Health System research

1. Principle of Scientific research
Dr.AbdulQawi Almohamadi
Quality Manager
USTH

2. Outline
 Definition of research
 Proposal
 Thesis or research
 Supervisor

3. Definition of research
Research: a detailed study of a subject in order to
discover new information or new fact or reach
a new understanding.

4. Proposal
Purpose of proposal:
 Help you to focus and define your research plans.
 Research proposal must address the following
questions:
 What you plan to accomplish?
 Why you want to do it?
 How you are going to do it?
 Where
 When

5. Research Proposal contents
1. Title
2. Introduction
3. Aims or objectives of the study
4. Materials and methods
5. Timeline
6. Budgets
7. References
Who should write Proposal????

6. Problem/Question
Formulate a Hypothesis

7. Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Problem/Question:
Develop a question or problem that can be
solved through experimentation.

8. Basic Question in Research
Are exposure and disease/outcome linked?
Exposure
(risk factor)
Disease /
Health Outcome
Is there an association between them?

9. Steps of the Scientific Method
2. Formulate a Hypothesis:
Predict a possible answer to the problem or
question.
Write your hypothesis using:
IF……./Then ………….

10. Example of Hypothesis
Testable, that you can perform a test
(e.g., experiment) to show how the variables
might be related.

11. - Suggest relationship between specific exposure and
health- related event.
A high cholesterol intake is associated with the
development (risk) of heart disease.
- Suggest cause-effect relationship….
Cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with
increased risk of stomach ulcer.
Hypothesis

12. • First impression to reader.
• Avoid long titles (10-12 words).
Example:
Study on the Antimicrobial Activity of
Nigella Extract

13. Dr.Ebtisam Al-Moayad

14. How to write proposal
1
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Aims or objectives of the study
2
• Materials and methods
• Ethical considerations (consent forms)
• Study design
• Study population
• Study area
• Sample size
• Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria
• Collection of specimens

15. Study Design

17. How to write proposal
3
• Timeline according to research progress or time
limitation
4 • Budgets
5
• References

18. How to write research or thesis
What did I do in a study? Abstract (200-300 words)
What is the problems? Introduction (past tense)
How did I solve the
problems?
Materials and methods
What did I find out? Results
What dose it means? Discussion
Who helped me? Acknowledgments
Whose work did I refer to? References
Extra information Appendices
English languages, tense, grammar

19. How to write research or thesis
1. Dedication
2. Acknowledgements
3. List of contents
4. Abbreviations
5. Introduction
6. Literature review
7. Aims of the study
8. Materials and methods
- Ethical considerations (consent forms)
- Study design
- Study population
- Study area
- Sample size
- Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria
- Collection of specimens

20. How to write research or thesis
9. Results
10. Discussion
11. Conclusions points
12. Recommendations points
13. Appendix
- Questionnaire
- Ingredients of used culture media
- Preparation methods of used culture media
14. Arabic summary

21. How to write research or thesis
Abstract Brief summary without details
No references
Introduction (past tense) - Provide background information
- Stimulate the readers interest
- First paragraph, general overview of the
topic, introduce the main idea
- Focus on a specific research problems
-The rationale or justification for the
proposed study
(Irrelevant information must be left out).
Material and methods Procedures
Results Present the data in text, tables, figures,
graphs that support the results
Discussion Explanations for the results
Conclusions Brief statements of the major finding
References papers, articles, and book

22. Statistical analysis
• Statistical analysis data analytics.
• SPSS

29. References
http://www.plos.org/
http://www.biomedcentral.com/

30. References
- Federico A, Nardone G, Gravina AG, Iovene MR, Miranda
A, et al. (2012) Efficacy of 5-day levofloxacin-containing
concomitant therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori
infection. Gastroenterology 143: 55-61.
- L. Kambezi, and A.J. Afolayan, ―Extracts from Aloe ferox
and Withania somnifera inhibit Candida Albicans and
Neisseria gonorrhoea,‖ African Journal Biotechnology, vol.
7, no. 1, pp. 012-015, 2008.
- Crameri R. The crux with a reliable in vitro and in vivo
diagnosis of allergy. Allergy 2013;68:693–694.

31. Supervisor
• Specialization
• Research experience
• Meeting
• Follow up
• Advice and guidance
• Responsibility

32. The researcher
• Be patient
• Be ambitious
• Remember it is research

33. Thank you