politics and government Gr. Britain UK

1. GGreatreat
BBritainritain
TheThe ImpactImpact
of theof the PastPast
on theon the DevelopmentDevelopment
ofof the Britishthe British
Political SystemPolitical System

2. TheThe British IslesBritish Isles
is a group of islands offis a group of islands off
the northwest coast ofthe northwest coast of
continental Europe.continental Europe.
bounded on thebounded on the westwest by theby the
Atlantic Ocean, the Celtic Sea,Atlantic Ocean, the Celtic Sea,
St. George’s Channel, the Irish Sea & IrelandSt. George’s Channel, the Irish Sea & Ireland
to theto the northnorth . . . the North Sea. . . the North Sea
to theto the southsouth, the English Channel, the English Channel

4. CCONSTITUENTONSTITUENT CCOUNTRIESOUNTRIES
OF THEOF THE BBRITISHRITISH IISLESSLES
TheThe British IslesBritish Isles comprisecomprise
Great Britain, IrelandGreat Britain, Ireland, and, and
a number of smaller islandsa number of smaller islands
(Isle of Man & Channel Islands).(Isle of Man & Channel Islands).
Two sovereign statesTwo sovereign states
located in the islands:located in the islands:
TheThe United KingdomUnited Kingdom
of Great Britainof Great Britain
andand
NorthernNorthern
IrelandIreland
++ TheThe

5. THE UNITED KINGDOM OFTHE UNITED KINGDOM OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELANDGREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
TheThe UnitedUnited
KingdomKingdom is ais a
constitutional monarchyconstitutional monarchy
composed ofcomposed of 4 constituent4 constituent
NationsNations
EnglandEngland
ScotlandScotland
WalesWales &&
NorthernNorthern
IrelandIreland..

6. British IslesBritish Isles // UKUK // BritainBritain // EnglandEngland

8. The UNION FLAG
TheThe Union FlagUnion Flag (also known as(also known as
thethe Union JackUnion Jack)) is the nationalis the national
flag of the United Kingdom offlag of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and NorthernGreat Britain and Northern
IrelandIreland.
Its design includes the flags
of England
Scotland
Ireland

9. ENGLANDENGLAND
EnglandEngland
the largest and mostthe largest and most
populous constituentpopulous constituent
country of the Unitedcountry of the United
Kingdom of Great BritainKingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland.and Northern Ireland.
CapitalCapital: London.: London.
FlagFlag: St. George’s cross.: St. George’s cross.

10. SSCOTLANDCOTLAND
ScotlandScotland is one of theis one of the
four constituent countries of thefour constituent countries of the
United Kingdom of Great BritainUnited Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland.and Northern Ireland.
CapitalCapital:: EdinburghEdinburgh
FlagFlag: Cross of: Cross of Saint AndrewSaint Andrew

11. WALESWALES
WalesWales is one of fouris one of four
constituent countries of the Unitedconstituent countries of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain andKingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland.
CapitalCapital:: CardiffCardiff
FlagFlag: the: the red dragonred dragon of Princeof Prince
CadwaladerCadwalader
plus theplus the TudorTudor colourscolours

12. TTHEHE RREPUBLICEPUBLIC
ofof IIRELANDRELAND
The Republic ofThe Republic of
IrelandIreland is a sovereignis a sovereign
STATE& is a memberSTATE& is a member
of the European Union.of the European Union.
CapitalCapital:: DublinDublin
FlagFlag:: GreenGreen, white,, white,
orangeorange..

13. NORTHERNNORTHERN
IRELAND - UlsterIRELAND - Ulster
Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland ––
The Irish province ofThe Irish province of UlsterUlster remainsremains
occupied asoccupied as Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland, still, still
a part of the United Kingdom and isa part of the United Kingdom and is
1 of 4 constituent countries of1 of 4 constituent countries of thethe
United Kingdom of Great BritainUnited Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland.and Northern Ireland.
CapitalCapital:: BelfastBelfast
FlagFlag: the: the Union FlagUnion Flag is theis the
officialofficial flag . . .flag . . .
Wanna fight about it?Wanna fight about it?

