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Civilization
& the Early River
Valley Civilizations


                       1
Objectives:

   List characteristics that raise a culture to the
    level of a “civilization”

   Become familiar with traits unique to each of
    the early river Valley Civilizations.




                                                       2
Civilization Defined
 Agricultural   base
 surplus

 trade

 Cities
       & Urban life
 Government & Political system




                                  3
Civilization Defined
 Social stratification
 Economic specialization

 Religion

 Writing

 “Higher Culture”

    Art / Architecture / Sculpture


                                      4
Civilization and
the Means of Production
   Essential element: concentration of wealth
       Agriculture
       Control over natural resources
       Development of ancient civilization
           not hunter-gatherer economics




                                                 5
Origins and Spread of Agriculture




                                    6
The Wealth of the Rivers
   Nutrient-rich silt
   Key: irrigation
       Necessity of coordinated efforts
       Promoted development of local governments
       City-states
   Sumer begins small-scale irrigation 6000 BCE
   By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks
       Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE
   Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture

                                                    7
8
Mesopotamia
                 “Between the Rivers”
                     Tigris and Euphrates
                 Contemporary Iran, Iraq
                 Cultural continuum of
                  “fertile crescent”




                                             9
Sumerian City-States

   Cities appear 4000 BCE
   Dominate region from 3200-2350 BCE
       Ur (home of Abraham, see Genesis 11:28), Nineveh
        (see Jonah)
   Ziggurat home of the god
   Divine mandate to Kings
   Regulation of Trade
   Defence from nomadic marauders

                                                           10
11
The Ziggurat of Ur




                     12
13
Sumer was invaded quite
a bit, but conquerors
tended to take on
Sumerian ways




                          14
Sumerian Contributions

   Arch
   Built arches using clay bricks that supported
    heavy wall openings for doorways and
    windows.
   Plow
   Wheeled vehicles
   Mathematical ideas
   Using base 60, divided a circle into 360
    degrees, an hour into 60 minutes and a
    minute into 60 seconds                          15
Legal System

   The Code of Hammurabi (1800 BC)
       282 items
       lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”)
       Social status & punishment
       women as property, but, . . . some rights




                                                    16
Political Decline of Sumer
   Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow
    Sumer
       Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE)
           Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in
            Akkad
           Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions
   Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE)
       Law Code
       Improved taxation, legislation
       Used local governors to maintain control of city-states
   Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from
    Anatolia, c. 1595 BCE
                                                                                 17
Sumerian Contributions
   primitive “arch”
       Built arches using clay bricks that supported heavy
        wall openings for doorways and windows.
   Plow
   Wheeled vehicles
   Mathematical ideas
       Using base 60, divided a circle into 360 degrees, an
        hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds




                                                              18
Later Mesopotamian Empires
   Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign
    invaders
   Assyrians use new iron weaponry
       Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8th-7th centuries BCE control
        Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt
   Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605-562) takes advantage
    of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian)
    Empire
       Famously luxurious capital




                                                               19
Mesopotamian Empires
1800-600 BCE




                       20
Technological Development in
Mesopotamia
   Bronze (copper w/ tin), c. 4000 BC
       Applications: military, agricultural, construction
   Iron c. 1800 BC
       ore more plentiful than bronze
   Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BC
   Shipbuilding increases trade networks




                                                             21
Social Classes
   Ruling classes based
       military prowess
       Religious connection
       Hereditary – sometimes claimed as offspring of gods
   Religious classes
       Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety
       Considerable landholdings, other economic activities
   Free commoners
       Peasant farmers
       urban artisans & professionals
   Slaves
       Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors


                                                                   22
Patriarchal Society
   Men as landowners
   Patriarchy: “rule of the father”
       Right to sell wives,
       Disobedient children could be drive off, sold or even killed
   Double standard of sexual morality
       Women drowned for adultery
       relaxed sexual mores for men
   Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women
       Traders, scribes, temple priestesses, court advisers, economic
        activity



                                                                         23
Development of Writing

   Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE
   Pictographs
   Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped”
       Preservation of documents on clay
       Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek
        alphabetic script




                                                     24
Uses for Writing
   Trade
   Astronomy
   Mathematics
       Agricultural applications
   Calculation of time
       12-month year
       24-hour day, 60-minute hour




                                      25
Mesopotamian Literature

   Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE
   Heroic saga
   Search for meaning, esp. afterlife
   This-worldly emphasis




                                                 26
Kemet - Ancient Egypt

   Gift of the Nile
   King Menes
   Pyramids
   Mummies
   Hieroglyphics




                        27
The Early Hebrews

   Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850
    BCE
   Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of
    Hammurabi
   Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE
       Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption
   On-going conflict with indigenous populations
    under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon
    (970-930 BCE)
                                                             28
Moses and Monotheism

   Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other
    Mesopotamian civilizations
   Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single
    god
       Denies existence of competing parallel deities
       Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity
        with revealed law
       The Torah (“the teaching”)


                                                             29
Foreign conquests of Israel

   Civil war
       Northern tribes: Israel
       Southern: Judah
   Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE
       Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes
   Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE
       Additional exile of many residents of Judah
       Returned later than century


                                                      30
Israel and Phoenicia, 1500-600 BCE




                                     31
32
The      Phoenicians
   City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BC
   Extensive maritime trade
       Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BC
   Development of alphabet symbols
       Simpler alternative to cuneiform
    
        Easier to learn and use - spread of literacy



                                                       33
34
Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)
   (3300–1300 BC)
   At its peak, IVC may
    have had a pop. of
    over 5 million
   Bronze Age
    civilization
   noted for its well
    planned cities built of
    brick, roadside
    drainage system, &
    multistoried houses.
                                      35
Computer generated
picture of what
Mohenjo Daro may
have looked like.




