Sustainable Development

Sustainable Construction
Management
SUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION
Version (2008– 2013)

Conclusion
The learning outcome
of this subject
covered main areas
of the program
learning outcomes
and can be certified
as a valid instrument
that represents part of
the learning volume
or the academic load
in order to achieve
the respective
learning outcomes

SUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
MFA10103
AIMS
To acquire knowledge and understanding about sustainable construction
management including current resource and environmental issues.
Course Learning Outcome PLO1 PLO7 PLO8
Formulate current resource and environmental issues successfully. C5
Build the ability to identify problems, solve and improve current
construction practise in relation to sustainable construction
management.
P5
Organize work in group effectively in solving arise problem in
sustainable construction management.
A4
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this course, students should be able to:

Construction industry has a strong global potential to help protect the environment and increase life comfort
and well being.
Sustainable construction management aims at reducing the environmental impact of a construction project
over its entire lifetime, while optimizing its economic viability and the comfort of health and safety environment
of its occupants.
The syllabus of sustainable construction management has been design to include topics such as:
Environmental and resource concerns, sustainable sites and landscaping, green building assessment,
sustainable construction operations management, building commissioning management, economic analysis of
green buildings, future directions in sustainable construction, strategic recommendations by CIDB for the
Malaysian construction industry and sustainable construction – case studies.
Assignment 20%
Test 10%
Project 20%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
Category of Activities Activities
Total
Hours/
Sem
Guided learning
Lecture 42
Tutorial / Practical 0
Student centered learning
activities 14
Self learning activities
Preparation for assignments /
projects 28
Independent study / revisions 28
Preparation for assessment 6
Formal assessments
Continuous assessments 3
Take final examination 3
Total SLT Hours 124
STUDENT LEARNING TIME-SLT
SYNOPSIS
ASSESSMENT

Week 1
•INTRODUCTION (3 HOURS)
1. Characteristic of Construction Process
2. Issues in Construction industry (e.g. time overrun, cost
overrun, quality, waste generation, productivity)
3. Need of Sustainability in construction Industry (what,
why and how)
Week 1
•EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT (7 HOURS)
1. Criteria for successful Construction project
2. Time Management
3. Cost Management
4. Quality management
Week 1 & 2
•SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT (7 HOURS)
1. Introduction
2. Site protection Planning
3. Health and Safety planning
4. Construction and demolition waste management
5. Deconstruction: Economic, Social, and Environmental
Factors
6. Subcontractor training
7. Reducing the footprint of construction operations
Week 2
•ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE CONCERNS (5 HOURS)
1. Introduction
2. Critical Environmental Problems
3. Key resources and Issues
4. Ecological Footprint
5. Sustainability and Resource Depletion
Week 3
•GREEN BUILDING ASSESSMENT (4 HOURS)
1. Green Building Foundations
2. Green Building Examples Worldwide
3. Certification Process
4. Overview of categories and credits / points
Week 3 & 4
•BUILDING COMMISSIONING MANAGEMENT (6 HOURS)
1. Introduction
2. Essentials of building commissioning
3. Maximizing the value of building commissioning
4. HVAC system commissioning
5. Commissioning of non-mechanical systems
6. Costs and benefits of building commissioning
Week 4
•ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (6 HOURS)
1. Ecological Economics
2. Lifecycle Assessment (Concept of Life Cycle
Assessment)
3. Lifecycle Cost Analysis (The application of Life Cycle
Costing to Built Environment decision making)
4. The economics of green building
5. Quantifying green building benefits
6. Managing capital costs
Week 5
•FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
(4 HOURS)
1. Sustainability Framework and Tools
2. New Approaches of construction management
(Implementing Lean, IBS, Pre-fabrication etc…)
3. Outlook of CIDB direction toward sustainable
construction
PROJECT:
•Study on existing projects that have implemented sustainable
construction and provide examples on how it can be further
improved.
•Prepare a report describing the key environmental and
resource issues motivating sustainable development.
•Explain the concept of a construction waste management plan
and how you would implement one in a construction company.
•Describe how materials can be considered sustainable or non-
sustainable and provide examples for the construction sector.

SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT Sustainable Construction
Managemen

Sustainable development has been defined in many
ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is
from Our Common Future, also known as the
Brundtland Report
"Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
It contains within it two key concepts:
the concept of needs, in particular the essential
needs of the world's poor, to which overriding
priority should be given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of
technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and future
needs."
All definitions of sustainable development require
that we see the world as a system—a system that
connects space; and a system that connects time.
Sustainable Development

There may be as many definitions of sustainability and sustainable development
as there are groups trying to define it. All the definitions have to do with:
• Living within the limits
• Understanding the interconnections among economy, society, and environment
• Equitable distribution of resources and opportunities
However, different ways of defining sustainability are useful for different situations
and different purposes. For this reason, various groups have created definitions
of:
• Sustainability and sustainable development
• Sustainable community and society
• Sustainable business and production
• Sustainable agriculture
Definitions of Sustainability

Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is
maintaining a delicate balance between
the human need to improve lifestyles
and feeling of well-being on one hand,
and preserving natural resources and
ecosystems, on which we and future
generations depend.

Communities are a web of
interactions among the environment,
the economy and society.
Indicators of Sustainability

Traditional v.s Sustainability

WHAT IS THE DEFINITIONS??
“Creating and operating a healthy built environment based on
resource efficiency and ecological design..”
Charles J. Kibert
Ronald Rovers
“The balanced uses of resources on a global scale including
physical elements, human elements, and national political
context.”
Introduction To Sustainable Construction Management
“The development which meets
the needs of present without compromising the
ability of future generation to meet
their own need”
Bourdeau, 2000

Has been applied in Malaysian
Developed‟ Plan since 1970s
Has been the buzzword since 1980s.
Logically sustainable and balance
being the main focus to improve
Malaysian economic (1991 –2000).
Years by years, the Department of
Environment, in close cooperation
with central agencies, government
related agencies, institution experts,
and NGO‟s work together to develop
plans to make sure Sustainable
Development can be achieved by
21st century.
MALAYSIA SCENARIO
Vision 2020
•The country to be ecologically
sustainable
•The vision has become an impetus
toward sustainability agenda in the
country
•The issue of sustainable development
has emerged as one of the top issues in
the Eight Malaysia Plan (2001–2005)
•Section 19 of the plan was devoted to
integrate environmental consideration
into development planning
•During that period, concerted efforts
were expected to intensify in order to
improve energy efficiency, forestry,
waste and environmental management.

LOST OF
BIODIVERSITY Sustainable Construction
Management

The Global Convention on Biological Diversity, signed in 1992 at the Earth Summit,
describes biodiversity as the:
"variability among all living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial,
marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they
are part, this includes diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems."
Lost of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is shorthand for biological diversity
or the variability of living organisms and the
ecological complexes of which they are part.
It is the total variety of genetic strains, species
and ecosystems.
This diversity is a wonder and a delight but also
a great responsibility.
Loss of Biodiversity is probably the most
controversial one.
When looking, for example, at the destruction of
rain forests over the last twenty years, it
becomes obvious that mankind is destroying this
heritage at an incredible speed.