14. BritanniBritanni
aa
InsulaeInsulae
EstEst

15. FromFrom Shakespeare’sShakespeare’s Richard IIIRichard III ::
This other Eden, demi-paradise,This other Eden, demi-paradise,
This fortress built by Nature for herselfThis fortress built by Nature for herself
Against infection and the hand of war,Against infection and the hand of war,
This happy breed of men, this littleThis happy breed of men, this little
world,world,
This precious stone set in the silver sea,This precious stone set in the silver sea,
Which serves it in the office of a wall,Which serves it in the office of a wall,
Or as a moat defensive to a house,Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands,Against the envy of less happier lands,
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm,This blessed plot, this earth, this realm,
thisthis EnglandEngland,,

16. GeographicGeographic ProvidenceProvidence --
EnglandEngland is anis an islandisland InsularityInsularity
 Relative peace &Relative peace & securitysecurity

Ethnic, linguistic, religious . . . CulturalEthnic, linguistic, religious . . . Cultural
HomogeneityHomogeneity
 LessLess need forneed for a standing armya standing army
 Navy . . . Navigation . . .Navy . . . Navigation . . . Necessity ofNecessity of TradeTrade
 FarFar distant from papal authoritydistant from papal authority
 Greater independence and selfGreater independence and self
governancegovernance
 We’ll return to these points laterWe’ll return to these points later

17. TTRADITIONRADITION
PPERMEATESERMEATES BBRITISHRITISH
POLITICSPOLITICS
The Opening ofThe Opening of
Parliament –Parliament –
Black RodBlack Rod
& the slammed door& the slammed door
pageantry, ritual,pageantry, ritual,
history, & legitimacyhistory, & legitimacy

18. Members of HouseMembers of House
of Commonsof Commons areare
each yeareach year summonedsummoned
to Lord’s Chamberto Lord’s Chamber
to hear theto hear the Queen’sQueen’s
commands tocommands to
ParliamentParliament for thefor the
next year’s session innext year’s session in
““Queen’s SpeechQueen’s Speech
from the Thronefrom the Throne””

19. ““Queen’s SpeechQueen’s Speech
from the Thronefrom the Throne””
NOT her speech!NOT her speech!
She did not write itShe did not write it
She may not evenShe may not even
agree with it . . .agree with it . . .
But she MUST readBut she MUST read
it to Parliamentit to Parliament
Who’s in charge?Who’s in charge?

20. the Monarch vs.
Parliament
Absolute Monarchy vs.
Constitutional Monarchy
and Limited Government
a bit of background . . . .
Historical patterns & themes

21. House of Commons, 1642House of Commons, 1642
King Charles I led troops into Commons toKing Charles I led troops into Commons to
arrest 5 leading dissident Members ofarrest 5 leading dissident Members of
Parliament (MPs)Parliament (MPs)
 the five received warning, escaped & avoidedthe five received warning, escaped & avoided
bloodshed on the floor of House of Commons.bloodshed on the floor of House of Commons.
Finding the 5 hadFinding the 5 had
flown, theflown, the KingKing
threatened thethreatened the
SpeakerSpeaker of theof the HouseHouse,,
William Lenthall,William Lenthall,
whose reply is nowwhose reply is now
legendary, . . .legendary, . . .

23. House of Commons, 1642House of Commons, 1642
Speaker, Lenthall’s reply to his King has become legendary, -Speaker, Lenthall’s reply to his King has become legendary, -
““May it please yourMay it please your
Majesty, I haveMajesty, I have
neither eyes to see,neither eyes to see,
nor tongue to speaknor tongue to speak
in this place,in this place, but asbut as
this House is pleasedthis House is pleased
to dto direct me, whoseirect me, whose
servant I am.”servant I am.”
-- Speaker LenthallSpeaker Lenthall

24. Queen takes one MP and “holds” him or her “hostage”
at Buckingham Palace until after her speech.
Just a tradition, but it dates from times when the monarch
had good reason not to fully trust the MPs in Commons.
The hostage is a member of the ruling government (often
the vice-Chancellor) who is released once the Queen is
able to safely make her escape from Parliament.

