6. Mode of injury
• Road side accidents (RSA)
• Fall from height
• Accidental injury due to carrying heavy weight over head
• Sports injuries
• Trivial Trauma in Pre-existing Spondylotic spine
11. Myotome and Dermatome Testing
Nerve Root Sensory Testing
Level
Motor Testing
Reflex Testing
C1-C2
Front of face
Neck flexion
N/A
C3
Lateral face and skull
Lateral flexion
N/a
C4
Supraclavicular
Shoulder shrug
N/A
C5
Lateral shoulder/upper arm
Shoulder abduction
Bicipital
(musculocutaneous)
C6
Lateral lower arm and hand
(thumb and index finger)
Elbow flexion and
wrist extension
Brachialradial
(musculocutaneous)
C7
Palmar aspect of hand –
middle 3 fingers
Elbow extension
and wrist flexion
Triceps (radial)
C8
Medial lower arm and hand
Finger flexion and
thumb extension
N/A
T1
Medial elbow and upper arm Finger abduction
N/A
15. X-RAYS
Lateral view
• Top of T1 visible in idle lat view
• Three smooth arcs maintained
• Vertebral bodies of uniform height
• Odontoid intact and closely applied to C1
AP view
• Spinous processes straight and spaced equally
• Intervertebral spaces roughly equal
Odontoid view
• Odontoid intact
• Equal spaces on either side of odontoid
• Lateral margins of C1 and C2 align
17. SIGNS OF INSTABILITY
• AP translation > 3.5mm
• spinous process widening on lateral
• rotation of facets on lateral
• facet joint widening
• malalignment of spinous process on AP view
• lateral tilting of vertebral body on AP view
29. Ferguson and Allen Classification
• Classification is Based on position of neck at time of injury
and dominant force
•
•
•
•
•
•
Compression and Flexion
Vertical Compression
Distraction Flexion
Compression Extension
Compression Distraction
Lateral Flexion
32. ATLAS FRACTURE
• Axial compression injuries
• neurological injury rare
• 3 types
Jefferson fracture- direct compression and lateral masses forced
apart
asymmetric load fracture ant or post to mass and displaces it
posterior arch fractures with an extension moment through it
33. Jefferson Fracture
• Compression fracture of the
bony ring of C1
• Odontoid view
• Displacement of the lateral
masses of vertebrae C1 beyond
the margins of the body of
vertebra C2.
35. Odontoid Fracture [Axis]
• 15 % all cervical fractures
• usually hyperflexion with anterior displacement
• assoc injuries to C1 common
• neurological deficit in 15-25% cases
36. Odontoid Fracture
• Best seen on the lateral view
• Types
– I – Fx through superior portion of dens
– II – Fx through the base of the dens
– III – Fx that extends into the body of C2
39. Odontoid Fracture
Type 1 - Philadelphia collar for 6-8 weeks
Type 2
undisplaced - halo immobilization
displaced - Primary C1-C2 fusion after reduction in traction [most
recommend if displacement > 4-5mm]
Type 3
Halo vest immobilization after reduction in traction ( 3-4 months)
41. Hangman’s C2 Fracture
Traumatic spondylolithesis
• Type 1
isolated minimally displaced fracture of ring with no angulation
• Type 2
more unstable
flesion type/extension type or listhetic type
displaced > 3mm and angulation of C2-C3 disk space
ALL, PLL Disc can be interrupted
• Type 3
rare , anterior dislocation of C2 facets on C3 with 2 extension fracturing neural arch
43. TREATMENT
• Type 1
Conservative - rigid cervical orthosis
• Type 2
– closed reduction with traction
– halo vest immobilization
• Type 3
– Surgical management - C2 -C3 fusion
44. Clay Shoveler’s Fracture
• Fracture of a spinous process C6-T1
• Signs:
– Spinous process fracture on
lateral view.
– Ghost sign on AP view
(i.e. double spinous process of
C6 or C7 resulting from
displaced fractured spinous
45. Burst Fracture
• Fracture of C3-C7
• axial compression.
• CT is required for all patients
to evaluate extent of injury.
46. Wedge Fracture
• Compression fracture resulting
from flexion.
Buckled anterior cortex.
Loss of height of anterior
vertebral body.
Anterosuperior fracture of
vertebral body.
49. Prevention is Better than Cure
When meditating over a disease, I never think of
finding a remedy for it, but instead, a means of
preventing it ”
Louis Pasteur
50. Cervical Spine Injuries
…….. Known is a drop….
…………………..unknown is an
ocean………..
Dr. Kalaivanan Kanniyan
Assistant Professor – Orthopaedics
Arthroplasty and Adult Reconstruction Unit
SMCH, Saveetha University, chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.