                     36
37
well-planned, precisely measured cities




                                          38
k

IVC writing
system
remains
undeciphered




        39
40
41
Indo-European Migrations
   Common roots of many languages of Europe,
    southwest Asia, India
   Implies influence of a single Indo-European
    people
       Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and
        Russia, 4500-2500 BCE
   Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian
    weaponry allowed them to spread widely



                                                           42
The Indo-European Migrations




                               43
Implications of Indo-European Migration
   Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BC, later
    dominate Babylonia
   Influence on trade
       Iron
       Horses, chariots with spoked wheels,
       Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant
   Influence on language and culture
       Aryo, “noble, lord”
           Aryan, Iranian, Irish
           Caste system in India




                                                                      44
45
46
Early Chinese Civilization
 Began along the Huang He & Yangtze Rivers
Dynasties
 Xia Dynasty – 2200 -1800 BC
       17 emperors
   Shang Dynasty – 1800 -1046 BC
       30 emperors
   Zhou Dynasty - 1046-256 BC
       39 emperors

                                              47
China’s
Huang River Valley
The Huang He is often
called by the Chinese
“the River of Sorrows”,
 because of its frequent & disastrous
 flooding

Why would people choose to settle & build
a civilization there despite the danger?

                                            48
Huang He is also the Yellow River
                                Loess is more!
                                Loess (les) is a rich,
                                 loamy fine soil
                                useful for farming, but
                                 blows away easily
It is called the Yellow River
because it is one of the
muddiest rivers in the
world!

At its mouth, it flows out
into the ______ Sea.
                                                           49
Shang




    the birthplace / cradle of Chinese civilization.
                                                    50
The Invention of Writing

   oracle bone inscriptions are the oldest
    known form of Chinese writing.

   Chinese writing has undergone relatively few
    changes since 1st developed 3,500 yrs ago.




                                                   51
oracle bone
              Oracle
              bones




                       52
53
54
Shang Religion
   worshipped “Shang Di,” the supreme god who
    ruled over lesser gods of the sun, moon, wind,
    rain, & other natural forces & places.
   also believed that although their ancestors lived
    in heaven after their deaths, ancestors were still
    actively involved in affairs of family &
    descendants.
   Shang Kings communicated with their ancestors
    using oracle bones & made frequent sacrifices
    to them

                                                     55
Levees attempt to keep the Huang
River under control.




                                   56

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River valley Civilizations Overview