Biodiversity
 is built over millions of years
 extremely diverse habitats
o i.e tropical rainforests - taken long
stretches of geologic time to develop.
That's why the extinction of species is such an
important issue:
• once they're gone - they gone forever.
• it takes millions of years for new species to
evolve in their place.
There are:
• number of species endangered by human
activities
• number of natural or semi-natural habitats
being destroyed, fragmented or changed are
constantly growing, thus destabilising
ecosystems, causing the loss of vital resources
together with genetic and cultural
impoverishment.

Scenario 1 (Business-as-usual)
Based on what the authors say is a fairly modest business-as-usual scenario,
the accrued amount of ecological “debt” is equivalent to 34 years of the planet’s
entire bio productivity.

Scenario 2 (Slow-shift)
This scenario brings humanity out of overshoot by 2080. The authors make the
point that even though most renewable energy sources reduce carbon dioxide
emissions, they increase the demand on land. They also say that “the challenge
is to increase energy supply whilst reducing carbon dioxide emissions, without
shifting the burden on to other parts of the biosphere”. I wish I’d thought of that.

Scenario 3 (Rapid-reduction)
This scenario is the only one that will get us out of trouble, as it moves us out of
overshoot by 2050. It also preserves 30% of biosphere capacity for wild
species by 2100. It illustrates that we must invest in our future - it has the
greatest up-front cost but carries the least risk for humanity.

Some extinctions are natural, but a
variety of human activities have vastly
increased the numbers of species
disappearing every day.
Habitat destruction is the main cause,
especially since the richest habitats
with the most species, such as tropical
forests, are being destroyed at the
fastest pace.
Extinction rates are now hundreds or
even thousands of times higher than
before humans came to be so
numerous.
Some scientists have estimated that
as many as one fifth of all species
alive today could be extinct or nearly
extinct by the year 2020.
Cleared for agriculture
An area of rainforest cleared by soya bean
farmers in Novo Progreso, Brazil.
In flames
Destruction of rainforest (Against the law)
The loss of the
biodiversity in
Amazon rainforests
may have a
disastrous effect on
the world economy
We all depend on the natural world to sustain
us with food, clothing and other necessities,
establishing a set of use values.

CLIMATE
CHANGE
Management

Global Climate Change
Throughout time, for the past century,
Earth’s climate has been changing due
to human activities.
Observations show that Earth’s surface
warmed by approximately 0.68C (1.18F)
on average in the 20th Century.
Much of this warming has been
attributed to increasing abundances of
Green House Gases (GHGs) emitted to
the atmosphere by human activities.
Atmospheric abundances of the major
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide;
methane; nitrous oxide; halocarbons)
Manufactured by humans, such as
chlorofluorocarbons; and tropospheric
ozone) reached their highest recorded
levels at the end of the 20th Century,
and all but methane have continued to
rise.
Major causes of this rise have been
fossil fuel use, agriculture, and land-use
change

IMPACTS
Health: pollution and vector-born diseases
Economy
Political
Agriculture: most sensitive to weather variability and extremes
Flooding: Infrastructure and property damages
Water scarcity
Loss of biodiversity
Differentiated impacts
Developing countries at greater risk: Low capacity for adaptation

Snowpack
A possible reduction of snowpack could change water
supply.
Glacier melt
Reduced water supply from shrinking glaciers
Forest fires
Warmer, drier summers and earlier springs may lead to
increased forest fires.
Extreme weather
A possible increase in extreme weather e.g. tornadoes, hail
storms, heat waves, droughts, dust storms, floods, blizzards
Agriculture
Increased demand for irrigation and a change in crop types
due to a longer growing season
River flow
Lower river flow reduces water supply, water quality, and
recreation activities.
Habitat
Warmer river temperatures stress cold-water species such
as trout.
Groundwater
Reduced recharge causes lower water tables which in turn
cause some shallow wells to go dry.
Hydroelectric power
Reduced flow decreases power generation.
IMPACTS

THE CLIMATE SYSTEM
While climate conventionally has been defined as the long term statistics of: the
weather (e.g., temperature, cloudiness, precipitation), improved understanding of the
atmosphere’s interactions with the oceans, the cryosphere (ice-covered regions of the
world), and the terrestrial and marine biospheres has led scientists to expand the
definition of climate to encompass the oceanic and terrestrial spheres as well as
chemical components of the atmosphere
Problem of global warming
History
1. Adoption numerous
declarations at regional
conferences to reduce Green
House Gasses.
2. Meeting of Legal and Policy
Experts on Protection of the
Atmosphere in Ottawa 1989
considered elements of
climate change convention.
3. IPPC 1990.
4. UN General Assembly
initiated negotiations in 1990.
5. 1992, UNFCCC at Rio
Conference.

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
One of the factors affecting the climate is the
greenhouse effect.
Most sunlight energy passes straight through
the atmosphere and warms up the Earth's
oceans and continents.
These get hot and they give out infra red
radiation. This radiation cannot travel through
some gases in the atmosphere, so it gets
trapped.
Some gases trap heat in the same way as
glass traps heat inside a greenhouse. Hence
the name greenhouse effect.
Gases which do this are called greenhouse
gases.
When there is more greenhouse gas in the
atmosphere the Earth heats up.
About half of the sunlight that falls on earth
reaches the ground from where it is thrown
back in part as infrared light - what we feel
as heat - which spans a range of
wavelengths from 1 to 40 µm (µm =
micrometer = one millionth of a meter).
Some gases - so called greenhouse gases -
in the atmosphere have the ability to absorb
infrared light and this way hold back heat,
resulting in a temperature rise on earth.

The greenhouse effect refers to the change in the thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet
or moon by the presence of an atmosphere containing gas that absorbs and emits infrared
radiation.
Greenhouse gases, which include water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane, warm the
atmosphere by efficiently absorbing thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, by
the atmosphere itself, and by clouds.
In the absence of the
greenhouse effect and an
atmosphere, the Earth's
average surface
temperature of 14 °C (57
°F) could be as low as −18
°C (−0.4 °F), the black body
temperature of the Earth.
As a result of its warmth,
the atmosphere also
radiates thermal infrared in
all directions, including
downward to the Earth’s
surface
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

When there is less greenhouse gas the Earth cools. So which gases are these greenhouse
gases?
There is much talk of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, and evidence from carbon dioxide
in air bubbles trapped in ice shows that the amount of CO2 in the air has increased by about
a quarter since the industrial revolution began around 1750.
Water vapor creates cloud, which stops sunlight coming down to the surface.
The greenhouse effect raises the average temperature of the Earth by more than 30
degrees.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

GREENHOUSE GASES / AIR POLLUTANTS
Examples:
Carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide,
Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O),
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulfur
Hexafluoride (SF6).
Sources – natural and anthropogenic
Natural occurrence:
water vapor, swamps- methane;
volcanic eruptions [sulfur dioxide]
Anthropogenically induced (i.e. Human
activities):
combustion process of fossil fuels.
decomposition of organic wastes.
Agriculture.
Deforestation.

KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), an international
environmental treaty produced at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), informally known as the
Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
from 3–14 June 1992.
The treaty is intended to achieve "stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system.
The Kyoto Protocol establishes legally binding
commitments for the reduction of four
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride), and two
groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and
perfluorocarbons) produced by (industrialized)
nations, as well as general commitments for all
member countries
Aim: tighten commitment on reduction
of GHGs (GreenHouse Gases).
Provisions
Binding emission reduction
targets for industrialized countries
only
Implement elaborate policies
and measures to meet
reductions objective.
Emissions trading
set a quantitative limit on the
global emissions of a greenhouse
gas and allow emissions permits
to be traded like ordinary goods
and services.

OZONE
DEPLETION
Management

SOLVING/RESPONDING TO THE OZONE PROBLEM
Two major initiatives:
a) Domestic front
•Ready to ban before
international action
•Public concern and organized
pressure?
b) Internationally
•1972 UN Conference on Human
Env. at Stockholm; call for
research on the ozone problem.
•NATO Conference in 1975 [EPA
initiative].
•1977 UNEP’s coordinating
committee on Ozone layer.
Ozone is a tri-atomic form of oxygen – it has three oxygen atoms instead of the normal two. It is
formed naturally in the upper levels of the Earth’s atmosphere by high-energy ultraviolet radiation
from the Sun.
The radiation breaks down oxygen molecules, releasing free atoms, some of which bond with
other oxygen molecules to form ozone. About 90 per cent of all ozone formed in this way lies
between 15 and 55 kilometres above the Earth’s surface – the part of the atmosphere called the
stratosphere. Hence, this is known as the ‘ozone layer’. Even in the ozone layer, ozone is
present in very small quantities; its maximum concentration, at a height of about 20-25
kilometres, is only ten parts per million.

OZONE DEPLETION [VIENNA CONVENTION (1985 )AND MONTREAL PROTOCOL, 1987]
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), any of several
organic compounds composed of carbon,
fluorine, chlorine, and hydrogen. CFCs are
manufactured under the trade name Freon
Freon :a (trademark), any of several
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are used
in commerce and industry.
The Freons neither present a fire hazard
nor give off a detectable odour in their
circulation through refrigerating and air-
conditioning systems.
The greenhouse effect refers to the change in the thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet
or moon by the presence of an atmosphere containing gas that absorbs and emits infrared
radiation.
Greenhouse gases, which include water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane, warm the
atmosphere by efficiently absorbing thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface,
by the atmosphere itself, and by clouds.
As a result of its warmth, the atmosphere also radiates thermal infrared in all directions,
including downward to the Earth’s surface. Thus, greenhouse gases trap heat within the
surface-troposphere system

EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION
Increase eye cataracts
Suppression of the Immune system
Increase skin cancer
Increase eye burning
Decrease in crop yields: corn, rice, soybean
Damage to aquatic plants essential to ocean
food webs
Increased global warming
-ice melts increase in ocean volume
-ocean front property erodes
The highest levels of ozone in the
atmosphere are in the Stratosphere.
Low levels of ozone in the
atmosphere are in the Tropospheric
Stop producing CFCs
properly recycle old
CFCs
Use safe alternatives
Educate other
governments for
environmental
policies
Car pool
Mass transit
Walking/biking
Buy cars with better
gas mileage
Alternative cars/fuels
Solutions for Stratospheric Ozone

DEFORESTATION
Management

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
The United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED) in 1992 defines
deforestation as:
"land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and sub-
humid areas resulting from various factors
including climatic variations and human
activities”
The effects of deforestation can be categorized
in three ways. They are:
environmental effects,
local social effects, and
global social effects.
Many of the environmental effects contribute to
the severity of the social problems.
That is why it is important to understand the
environmental effects of deforestation and how
they contribute to the social effects of
deforestation.
Effects on Biodiversity
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) defines
biodiversity as "the wealth of life on
Earth, the millions of plants, animals, and
micro-organisms, the gens they contain
and the intricate ecosystems they build
into the living environment."
Rainforest are one of the most
biologically diverse regions of the world.
Over a millions species of plants and
animals are known to live in the forests
and millions more are not classified.
The unique environment of the rainforest
allows for such biodiversity to exist.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Climate Change
When an area of rainforest is either cut down or
destroyed, there are various climate changes
that happen as a result. The following is a list of
the various climate changes with a brief
description of why they come about.
1. Desiccation of previously moist forest soil
What happens is because of the exposure to the
sun, the soil gets baked and the lack of canopy
leaves nothing to prevent the moisture from
quickly evaporating into the atmosphere. Thus,
previously moist soil becomes dry and cracked.
2. Dramatic Increase in Temperature
Extremes Trees provide shade and the shaded
area has a moderated temperature. With shade,
the temperature may be 98 degrees Fahrenheit
during the day and 60 degrees at night. With out
the shade, temperatures would be much colder
during the night and around 130 degrees during
the day.

3. Moist Humid Region Changes to Desert. This is
related to the desiccation of previously moist forest soil.
Primarily because of the lack of moisture and the inability to
keep moisture, soil that is exposed to the sun will dry and
turn into desert sand. Even before that happens, when the
soil becomes dry, dust storms become more frequent. At
that point, the soil becomes useless.
4. No Recycling of Water Moisture from the oceans fall
as rain on adjacent coastal regions. The moisture is soon
sent up to the atmosphere through the transpiration of
foliage to fall again on inland forest areas. This cycle repeats
several times to rain on all forest regions.

5. Less Carbon Dioxide and
Nitrogen Exchange
The rainforests are important in the
carbon dioxide exchange process.
They are second only to oceans as
the most important "sink" for
atmospheric carbon dioxide. The
most recent survey on deforestation
and greenhouse gas emissions
reports that deforestation may
account for as much as 10% of
current greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse gases are gases in the
atmosphere that literally trap heat.
There is a theory that as more
greenhouse gasses are released into
the atmosphere, more heat gets
trapped. Thus, there is a global
warming trend in which the average
temperature becomes progressively
higher.

5. More Desertification According to the United
Nations Environmental Programmed (UNEP) in
1977, deforestation is an important factor
contributing to desertification.
What is unclear is how fast deserts are expanding
is controversial. According to UNEP, between 1958
and 1975, the Saharen Desert expanded
southward by about 100km. In 1980 UNEP
estimated that desertification threatened 35 per
cent of the world's land surface and 20 per cent of
the world's population. Recently, groups challenged
those conclusions. Some scientists claim that the
conclusion were based on insufficient data.
Nevertheless, desertification still threatens more
and more dry lands.