25. Each year theEach year the
drama isdrama is
replayed,replayed,
remindingreminding
Britons againBritons again
ofof wherewhere
PowerPower
resides . . .resides . . .
King ? orKing ? or
Commons?Commons?

29. House of Commons, 1642House of Commons, 1642
Charles 1Charles 1stst
demanding Commonsdemanding Commons
turn over Five of its membersturn over Five of its members
No monarchNo monarch
has beenhas been
allowed toallowed to
enter theenter the
CommonsCommons
since thissince this
eventevent

30. Traditions, Rituals, Ceremony,Traditions, Rituals, Ceremony,
& Pageantry& Pageantry
 reinforcereinforce thethe dignitydignity of governmentof government
 legitimizelegitimize government by evoking historicalgovernment by evoking historical
memoriesmemories
 impressimpress upon Govt officers weight of office -upon Govt officers weight of office -
dignity, responsibility, dutydignity, responsibility, duty
 provideprovide continuitycontinuity w/ pastw/ past
 engenderengender legitimacy & patriotismlegitimacy & patriotism throughthrough
pageantrypageantry
 promotepromote nationalnational unityunity

31. Prehistoric to 1000 yrs agoPrehistoric to 1000 yrs ago
 EarliestEarliest BritainBritain
 Celtic BritainCeltic Britain (arrive 500 BC)(arrive 500 BC)
 Romano-Celtic BritanniaRomano-Celtic Britannia (43 AD to(43 AD to
410).410).

(Romans 1(Romans 1stst
arrived 55 BC)arrived 55 BC)

Roman law, peace, trade, ChristianityRoman law, peace, trade, Christianity

Hadrian’s WallHadrian’s Wall

Withdrawal of Roman power in 5Withdrawal of Roman power in 5thth
Century ADCentury AD
 Angles, Saxons, JutesAngles, Saxons, Jutes 55thth
CenturyCentury
 Norman EnglandNorman England
 the Danelawthe Danelaw

32. Celtic
Britain:
Britons
Scots
Cymru (Welsh)
Irish
Cornish
Picts

33. CelticCeltic
tribes oftribes of
BritainBritain

34. CelticCeltic BritainBritain

35. ROMAN Britannia 43 - 410 A.D.
43 AD Roman Empire invaded Britain – Celtic Briton
tribes resisted the Roman legions for many decades,
but by 84 AD the Romans won decisive control of so.
Britain &
pushed into
Brittonic
areas of
what would
later
become no.
England &
so. Scotland

36. ROMAN Britannia 43 - 410 A.D.
122 AD, Rome fortified its northern border by building
Hadrian's Wall, spanning what’s now No. England
142 AD, Roman forces pushed further north & tried to
put up Antonine Wall, running amid the Forth-Clyde
isthmus, but they retreated back to Hadrian's Wall after
only 20 yrs. Although native Britons south of Hadrian's
Wall mostly kept their land, they were subject to
Roman governors, while Brittonic Pictis north of the
wall remained fully independent & unconquered.
Until their withdrawal about AD 410, although some
parts of Britain effectively shrugged off Roman rule
decades earlier

38. Anglo-Saxon Britain
 feudal aristocracy - weak kings
 Post Roman reality - memory
of central govt and its
desirability as a model but
 feudal fractionalization
 Anglo-Saxon Witan

King's council of nobles

tribal, clannish, scattered
power

Related to Scandinavian /
Viking system
• eg. Icelandic ALTHING

lacked focus / power too
dispersed

40. The Lord's Prayer in Olde English Matthew 6:9-13
Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum; Father our thou that
art in heavens
Si þin nama gehalgod be thy name hallowed
to becume þin rice come thy kingdom
gewurþe ðin willa be-done thy will
on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. on earth as in heavens
urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg our
dailybread give
us today
and forgyf us ure gyltas and forgive us our sins
swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum as we forgive those-
who have-sinned-against-us
and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge and not lead thou us into
temptation
ac alys us of yfele. soþlice but deliver us from evil. truly.