  • 1. Civilization & the Early River Valley Civilizations 1
  • 2. Objectives:  List characteristics that raise a culture to the level of a “civilization”  Become familiar with traits unique to each of the early river Valley Civilizations. 2
  • 3. Civilization Defined  Agricultural base  surplus  trade  Cities & Urban life  Government & Political system 3
  • 4. Civilization Defined  Social stratification  Economic specialization  Religion  Writing  “Higher Culture”  Art / Architecture / Sculpture 4
  • 5. Civilization and the Means of Production  Essential element: concentration of wealth  Agriculture  Control over natural resources  Development of ancient civilization  not hunter-gatherer economics 5
  • 6. Origins and Spread of Agriculture 6
  • 7. The Wealth of the Rivers  Nutrient-rich silt  Key: irrigation  Necessity of coordinated efforts  Promoted development of local governments  City-states  Sumer begins small-scale irrigation 6000 BCE  By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks  Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE  Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture 7
  • 8. 8
  • 9. Mesopotamia  “Between the Rivers”  Tigris and Euphrates  Contemporary Iran, Iraq  Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent” 9
  • 10. Sumerian City-States  Cities appear 4000 BCE  Dominate region from 3200-2350 BCE  Ur (home of Abraham, see Genesis 11:28), Nineveh (see Jonah)  Ziggurat home of the god  Divine mandate to Kings  Regulation of Trade  Defence from nomadic marauders 10
  • 11. 11
  • 13. 13
  • 14. Sumer was invaded quite a bit, but conquerors tended to take on Sumerian ways 14
  • 15. Sumerian Contributions  Arch  Built arches using clay bricks that supported heavy wall openings for doorways and windows.  Plow  Wheeled vehicles  Mathematical ideas  Using base 60, divided a circle into 360 degrees, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds 15
  • 16. Legal System  The Code of Hammurabi (1800 BC)  282 items  lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”)  Social status & punishment  women as property, but, . . . some rights 16
  • 17. Political Decline of Sumer  Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow Sumer  Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE)  Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad  Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions  Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE)  Law Code  Improved taxation, legislation  Used local governors to maintain control of city-states  Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia, c. 1595 BCE 17
  • 18. Sumerian Contributions  primitive “arch”  Built arches using clay bricks that supported heavy wall openings for doorways and windows.  Plow  Wheeled vehicles  Mathematical ideas  Using base 60, divided a circle into 360 degrees, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds 18
  • 19. Later Mesopotamian Empires  Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders  Assyrians use new iron weaponry  Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8th-7th centuries BCE control Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt  Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605-562) takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire  Famously luxurious capital 19
  • 21. Technological Development in Mesopotamia  Bronze (copper w/ tin), c. 4000 BC  Applications: military, agricultural, construction  Iron c. 1800 BC  ore more plentiful than bronze  Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BC  Shipbuilding increases trade networks 21
  • 22. Social Classes  Ruling classes based  military prowess  Religious connection  Hereditary – sometimes claimed as offspring of gods  Religious classes  Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety  Considerable landholdings, other economic activities  Free commoners  Peasant farmers  urban artisans & professionals  Slaves  Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors 22
  • 23. Patriarchal Society  Men as landowners  Patriarchy: “rule of the father”  Right to sell wives,  Disobedient children could be drive off, sold or even killed  Double standard of sexual morality  Women drowned for adultery  relaxed sexual mores for men  Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women  Traders, scribes, temple priestesses, court advisers, economic activity 23
  • 24. Development of Writing  Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE  Pictographs  Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped”  Preservation of documents on clay  Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script 24
  • 25. Uses for Writing  Trade  Astronomy  Mathematics  Agricultural applications  Calculation of time  12-month year  24-hour day, 60-minute hour 25
  • 26. Mesopotamian Literature  Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE  Heroic saga  Search for meaning, esp. afterlife  This-worldly emphasis 26
  • 27. Kemet - Ancient Egypt  Gift of the Nile  King Menes  Pyramids  Mummies  Hieroglyphics 27
  • 28. The Early Hebrews  Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE  Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi  Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE  Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption  On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE) 28
  • 29. Moses and Monotheism  Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations  Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god  Denies existence of competing parallel deities  Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law  The Torah (“the teaching”) 29
  • 30. Foreign conquests of Israel  Civil war  Northern tribes: Israel  Southern: Judah  Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE  Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes  Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE  Additional exile of many residents of Judah  Returned later than century 30
  • 31. Israel and Phoenicia, 1500-600 BCE 31
  • 32. 32
  • 33. The Phoenicians  City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BC  Extensive maritime trade  Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BC  Development of alphabet symbols  Simpler alternative to cuneiform  Easier to learn and use - spread of literacy 33
  • 34. 34
  • 35. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)  (3300–1300 BC)  At its peak, IVC may have had a pop. of over 5 million  Bronze Age civilization  noted for its well planned cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, & multistoried houses. 35
  • 36. Computer generated picture of what Mohenjo Daro may have looked like. 36
  • 37. 37
  • 40. 40
  • 41. 41
  • 42. Indo-European Migrations  Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India  Implies influence of a single Indo-European people  Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE  Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely 42
  • 44. Implications of Indo-European Migration  Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BC, later dominate Babylonia  Influence on trade  Iron  Horses, chariots with spoked wheels,  Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant  Influence on language and culture  Aryo, “noble, lord”  Aryan, Iranian, Irish  Caste system in India 44
  • 45. 45
  • 46. 46
  • 47. Early Chinese Civilization  Began along the Huang He & Yangtze Rivers Dynasties  Xia Dynasty – 2200 -1800 BC  17 emperors  Shang Dynasty – 1800 -1046 BC  30 emperors  Zhou Dynasty - 1046-256 BC  39 emperors 47
  • 48. China’s Huang River Valley The Huang He is often called by the Chinese “the River of Sorrows”, because of its frequent & disastrous flooding Why would people choose to settle & build a civilization there despite the danger? 48
  • 49. Huang He is also the Yellow River  Loess is more!  Loess (les) is a rich, loamy fine soil  useful for farming, but blows away easily It is called the Yellow River because it is one of the muddiest rivers in the world! At its mouth, it flows out into the ______ Sea. 49
  • 50. Shang  the birthplace / cradle of Chinese civilization. 50
  • 51. The Invention of Writing  oracle bone inscriptions are the oldest known form of Chinese writing.  Chinese writing has undergone relatively few changes since 1st developed 3,500 yrs ago. 51
  • 52. oracle bone Oracle bones 52
  • 53. 53
  • 54. 54
  • 55. Shang Religion  worshipped “Shang Di,” the supreme god who ruled over lesser gods of the sun, moon, wind, rain, & other natural forces & places.  also believed that although their ancestors lived in heaven after their deaths, ancestors were still actively involved in affairs of family & descendants.  Shang Kings communicated with their ancestors using oracle bones & made frequent sacrifices to them 55
  • 56. Levees attempt to keep the Huang River under control. 56

Editor's Notes

  1. Nebuchadnezzar by William Blake
  2. Why is this a good place to build a civilization?