7. Other Effects
There many rewards such as clean air and
clean water, perhaps the two most
important, that forests provide. Rainforests
also provide many aesthetic, recreational
and cultural rewards. If the rainforests are
destroyed, then these rewards disappear.
This has major social repercussions for the
entire world.
Environmental Effects
6. Soil Erosion The relationship between
deforestation and soil erosion.
Deforestation is known to contribute to run-off of
rainfall and intensified soil erosion. The
seriousness of the problem depends much on
soil characteristics and topography.

DESERTIFICATION
Management

Desertification
Is the degradation of
land in arid and dry sub-
humid areas, resulting
primarily from human
activities and influenced
by climatic variations. It's
also a failure of the
ecological succession
process.
Desertification Effects

A major impact of desertification is biodiversity loss and loss of productive capacity, for
example, by transition from land dominated by shrublands to non-native grasslands.
Desertification Impacts
In the semi-arid regions of
southern California, many coastal
sage scrub and chaparral
ecosystems have been replaced
by non-native, invasive grasses
due to the shortening of fire return
intervals. This can create a
monoculture of annual grass that
can not support the wide range of
animals once found in the original
ecosystem.
Earth’s Biodiversity

In Madagascar's central highland
plateau, 10% of the entire country
has been lost to desertification due to
slash and burn agriculture by
indigenous peoples.
In Africa, if current trends of soil
degradation continue, the continent
might be able to feed just 25% of its
population by 2025, according to
UNU's (United Nations University)
Ghana-based Institute for Natural
Resources in Africa.
Desertification Impacts
Slash and burn consists of cutting and
burning of forests or woodlands to
create fields for agriculture or pasture
for livestock, or for a variety of other
purposes. It is sometimes part of
shifting cultivation agriculture, and of
transhumance livestock herding.
Human population, habitat expansion,
and economic growth are destroying
biodiversity at a rate 100-1000 times
greater than normal, creating a scale
problem

SOIL EROSION
Management

Erosion
Is the carrying away or displacement of solids (sediment, soil, rock and
other particles) usually by the agents of currents such as, wind, water, or
ice by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by
living organisms (in the case of bioerosion).
SOIL EROSION
Soil is naturally removed by the action of water or wind: such
'background' (or 'geological') soil erosion has been occurring for
some 450 million years, since the first land plants formed the first
soil.
In general, background erosion removes soil at roughly the same
rate as soil is formed. But 'accelerated' soil erosion — loss of soil
at a much faster rate than it is formed — is a far more recent
problem. It is always a result of mankind's unwise actions, such
as overgrazing or unsuitable cultivation practices.
These leave the land unprotected and vulnerable. Then, during
times of erosive rainfall or windstorms, soil may be detached,
transported, and (possibly travelling a long distance) deposited.

Accelerated soil erosion
by water or wind may
affect both agricultural
areas and the natural
environment, and is one
of the most widespread
of today's environmental
problems.
It has impacts which are
both on-site (at the
place where the soil is
detached) and off-site
(wherever the eroded
soil ends up).
Erosion is a noticeable intrinsic natural process but in many
places it is increased by human land use.
Poor land use practices include deforestation, overgrazing,
unmanaged construction activity and road-building. Land that is
used for the production of agricultural crops generally
experiences a significant greater rate of erosion than that of land
under natural vegetation.
This is particularly true if tillage is used, which reduces vegetation
cover on the surface of the soil and disturbs both soil structure
and plant roots that would otherwise hold the soil in place.
However, improved land use practices can limit erosion, using
techniques such as terrace-building, conservation tillage
practices, and tree planting.
Erosion Process
Understanding erosion is necessary as a basis for adequate control measures. Erosion is
caused by rainfall, which displaces soil particles on inadequately protected areas and by water
running over soil, carrying some soil particles away in the process. The rate of soil particle
removal is proportional to the intensity and duration of the rainfall and to the volume and
characteristics of the water flow and soil properties. Deposition of water-borne sediment occurs
when the velocity decreases and the transport capacity of the flowing water becomes
insufficient to carry all of its sediment load.
SOIL EROSION

The main on-site impact is
the reduction in soil quality
which results from the loss of
the nutrient-rich upper layers
of the soil, and the reduced
water-holding capacity of
many eroded soils.
In affluent areas of the world,
accelerated water erosion’s
on-site effects upon
agricultural soils can be
mitigated by increased use
of artificial fertilizers;
however this is not an option
for much of the earth’s
population.
This is not usually feasible in
developing countries
however. Loss of soil quality
is a long-term problem;
globally, soil erosion's most
serious impact may well be
its threat to the long-term
sustainability of agricultural
productivity, which results
from the 'on-site' damage
which it causes.
ON SITE EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION

In addition to its on-site effects, the soil that is detached by accelerated water or wind
erosion may be transported considerable distances. This gives rise to 'off-site problems'.
China's Yangtze River at the Three Gorges, in Hubei
province. Note the sediment-rich water.
OFF-SITE EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION
Water erosion’s main off-site effect
is the movement of sediment and
agricultural pollutants into
watercourses.
This can lead to the silting-up of
dams, disruption of the ecosystems
of lakes, and contamination of
drinking water.
In some cases, increased
downstream flooding may also
occur due to the reduced capacity
of eroded soil to absorb water.
A more minor off-site effect can
occur in situations where eroded
soil has a decreased capacity to
absorb water: increased runoff may
lead to downstream flooding and
local damage to property

EUTROPHICATION
Management

 Eutrophication is an increase in chemical nutrients -- compounds containing
nitrogen or phosphorus -- in an ecosystem, and may occur on land or in water.
 However, the term is often used to mean the resultant increase in the ecosystem's
primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including
lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal
populations.
EUTROPHICATION
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
 Many ecological effects can arise from stimulating primary production, but there are
three particularly troubling ecological impacts:
 decreased biodiversity,
 changes in species composition and dominance, and
 toxicity effects.

 In order to gauge how to best prevent eutrophication from occurring,
specific sources that contribute to nutrient loading must be identified.
 There are two common sources of nutrients and organic matter:
 point sources
 nonpoint sources.
SOURCES OF HIGH NUTRIENT RUNOFF
 Point sources are directly attributable to
one influence. In point sources the nutrient
waste travels directly from source to water.
This drainage outlet delivering
polluted runoff into the Ohio River
is a point source of pollution
because the pollution originates
from a single, identifiable source

POINT SOURCES
 point source of pollution is a single identifiable
localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or light
pollution.
 A point source has negligible extent, distinguishing it
from other pollution source geometries.
 The sources are called point sources because in
mathematical modeling, they can be approximated as
a mathematical point to simplify analysis.
 Pollution point sources are identical to other physics,
engineering, optics and chemistry point sources
except that their emissions have been labeled
Industrial point
sources of air pollution

EXAMPLE: POINT SOURCES
 Water pollution from an oil refinery wastewater discharge outlet
 Noise pollution from a jet engine
 Disruptive seismic vibration from a localized seismic study
 Light pollution from an intrusive street light
 Thermal pollution from an industrial process outfall
 Radio emissions from an interference-producing electrical device
NONPOINT SOURCES
 Nonpoint-source pollution occurs as water moves across the land or
through the ground and picks up natural and human-made pollutants, which
can then be deposited in lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even
groundwater.
 The water that carries nonpoint-source pollution may originate from natural
processes such as rainfall or snowmelt, or from human activities such as
crop irrigation or lawn maintenance.

