activities.(Eg:TableMate)
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16. Advantages of Computer
Reliability
- the quality of being
trustworthy or of performing consistently
well.
Automation
- ability to perform the given
task automatically.(Auto – by itself/on its own)
- Once a program is given to
computer i.e., stored in computer memory, the
program and instruction can control the
program execution without human
interaction.
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17. Advantages of Computer
Reduction in Paper Work
- As data in electronic files can be
retrieved as and when required, the problem
of maintenance of large number of paper files
gets reduced.
- Speedy retrieval, Low Storage space
and cost.
Reduction in Cost
- Though the initial investment for
installing a computer is high but it
substantially reduces the cost of each of its
transaction.(Also Time reduction)
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18. Disadvantages of Computer
No I.Q
Dependency
Environment
No Feeling
No I.Q(Intelligence quotient)
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a total
score derived from several standardized
tests designed to assess human intelligence.
- Each instruction has to be given to
computer.
- A computer cannot take any
decision on its own.
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19. Disadvantages of Computer
Dependency
- It functions as per a user’s
instruction, so it is fully dependent on human
being.(Eg:1+1)
Environment
- operating environment of
computer should be dust free, without any power
fluctuations etc.,
No Feeling
- have no feelings or emotions.
- cannot make judgement based on
feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike a
human being.(Eg:Traffic signal)
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20. Applications of Computer
Business(Payroll,Budgeting,Planning ,barcode reader –Rs etc.,)
Banking(ATM,Online Transaction,OD,FD,Statements etc.,)
Insurance(Online due payment, Policy Information etc.,)
Education(Knowledge database, Assessment-Online tests etc.,)
Marketing(Online purchase-Amazon,Advertising – Internet etc.,)
Health Care(Lab – Blood test,ECG,CT /MRI Scan etc.,)
Engineering Design(2D/3Ddrawing, Site/ Houseplan,
Modelling,Analysis,Simulation etc.,)
Military(Missile Control, Smart Weapons etc.,)
Communication(Video – Conferencing,Email,website etc.,)
Government(Weather forecasting,Budgeting,People service-
Community cetificates,Tax,Funds etc.,)
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21. Applications of Computer
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22. Applications of Computer
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23. Applications of Computer
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24. Applications of Computer
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25. Applications of Computer
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26. Applications of Computer
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27. Applications of Computer
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28. Applications of Computer
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29. Applications of Computer
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30. Types of Computer
Micro Computer(Personal Computer -PC)
WorkStation
Mini Computer
Mainframe Computer
Super Computer
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31. Types of Computer
Micro Computer
 Also called as Personal
Computer.
 Small in size, cheapest
and widely used.
 Desktop computer,
Laptop,Tablet,Smartphone.
Designed as Single User
system.
Normally linked
together to form a
Network.
Small computer contains
microprocessor as its
central processor.
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32. Types of Computer
WorkStation
 is a computer used for
engineering applications
(CAD/CAM), desktop
publishing, software
development, and other such
types of applications which
require a moderate amount
of computing power and
relatively high quality
graphics capabilities.
large, high-resolution
graphics screen, large
amount of RAM, inbuilt
network support, and a
graphical user interface.
Single user –Local Area
Network Formed.
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33. Types of Computer
Mini Computer
Midrange Computers
Multi – Processing
Designed for Multi-User
at the same time.
Expensive & More
powerful than Micro
computers.
used by small
businesses & firms
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34. Types of Computer
Mainframe Computer
Very large in size and
Expensive.
Capable of supporting
thousands of users
simultaneously
(at a time).(Muti –User)
Government agencies,
large business houses,
Banks ,educational
institutions , insurance
companies etc.,
accommodated in
large air-conditioned
rooms because of its
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35. Types of Computer
SuperComputer
Fastest computers
currently available.
Very Expensive.
very large in size.
accommodated in large
air-conditioned rooms;
some super computers
span an entire building.
Employed for
specialized applications
that required immense
amount of mathematical
calculations.
Weather forecasting,
Satellite launching
,Nuclear energy research
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36. Types of Computer
(Based on Hardware design)
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer
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37. Types of Computer
(Based on Hardware design)
Analog Computer
Operates by measuring
continuously varying
quantities –Voltage and
Current.
measures continuous
changes in some physical
quantity.
Analog data is continuous
data.
Continuous data –Speed of
car measured by
Speedometer, Temperature
of room measured by
Thermometer.
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38. Types of Computer
(Based on Hardware design)
Digital Computer
Works with digits to
represent numerals, letters or
other symbols.
Input & Output –ON(1)
OFF(0) type.
Can process numeric/Non
– numeric data.
computers available today
are digital computers.
More accurate than Analog
computer.
Discrete Data
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39. Types of Computer
(Based on Hardware design)
Hybrid Computer
combination of digital
and analog computers.
combines the best
features of both types of
computers.
has the speed of analog
computer and the memory
and accuracy of digital
computer.
petrol pump –
Conversion of fuel flow
measurements into
quantity and price values.