42. Norman EnglandNorman England
Norman ConquestNorman Conquest

William the . . . . unofficial heirWilliam the . . . . unofficial heir

1066 battle of Hastings1066 battle of Hastings
• William… the ConquerorWilliam… the Conqueror

Centralization of powerCentralization of power

Domesday BookDomesday Book

ExchequerExchequer

43. Norman EnglandNorman England
Norman ConquestNorman Conquest
brought Wm's own nobility & a plan tobrought Wm's own nobility & a plan to
organize & govern Englandorganize & govern England
* William replaced the entire English* William replaced the entire English
ruling class w/Norman noblesruling class w/Norman nobles
and his rule was backed by brutaland his rule was backed by brutal
military power and much bettermilitary power and much better
administration planadministration plan

44. Norman EnglandNorman England
and so political stability & centralizationand so political stability & centralization
were brought to England relativelywere brought to England relatively
early: earlier than in continental Europeearly: earlier than in continental Europe
* however, while sovereign power* however, while sovereign power
resided in the Monarch, British Kingsresided in the Monarch, British Kings
were still expected to consult w/thewere still expected to consult w/the
earls, barons, and leading clergymenearls, barons, and leading clergymen
(i.e., nobility) in order to declare laws(i.e., nobility) in order to declare laws
and levy taxesand levy taxes

45. Magna Carta 1215
– explicit protection of
feudal customs, rights,
Rule of law
– the King is not the
Law, the LAW is King
Limited monarchy
implies individual rights
power sharing
King rules w/ Lord’s
advice & consent –
Parliament

46. NormanNorman ReformsReforms
Magna CartaMagna Carta 12151215 – explicit protection of– explicit protection of
feudal customs, rights, and lawfeudal customs, rights, and law
 Rule of lawRule of law – the LAW is the King– the LAW is the King
 Limited monarchyLimited monarchy

implies individual rightsimplies individual rights

power sharingpower sharing

King rules w/ Lord’s advice & consent – parliamentKing rules w/ Lord’s advice & consent – parliament

Mixed monarchyMixed monarchy
 Common LawCommon Law

47. Common LawCommon Law
 Prior to Norman Conquest,1066, justice wasPrior to Norman Conquest,1066, justice was
administered primarily by county courtsadministered primarily by county courts
 Courts were presided over by diocesan bishop orCourts were presided over by diocesan bishop or
by county sheriffby county sheriff
 both ecclesiastical & civilboth ecclesiastical & civil
jurisdiction.jurisdiction.
 Trial by JuryTrial by Jury began inbegan in
these courts.these courts.

48. Common LawCommon Law
 By 1150s Henry II began sending judgesBy 1150s Henry II began sending judges
from his own central court out to hearfrom his own central court out to hear
disputes throughout England, resolvingdisputes throughout England, resolving
cases on ancases on an ad hocad hoc basis.basis.
 Judge-made law, legal precedent, jury
trial, - Supremacy of Law
Stare DecisisStare Decisis -- PrecedentPrecedent
 curbed power of canonical (church) courtscurbed power of canonical (church) courts
and manoral courts (feudal)and manoral courts (feudal)

49. Magna Carta of 1215
 King John recognized it as a right of his
subjects “to have common council of the
kingdom” for the assessment of
extraordinary aids

Taxation

crafting law

war

military conscription

51. Consequences of Common LawConsequences of Common Law
 conflict of King w/ churchconflict of King w/ church

most famously withmost famously with ThomasThomas áá BecketBecket, Archbishop of, Archbishop of
CanterburyCanterbury

Writ of Right - Royal order for a feudal lord to
provide justice to plaintiff or the King would
intercede through the Sheriff
• ))Writ of Praecipe - ignored manoral courts, ordered
disputed lands to be restored to plaintiff or have defendant
appear in King’s Court to explain
• ))in effect an automatic presumption against the feudal
lord
 encouraged & empowered the rising middle class

52. Wales
 Edward I brings Wales under English
sovereignty in 1283
 Prince of Wales

53. Sovereignty
 power was still largely in the hands of the
Monarchy who ruled by divine right
 Kings and Queens of Britain were
practicalities nonetheless required to
consult Parliament before levying taxes or
making law
 tensions b/n Crown and Parliament grew.