NONPOINT SOURCES
 This silt-laden runoff from a residential area contains not only soil and clay
particles from nearby construction, but also is likely to contain small amounts of
lawn chemicals, oil, grease, gasoline, and even residues from recent highway
de-icing. These are all examples of pollutants released from nonpoint sources.
 Nonpoint source pollution (also known as 'diffuse' or 'runoff' pollution) is that
which comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources.
 Nonpoint sources are difficult to regulate and usually vary spatially and
temporally (with season, precipitation, and other irregular events).

 Nonpoint-source pollution is usually found spread out throughout a large
area.
 It is often difficult to trace the exact origin of these pollutants because they
result from a wide variety of human activities on the land as well as natural
characteristics of the soil, climate, and topography.
 The most common nonpoint-source pollutants are sediment, nutrients,
microorganisms and toxics.
 Sediment can degrade water quality by contaminating drinking water
supplies or silting in spawning grounds for fish and other aquatic species.
 Nutrients, microorganisms, and other toxic substances can be hazardous to
human health and aquatic life.
 People can contribute to nonpoint-source pollution without even realizing it.
 Nonpoint sources of pollution in urban areas may include parking lots,
streets, and roads where storm water picks up oils, grease, metals, dirt,
salts, and other toxic materials.
NONPOINT SOURCES

 In areas where crops are grown or in areas with landscaping (including
grassy areas of residential lawns and city parks), irrigation, and rainfall can
carry soil, pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides to surface
water and groundwater.
 Bacteria, microorganisms, and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are
common nonpoint-source pollutants from agricultural livestock areas and
residential pet wastes.
 These pollutants are also found in areas where there is a high density of
septic systems or where the septic systems are faulty or not maintained
properly
NONPOINT SOURCES
PREVENTION
 Eutrophication poses a problem not only to ecosystems, but to humans as
well.
 Reducing eutrophication should be a key concern when considering future
policy, and a sustainable solution for everyone, including farmers and
ranchers, seems feasible.

ACIDIFICATION
Management

 Acidification is a natural process.
 The term is used to describe the loss of nutrient
bases (calcium, magnesium and potassium)
through the process of leaching and their
replacement by acidic elements (hydrogen and
aluminium).
 However, acidification is commonly associated
with atmospheric pollution arising from
anthropogenically derived sulphur (S) and
nitrogen (N) as NOx or ammonia.
 Anthropogenically derived pollutant deposition
enhances the rates of acidification, which may
then exceed the natural neutralising capacity of
soils.
 The environmental impacts of acidification are
one of the major contemporary environmental
issues
 Acidification affects all aspects of the natural
environment: soils, waters, flora and fauna.
ACIDIFICATION
 Ocean acidification is the name
given to the ongoing decrease in
the pH of the Earth's oceans,
caused by their uptake of
anthropogenic carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere
Ocean Acidification

1. INTRODUCTION (3 HOURS)
1.Characteristic of Construction Process
2.Issues in Construction industry (e.g. time overrun,
cost overrun, quality, waste generation, productivity)
3.Need of Sustainability in construction Industry
(what, why and how)
Whether the project involves a building,
bridge, dam, pipeline, sewage treatment
plant, water supply system, or any one of
numerous other types of projects, it
requires the skills and services of a
project team comprised of three principal
participants, or only two participants if we
consider the concept of a design–build
contract.
•The owner
•The designer
•The builder
•The design-builder
PROJECT PARTICIPANTS

Owner usually engages the
services of an architect/engineer
to perform planning and design
services, including preparation of
plans, specifications, and
estimates.
Professional services of the
architect and/or engineer during
the construction are generally
limited to performance of
intermittent field visitations and
certain contract administration
functions
such as review of the
contractor’s payment requests,
review of shop drawings,
evaluation of contractor claims,
interpretation of plans and
specifications during
construction, change order
requests, and final inspection.
UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECT OR ENGINEER CONTRACT

DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY BY THE PROJECT MANAGER DURING CONSTRUCTION
PHASE OF A PROJECT

An important part of organizing a project so as to avoid later difficulties, which could
include award disputes, charges of preference, loss of money due to bidder default,
and later disputes over lost time and delays in the work, is the initiation of the project
according to an orderly administrative procedure.
This process is what the author calls the “five-step project initiation process”
It holds that there are five vital steps that must be followed when initiating a project,
especially in public works projects:
THE FIVE-STEP PROCESS OF INITIATING A PROJECT

A design/construction manager contract, illustrated in is quite similar to the traditional
A/E contract with the exception that the architect/engineer’s project manager is fully
responsible to the owner during both the design and planning phases as well as the
entire construction phase to provide for all project needs.
This includes all scheduling, cost control, quality control, long-lead purchasing, letting
of single or multiple contracts, and coordination of the work.
The design/CM responsibilities do not terminate until final acceptance of the
completed project by the owner.
These responsibilities include the examination of cost saving alternatives during both
the design and construction phases of the project and the authority to require the
design or construction changes necessary to accomplish the owner’s objectives.

The four principal types
are:
1. Traditional
architect/engineer
(A/E) contract
2. Design/construction
manager (D/CM)
contract
3. Professional
construction manager
(PCM) contract
4. Design–build contract
(similar to turnkey
construction)
SEVERAL TYPES OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN
CONSTRUCTION

Under the
professional
construction
manager (PCM)
concept, illustrated
the owner engages
a construction
management firm
under a separate
contract in addition
to a conventional
architect/engineer
and construction
contractor contract.
CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS UNDER A PROFESSIONAL CONSTRUCTION
MANAGER CONTRACT

A design–build contract
sometimes called turnkey construction, is
based upon the
owner entering into an agreement with a
single firm to produce all planning, design,
and construction with its own
in-house capabilities.
Some organizations recognize a
further distinction between design–build and
turnkey construction in that while both
provide both design and
construction by a single organization, or a
joint venture, the turnkey contractor also
assembles the financing package.
A DESIGN BUILD CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS
The various local government agencies having jurisdiction over
the project. These include the following public and private
specialty and code enforcement inspectors:
1. Local building department (code enforcement)
2. Soils inspectors
3. Inspectors of other agencies whose facilities are involved
4. Utility company inspectors
5. Specialty inspectors (concrete, masonry, welding, electrical,
etc.)
6. Manufacturers’ representatives (special equipment or materials)
7. OSHA safety inspectors