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40. History & Development of Computer
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THE ABACUS
NAPIER’S
BONES
PASCAL’S
CALCULATOR
LEIBNZ CALCULATOR
ANALYTICAL ENGINE

41. History & Development of Computer
Abacus
-Invented by Chinese
-First Mechanical calculating device.
-Used to perform addition & Subtraction easily.
- made up of wooden frame in which rod were fitted across
with round beads sliding on the rod.
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42. History & Development of Computer
Napier’s Bones
-Invented by John Napier of Scotland .
- It used marked strips of wood or bone, side
by side, to multiply and divide.
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43. History & Development of Computer
 Pascal’s Calculator
-In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented
an adding machine called Pascal’s calculator, which
represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it.
-Also called as Arithmetic Engine
- Blaise Pascal celebrated with title “Father of Computers”
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44. History & Development of Computer
 LEIBNZ Calculator
- In the year 1671, a German mathematics, Gottfried
Leibniz modified the Pascal calculator and he developed a
machine which could perform various calculation based on
multiplication and division as well.
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45. History & Development of Computer
Analytical Engine
- invented by Charles Babbage ,British Scientist(1835)
-Respected as Father of Modern Computer
-Based on the idea of Analytical Engine the computer
revolution started.
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46. Generations of Computer
Generation
–Technology changes in Hardware and
Software.(initially only hardware changes)
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47. Generations of Computer
 First Generation (1940 – 1956 )
-Used vacuum tubes for circuitry(processing) & magnetic
drums for memory.
- Vacuum tubes to be replaced often due to short life span
-Enormous size taking up entire rooms. Slow Operation
Speed.
- Expensive to Operate.
- High electricity consumption.
-Generated lot of heat-cause for Malfunction.
-Relied on Machine Language-lowest level programming
language understood by computers to perform operations.
- Solves only one problem at a time, take days or weeks to
set up a new problem.
- Input was based on punched cards and paper tape.
- Output was displayed /printouts.
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48. Generations of Computer
First Generation (1940 – 1956 )
- Examples:UNIVAC,ENIAC,EDVAC,EDSAC
-UNIVAC means UNIVersal Automatic Computer(First commercial
computer delivered to a business client ,The U.S Census Bureau in
1951)
-ENIAC means Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator(The
ENIAC, was developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II
ballistic firing tables. It weighed 30 tons and used 200 kilowatts of
electric power.)
-EDVAC means Electronic Discrete Variable And Calculator
-EDSAC means Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Calculator
Machine Language - Lowest level programming language -
collection of binary digits(0 and 1) or bits that the computer reads and
interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is
capable of understanding.
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49. Generations of Computer
First Generation
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Vacuum Tubes
Magnetic Drum
Punch Card
Paper Tape

50. Generations of Computer
First Generation
UNIVAC ENIAC
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51. Generations of Computer
 Second Generation (1956 – 1963 )
-Transistors replaced Vacuum tubes. Transistor is a small
component made of semiconductor material.
-Superior to Vacuum Tubes. Heat problem minimized.
- Allowed computers to become smaller, Comparatively
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
than their first-generation predecessors.
- Magnetic discs were developed to store data.
- High level Programming languages (allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words) like
COBOL,FORTRAN etc., were developed.
-COBOL means COmmon Business-Oriented
Language(used in business, finance, and administrative
systems for companies and governments)
- FORTRAN means FORmula TRANslation(for easy
translation of math formulas)
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52. Generations of Computer
Second Generation (1956 – 1963 )
Transistor Second Generation computer
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53. Generations of Computer
Third Generation (1964 – 1971)
-Used Integrated Circuits(IC) instead of Transistors.
-IC also referred as Chip or Microchip
-IC - set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or
"chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
-integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a
small chip drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
the computer.
-Computers were smaller and cheaper than
predecessors.(accessible to mass audience).
-Keyboards(Instead punched card),monitors –interfaced
with Operating System –allowed to run different
applications one time with central program .
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54. Generations of Computer
Third Generation (1964 – 1971)
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55. Generations of Computer
Fourth Generation( 1971 to today)
- used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
- VLSI circuits having about 5000,10000 transistors and
other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a
single chip(MicroProcessors) made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
- gave rise to Personal Computer (PC).
- high-level languages like C, C++ etc., were used .
- Computers linked together to form networks which led
to the development of the Internet.
-Cheap, Portable(Small Size) and Reliable
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56. Generations of Computer
Fourth Generation( 1971 to today)
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57. Generations of Computer
Fifth Generation( 1980 to today)
- VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology.
- microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components.
- based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software.
- AI - means and method of making computers think like
human beings.(Voice Recognition,Robotics,Games-chess)
- Much faster and large storage capacity.
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58. Generations of Computer
Fifth Generation( 1980 to today
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