55.  * Parliament’s power got a major boost during
the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547) when Henry
formed a partnership w/ the Parliament in his
struggle w/ Rome
 Henry VIII wanted a divorce because Catherine
couldn’t bear him a male child,
 Pope wouldn’t grant it
 so Henry (w/Parliament’s consent) bolted
Catholic Church and
 Created the Church of England :
 Henry’s new church, with Henry as its head,
granted the divorce

56. Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation
 Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Break w/ RomeBreak w/ Rome
 Elizabeth IElizabeth I
1588 Defeat of the1588 Defeat of the
Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

ColonizationColonization

MercantilismMercantilism

Commercial CultureCommercial Culture
 James IJames I

57. Good Queen
Bess
Elizabeth I

58. * Eventually the tensions b/n the institutions boiled
over, as the efforts of the Stuarts (Charles I and James
II) to centralize authority in the 1600s led to all out war
b/n Crown & Parliament
* Charles I took England to unsuccessful wars
w/Spain and France which increased his desperation
for $ and he tried to levy taxes w/o consent of the
Parliament

59. Charles ICharles I (1625-1649)(1625-1649)
English Civil WarEnglish Civil War
(1642-48)(1642-48)
"who should rule the"who should rule the
country?"country?"
ParliamentariansParliamentarians vs.vs.
RoyalistsRoyalists

60. ParliamentariansParliamentarians

Puritans – RoundheadsPuritans – Roundheads

House of CommonsHouse of Commons

Merchant classMerchant class

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

New Model ArmyNew Model Army RoyalistsRoyalists
Aristocratic,Aristocratic, supported Kingsupported King

calledcalled CavaliersCavaliers

House of Lords & the CourtHouse of Lords & the Court

Roman Catholics or HighRoman Catholics or High
Church ofChurch of
EnglandEngland

62. Charles I beheaded by Parliament

63. TheThe
Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution
16891689
 James II oustedJames II ousted
 Parliament invites William & Mary to the throneParliament invites William & Mary to the throne
 Bill of Rights – relationship between ParliamentBill of Rights – relationship between Parliament
and Crown – shared ruleand Crown – shared rule
 1714, Anne w/out heir, Parliament invites1714, Anne w/out heir, Parliament invites
George of HanoverGeorge of Hanover

64. The English Bill of RightsThe English Bill of Rights
To prevent abuse ofTo prevent abuse of
power by Wm & Marypower by Wm & Mary
& all future monarchs,& all future monarchs,
Parliament, in 1689,Parliament, in 1689,
drew up a list ofdrew up a list of
provisions to whichprovisions to which
Wm & Mary had toWm & Mary had to
agreeagree..

65. This document, theThis document, the English Bill of Rights,English Bill of Rights,
prohibited a standing army in peacetime,prohibited a standing army in peacetime,
except with the consent of Parliamentexcept with the consent of Parliament
required that all parliamentary elections be free.required that all parliamentary elections be free.
Monarch's authority,Monarch's authority, only with consent ofonly with consent of
ParliamentParliament
guarantees right to a fair trial, freedom from excessive bailguarantees right to a fair trial, freedom from excessive bail
and protection from cruel and unusual punishment.and protection from cruel and unusual punishment.
Our nation has built on,Our nation has built on,
changed, & added tochanged, & added to
those ideas andthose ideas and
institutions that settlersinstitutions that settlers
brought here frombrought here from
England.England.

66. Political Reform 19Political Reform 19thth
CenturyCentury
 Industrialization

Population shifts

Inequities

exploitation
 Dickens’ Novels
riots in 1819 led the
Reform Act of 1832
Chartist Movement in
the 1830s and 1840s

69. Representation of thePeopleAct
1832, commonly known asthe
Reform Act 1832Reform Act 1832

70. The Great Reform Act of 1832
Began 1760 as reaction to autocratic policies of the new
young King George III
began The early liberal or radical tradition in Britain
culminated with the Great Reform Act of 1832.
 Masterminded by liberal Whig Earl Grey
 abolished the so called “Rotten Boroughs” in England
 led to complete overhaul of the entirely venal electoral
system in Scotland
 Extension of the franchise across Britain.
 early beginnings of modern mass democracy in the UK

72. Industrial EraIndustrial Era
start of the modern party-political system
Liberally-minded Whigs gradually organized themselves
into thethe Liberal PartyLiberal Party
those holding more conservative views organized
themselves into the Conservative PartyConservative Party
– nicknamed “Tories” by their liberal opponents
(Tory was a late 18th
century term of abuse
and gradually adopted term “Tory” for themselves

73.  In The Tree of
Corruption from
1831, caricaturist
H. H. Heath
depicts hacking
away the old
Rotten Borough
System,
to the strenuous
protests
from those whose
livelihood depend
on it.
 © the Library of Congress.