•Provide constructability analysis
•Identify potential major construction problems
•Develop project resource requirements
•Inventory available area resources
•Assist in development of capital budgets
•Assist in development of cash flow projections
•Develop parametric estimates and cost budgets
•Update preliminary schedule
•Develop preliminary project control system
•Develop preliminary project management information system
•Develop project safety program
•Develop project labor relations program
•Assist in development of insurance program
•Administer electronic data processing (EDP) services
PROGRAM PLANNING PHASE

•Oversee overall project planning
•Assist in development of project life-
cycle costs
•Evaluate cost trade-offs
•Provide value engineering function
•Qualify potential bidders
•Procure long-lead-time items
•Finalize bid work packages
•Finalize prequalified contractor lists
•Finalize project schedules
•Finalize physical layout of
construction areas
•Finalize project control systems and
management information
•systems
•Assist in obtaining required permits
and licenses
•Provide input and review of contract
document
•Develop and administer area
transportation system
•Administer project EEO program
•Enforce project safety program
•Coordinate labor relations
•Receive and evaluate bids and award
prime contracts
•Manage and perform general conditions
tasks
•Implement time- and cost-control systems
•Manage daily construction activities of the
owner or architect/engineer
•Administer prime contracts
•Receive, review, and approve contractor’s
requests for progress payments
•Administer contract changes and claims
•Quality assurance and inspection
•Interpret contract documents
Design Phase Construction Phase

2. EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT (7 HOURS)
1.Criteria for successful Construction project
2.Time Management
3.Cost Management
4.Quality management
3. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (7 HOURS)
1.Introduction
2.Site protection Planning
3.Health and Safety planning
4.Construction and demolition waste management
5.Deconstruction: Economic, Social, and Environmental Factors
6.Subcontractor training
7.Reducing the footprint of construction operations
4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE CONCERNS (5 HOURS)
1.Introduction
2.Critical Environmental Problems
3.Key resources and Issues
4.Ecological Footprint
5.Sustainability and Resource Depletion
5. GREEN BUILDING ASSESSMENT (4 HOURS)
1.Green Building Foundations
2.Green Building Examples Worldwide
3.Certification Process
4.Overview of categories and credits / points
6. BUILDING COMMISSIONING MANAGEMENT (6 HOURS)
1.Introduction
2.Essentials of building commissioning
3.Maximizing the value of building commissioning
4.HVAC system commissioning
5.Commissioning of non-mechanical systems
6.Costs and benefits of building commissioning
7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (6 HOURS)
1.Ecological Economics
2.Lifecycle Assessment (Concept of Life Cycle Assessment)
3.Lifecycle Cost Analysis (The application of Life Cycle Costing to Built Environment decision making)
4.The economics of green building
5.Quantifying green building benefits
6.Managing capital costs
8. FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN SUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION (4 HOURS)
1.Sustainability Framework and Tools
2.New Approaches of construction
management (Implementing Lean, IBS,
Pre-fabrication etc)
3.Outlook of CIDB direction toward
sustainable construction

GREEN
BUILDING Sustainable Construction
Management

Design and
construction
practices that
meet
specified
standards,
resolving
much of the
negative
impact of
buildings on
their
occupants
and on the
environment
What is Green Building?
Green building is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings use resources
energy, water, and materials while reducing building impacts on human health and the
environment during the building's lifecycle, through better siting, design, construction, operation,
maintenance, and removal

 Green roof
 Renewable energy sources
 Energy efficient lighting
 Floors and furniture recycled or
recyclable
 Low or no VOC paint
 Energy efficient heating and
cooling system
 Native plants in garden
 Well insulated, film on windows
to limit heating
 Building made with recycled
building materials
 Non toxic cleaning products
 Water saving devices, cisterns,
low volume flush toilets,
automatic sinks
 Energy efficient electronics
What makes a green building

 Site Planning
 Indoor Environmental Quality
 Material Use
 Water Management
 Energy
Green Building
Green buildings are designed to
reduce the overall impact of the
built environment on human health
and the natural environment by:
Efficiently using energy, water, and
other resources
Protecting occupant health and
improving employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and
environmental degradation A similar concept is natural
building, which is usually on
a smaller scale and tends to
focus on the use of natural
materials that are available
locally.
Other commonly used terms
include sustainable design
and green architecture.
Storm water is a term used to describe water that originates
during precipitation events. It may also be used to apply to water
that originates with snowmelt or runoff water from overwatering
that enters the storm water system. Storm water that does not
soak into the ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows
into surface waterways or is channeled into storm sewers

The related concepts of sustainable
development and sustainability
are integral to green building.
Effective green building can lead
to :
 1) reduced operating costs by
increasing productivity and using
less energy and water,
 2) improved public and occupant
health due to improved indoor air
quality, and
 3) reduced environmental
impacts by, for example,
lessening storm water runoff and
the heat island effect.
Practitioners of green building often
seek to achieve not only
ecological but aesthetic harmony
between a structure and its
surrounding natural and built
environment, although the
appearance and style of
sustainable buildings is not
necessarily distinguishable from
their less sustainable
counterparts.
Effective Green Building

An urban heat island (UHI) is a
metropolitan area which is significantly
warmer than its surrounding rural
areas. The temperature difference
usually is larger at night than during
the day and larger in winter than in
summer, and is most apparent when
winds are weak.
The main cause of the urban heat
island is modification of the land
surface by urban development; waste
heat generated by energy usage is a
secondary contributor. As population
centres grow they tend to modify a
greater and greater area of land and
have a corresponding increase in
average temperature.
Urban Heat Island
Green building practices aim to
reduce the environmental impact
of buildings. Buildings account for
a large amount of land use, energy
and water consumption, and air
and atmosphere alteration.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately
eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health.
It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through solar
energy, and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of
rainwater run-off.
Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel for parking lots instead of concrete or
asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.
Effective green buildings are more than just a random collection of environmental friendly
technologies, however. They require careful, systemic attention to the full life cycle impacts of
the resources embodied in the building and to the resource consumption and pollution emissions
over the building's complete life cycle.
Green Building Practices
On the aesthetic side of green architecture or
sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a
building that is in harmony with the natural features and
resources surrounding the site.
There are several key steps in designing sustainable
buildings:
•specify 'green' building materials from local sources,
•reduce loads,
•optimize systems, and
•generate on-site renewable energy.

 Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use.
 To increase the efficiency of the building envelope, they may use high-efficiency windows
and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors.
 In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and
lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces
energy loads.
 Finally, onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro
power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building.
Reduce Energy

 Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy,
water and materials used during construction.
 For example, During the construction phase, one goal
should be to reduce the amount of material going to
landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the
amount of waste generated by the occupants (in
commercial buildings ) as well, by providing on-site
solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to
landfills.
 To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants,
several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from
sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can
be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-
potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars.
Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.
 Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly
and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is
converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which
avoids these costs and shows other benefits.
 By collecting human waste at the source and running it to
a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological
waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced.
Reduce Waste

 Reduce heating a cooling loads
 Reduce urban heat island effect
 Reduce water run-off
 Provide outdoor space for building users
 Clean air
 Habitat space
Green Roof Building

 A green roof is a roof of a building
that is partially or completely covered
with vegetation and soil, or a growing
medium, planted over a waterproofing
membrane.
 This does not refer to roofs which are
merely colored green, as with green
roof shingles. It may also include
additional layers such as a root barrier
and drainage and irrigation systems.
Green Roof Building
Traditional green roofs can be seen in
many places in the Faroe Islands. Green roof of city hall in Chicago, IIIinois
On the green roof of the Mountain
Equipment Co-op store in Toronto, Canada.

 An intensive roof garden in
Manhattan
Sod roofs on 18th century farm
buildings in Heidal, Norway.
Green Roof Building

The undulating green roof of the California
Academy of Sciences, under construction in
San Francisco.
Green roof planted with native species at
L'Historial de la Vendée, a new museum
in western France
Green Roof Building

Green roofs are used to:
 Grow fruits, vegetables, and flowers
 Reduce heating (by adding mass and
thermal resistance value) and cooling
(by evaporative cooling) loads on a
building
 Increase roof life span
 Reduce stormwater run off
 Filter pollutants and CO2 out of the air
 The soil and plants on green roofs help
to insulate a building for sound; the soil
helps to block lower frequencies and the
plants block higher frequencies.
 Filter pollutants and heavy metals out of
rainwater
 Increase wildlife habitat in built-up areas
Benefits of Green Roof Building

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include
rapidly renewable plant materials.
Example: bamboo (because bamboo grow up quickly), recycled
stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic,
reusable, renewable, and recyclable, sheep wool, panels made
from paper flakes, clay, coconut and etc.
Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally
to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their
transportation.
Green Building Materials
Indoor air is 3x
more polluted than
outdoor air
Concrete, lumber,
cabinets removed
to be reused
Can be more
economical to
reuse materials

www.nytimes.com
www.caseelectricalservices.co.uk
www.lcv.org
www.energystar.gov
www.southface.org www.southface.org
www.taylorgift.com
Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency

 Rain barrels and cisterns
 Gray water
 Low volume flush toilets
 Dual flush toilets
 Permeable surfaces
Water Saving Devices

Case Study Buildings
Conventional Building Bioclimatic Building
Conventional building is likely to have a hermetically
sealed envelope with less exposed surface area to
minimise fabric heat load
Bioclimatic building is likely to incorporate a more
permeable skin that admits light and ventilation
Conventional building has greater plan depth and
normally has a central service core.
Bioclimatic at building is typified by shallow plan
depth (an aspect ratio of 1:3 is deemed for hot humid
conditions) and a side placed core.
Conventional building may not differentiate façade
design according to orientation, i.e. all façades are
likely to be similar.
Bioclimatic building acknowledges orientation in
terms of where its service core and transitional space
are placed, and how its façade are treated.
UMNO
MESINIAGA
IBM
KOMTAR
TIMA
LUTH
Bioclimatic High Rise Office Buildings in Malaysia: Overview of Previous Work and Proposed Research

Bioclimatic indicators for high rise buildings
Bioclimatic indicators for high rise buildings
Building Design Results

Measured parameter
68.0
70.0
72.0
74.0
76.0
78.0
80.0
82.0
9:00am 11:00am 1:00pm 3:00pm 5:00pm
SoundPressureLeveldB(A)
UMNO
MNIAGA
IBM
KOMTAR
TIMA
LUTH
Comparison of daytime indoor sound pressure level
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
9:00am 11:00am 1:00pm 3:00pm 5:00pm
LightIntensity(lux)
UMNO
MNIAGA
IBM
KOMTAR
TIMA
LUTH
Comparison of indoor daytime light intensity
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
8:00am 9:00am 10:00am 11:00am 12:00am 1:00pm 2:00pm 3:00pm 4:00pm 5:00pm 6:00pm
AirVelocity(m/s)
UMNO
MNIAGA
IBM
KOMTAR
TIMA
LUTH
Comparison of daytime indoor air velocity
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
RelativeHumidity(%)
UMNO
MNIAGA
IBM
KOMTAR
TIMA
LUTH
Comparison of daytime indoor relative humidity
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
AirTemperature(DegreeCelsius)
UMNO
MNIAGA
IBM
KOMTAR
TIMA
LUTH
Comparison of daytime indoor temperature
Environmental Measurement Results

Energy consumption in all buildings (CIBSE TM31, 2003)
Overall annual energy performance (electricity) and CO2 emission
Energy Audit Results
The Malaysian Standard
MS 1525: 2001, "Code of
Practice on Energy
Efficiency and use of
Renewable Energy for
Non-residential
Buildings”, an office
building can be classified
as a low energy office if
the energy consumption is
less than 135 kWh/m2/year
(MECM, 2004).
The higher the amount of energy
used in a particular building, the
higher the amount of CO2 emission
produced for every meter square of
the building area.
The CO2 emissions produced can
be calculated using ‘Energy
Assessment and Reporting
Methodology: Office Assessment
Method’(CIBSE-TM22, 1999).

INTELLIGENT
Management

Intelligent Buildings
Education
Airports and
Railways
Government
Health
Care
Commercial
Property
Mixed Use
Developments
Hotels and
Stadiums

Conventional Design Approach
Concept Design Construct Maintain &
Operate
=Building Automation
& Physical Security
IT Network
Deployment

Conventional Approach
 What is a conventional approach
deliver?
 Bespoke
 Multiple standards
 Multiple protocols
 Multiple networks
 Separate control
environments
24/7 Monitoring
FIRE
ACCESS
ENERGY HVAC
LIFTSSECURITY
LIGHTING
COMMUNICATIONS
Separate Control Environments

Higher installation costs
Costly implementation
Lowest cost = Lowest value
Building Life Cycle Costs
Strategy Design Construction Operation
25% 75%
•Higher installation costs
•Costly implementation
•Lowest cost = Lowest value
•Limited Functionality
•Costly maintenance
•Duplication of systems
•Increase training costs
25-30 years

How could we do things differently
Concept Design Construct Maintain &
Operate
Building Automation
& Physical Security
Deployment
Strategy for Integrated
IT, Building Design,
Automation
IT Network
Deployment

What could we do differently
Delivering space differently
Integrating Space, Greater
Flexibility technology & Services
The Network as the
4th Utility
Given same respect as
traditional utilities
Convergence & Integration
Convergence of Voice, Video, Data
& Building Controls onto IP

Energy
New Paradigm
Network
Infrastructure
Integration
Transformation
HVAC
24/7 Monitor
CCTV
Lifts
Lighting
Fire
Security

Integrated Applications
Centralised
Database
Electronic
Enrolment
E-
Registration
Car Park
Access
RFID
Print /
Library
CCTV / HVAC
Energy
Cashless
Vending