74. The Great Reform Act of 1832
 Removed Rotten Burroughs / Pocket BurroughsRemoved Rotten Burroughs / Pocket Burroughs
 disenfranchised 56 boroughs in England & Wales anddisenfranchised 56 boroughs in England & Wales and
reduced another 31 to only one MPreduced another 31 to only one MP
 created 67 new constituenciescreated 67 new constituencies
 broadened the franchise's property qualification in thebroadened the franchise's property qualification in the
counties, to include small landowners, tenant farmers,counties, to include small landowners, tenant farmers,
and shopkeepersand shopkeepers

75. The Great Reform Act of 1832
created a uniform franchise in the boroughs, giving the votecreated a uniform franchise in the boroughs, giving the vote
to all householders who paid a yearly rental of £10 or moreto all householders who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more
and some lodgersand some lodgers
Expanded franchise among middle classExpanded franchise among middle class
7% of adult Brits could vote7% of adult Brits could vote
House of Commons to represent massesHouse of Commons to represent masses
22ndnd
Reform Act 1867Reform Act 1867
2X electorate to 16%2X electorate to 16%
33rdrd
Reform ActReform Act 18841884
nearlynearly universal male suffrageuniversal male suffrage

76. 22ndnd
Reform Act 1867Reform Act 1867
2X electorate to 16% of pop.2X electorate to 16% of pop.
33rdrd
Reform ActReform Act 18841884
nearlynearly universal male suffrageuniversal male suffrage

77. When the Houses of Parliament
burnt down in 1834, Queen
Adelaide openly spoke of it
being God's just punishment for
it passing the Great Reform Act

78. Political Reform 20Political Reform 20thth
CenturyCentury
 1900 – Labour Party speaks for working1900 – Labour Party speaks for working
class & socialist reformsclass & socialist reforms
 Parliamentary Acts in 1911 stripped all theParliamentary Acts in 1911 stripped all the
remaining significant powers away fromremaining significant powers away from
the aristocratic House of Lordsthe aristocratic House of Lords
 reform of the system made Britain a morereform of the system made Britain a more
substantive and expansive democracysubstantive and expansive democracy

79. Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage
Emmiline Pankhurst,
suffragette leader,
used arson & window
smashing to further
their cause
- “breaking glass
is the most
eloquent argument
in politics.”

80. Emmeline
Pankhurst
being
arrested in
1914

81. •1918 the Representation of the
People Act
SOME women over 30 yrs old could vote
if they . . .
were householders, or wives of householders
occupiers of property w/ an annual rent of £5
or were graduates of British universities.
enfranchised only about 8.5 million women
10 yrs later, in 1928, all women were
recognized as having the right to vote on the
same terms as men.

82. WWII & Churchill

84. WWII & Post-War BritainWWII & Post-War Britain
1939-45 World War II1939-45 World War II
1945 –1945 – LabourLabour takes powertakes power

thethe beginning of the Britishbeginning of the British
Welfare StateWelfare State

87. PMPM Margaret ThatcherMargaret Thatcher --
ConservativeConservative Prime MinisterPrime Minister ofof
the UKthe UK from 1979 to 1990from 1979 to 1990

88. PMPM Tony BlairTony Blair –– NewNew LabourLabour
Prime Minister 1990 - 2007Prime Minister 1990 - 2007

89. PMPM
GordonGordon
BrownBrown
2007-20102007-2010
Leader of the Labour Party
from 2007 to 2010

90. David
Cameron
PM 2010-2016
Leader of Conservative Party
from 2005 to 2016

91. Theresa
May
Conservative
PM Since 2016

92. Leader of the
Labour Party
since Sept. 2015
Jeremy Corbyn