Integration Benefits
Increased Functionality
SingleIntegratedSystem
B
udget
Sustainable
R
educe
C
apital
C
osts
Im
prove Environm
ental
Perform
ance
EasiertoMaintain
Single Source Provider
G
reater
Flexibility
Save
Energy

Higher installation costs
Costly implementation
Lowest cost = Lowest value
Integration of IT and Building Automation Systems can save up to 24% in capital
expenditures (CAPEX) for installation and 75% in operating expenditures (OPEX)
over time (Converged Building Technologies)
Building Life Cycle Costs
Strategy Design Construction Operation
25% 75%

A New Paradigm
Strategy
Design
Construction
Operation
CAPEX
OPEX
Revenues, Productivity, Value
Cost
ALL SECTORS

INTELLIGENT
GREEN BUILDING Sustainable Construction
Management

Building Systems
Energy and Environmental Systems
for Green Buildings
Building Intelligence
Intelligent and Green
IB at Work
IB at Home

 Intelligent building (IB)
 first coined in USA in early 1980s
 its definition/model is evolving
 automated buildings (1981-85)
 responsive buildings (1986-91)
 effective buildings (1992-)
 development of IB
 closely linked with computers and
 information technology (IT)
 but, IB  high-tech building

 Major IB features
 automatic reactions (adjust internal conditions)
 effective communication & IT management
 responsiveness to changes
 Integrated pyramid
 single function/dedicated systems
 multifunctional systems
 integrated systems
 computer integrated building

 IB in Europe study
 IB “… provides a responsive, effective and supportive
intelligent environment within which the organization can achieve
its business objectives.” -- DEGW (1992)
 3 main goals:
 building management
 space management
 business management

 “An intelligent building is one
that doesn't make the
occupants look stupid.”
 maximizes the efficiency of
its occupants and allows
effective management of
resource with minimum life
costs
 more responsive to user
needs and has the ability to
adapt to new technology or
changes in the
organizational structures

Green
Building
(GB)
Intelligent
Building
(IB)
Goals:
- minimise environmental impact
- use resource efficiently
- be ecologically sound
- ensure healthy environment
Goals:
- building management
- space management
- business management
- building life cycle
- efficient building systems
- effective management & use
- integration
Information
Technology
Environmental
Sustainability

 Key issues for intelligent buildings
 site (access, local amenities, car
parking)
 shell (thermal strategy, structure,
floor layout)
 skin (services strategy, solar
control)
 building services (HVAC, small
power, cabling)
 information technology
(communication, space
management, network)
 Criteria: business value/benfits,
efficiency and effectiveness

 Common objectives
 responsive (to user
needs / to climate)
 efficient (building
design & systems)
 effective (operation &
management)
 better integration (with
IT & within systems)
 Trends
 smart buildings and
Internet connectivity
 sustainability in
business (quantifying
the benefits)

Smart Car
- light & compact
- low-drag design
- fuel efficient
- low emission
- 95% recyclable
- efficient accessories
- friendly factory
?
Smart & Green Building
- energy efficient
- use renewable energy
- green building materials
- low environmental impact
- responsive to climate/site
- responsive to user needs
- healthy environment

Making cars like we build houses?

 Office space and commercial
buildings
 speculative offices (USA or
European)
 organizational/functional
requirements
 impact of IT and business
strategy
 Major systems
 building automation system
(BAS)
 office automation system
(OAS)
 communication automation
system (CAS)
Intelligent Building at work

 Typical features
 building control & energy management
 lighting management
 addressable fire alarm
 structured cabling
 voice/data/image communication
 office automation
 facility management & CAD system
 multi-function cardkeys

Components
of a energy
management
system (EMS)
with direct
digital control
(DDC)

Modern building automation systems
‘LonMark’
‘BACnet’
Protocols

Integration controls network from different buildings

 Current and future
development
 new ways of working
 more interaction
 more collaboration
(physically or
electronically)
 more individual
autonomy
 new patterns of space
use
 more group spaces
 more shared spaces
 more space for
concentration
 more intermittent
space use

Future office space (intelligent? green?)

 Present technology
 phones and intercoms
 home automation
 audio distribution (e.g. hi-fi speaker)
 video distribution (e.g. TV)
 video surveillance (e.g. security)
 structured wiring
 home theater, game station
Intelligent Building at Home

 Future home
 home networking
 Internet appliances
 webcam, web phones
 e-books, video walls
 home office
 virtual clinic/hospital
 ……
Intelligent Building at Home

House_n: MIT Home of the Future
(http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/)

‘Slinky House’ - Winning entry, Home of the Future
architectural design competition, Museum Victoria

‘Vegetal Houses’ - Honourable mention, Home of the Future
architectural design competition, Museum Victoria

LOW & ZEO ENERGY
Management

"Efforts would be undertaken to
encourage more buildings to use
the low energy office concept, where
the premium is on saving energy."
Statement from Prime Minister on
October 18, 2005:
Strategy to counter oil price spiral
Low Energy Office Building
Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications Malaysia

Low-energy buildings typically use high levels of insulation, energy efficient windows, low
levels of air infiltration and heat recovery ventilation to lower heating and cooling energy.
They may also use passive solar building design techniques or active solar technologies.
The homes may use hot water heat recycling technologies to recover heat from showers and
dishwashers.
Lighting and miscellaneous energy use is alleviated with fluorescent lighting and efficient
appliances.
Weatherization provides more information on increasing building energy efficiency.

The LEO building is the first government building to be built with integrated energy efficient
design.
It was designed as a showcase building to demonstrate energy efficient and cost effective
features so that other public and private sector buildings can replicate such measures
It was targeted to achieve a building energy index (BEI) of 100kWh/m2 per year and energy
savings of more than 50% compared to buildings without energy efficient design.

Objectives
To showcase an energy efficient and intelligent building without compromising users'
comfort.
To show the commitment of the Government through "Leadership by Example"
To enhance awareness on EE building design (integrated approach in building design)
To increase local capacity in EE building design.
To demonstrate the feasibility of EE design standards as in MS1525:2001 Code of Practice
on the Use of RE & EE in Non-Residential Buildings.

Passive Design Elements
Building Orientation and Envelope
Natural Air Ventilation
Interior Space Layout Design
Day lighting
Windows Shading

Interior Space Layout
Design

Active Elements
Air Conditioning
Innovative Lighting System
Energy Efficient Office Appliances
Comprehensive Energy Management System
Mechanical Ventilation

Other Design Elements
PV System
Rainwater Harvest System

A zero energy building (ZEB) or net zero energy building is a general term applied to a
building with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually.
Zero energy buildings are autonomous from the energy grid supply - energy is produced
on-site.
This design principle is gaining considerable interest as renewable energy is a means to
cut greenhouse gas emissions.
Buildings use 40% of the total energy in the US and European Union.

In October 2007, the Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM) successfully completed the development
and construction of the PTM Zero Energy Office (ZEO) Building.
The building has been designed to be a super-energy-efficient building using only 286 kwh/day.
The renewable energy - photovoltaic combination is expected to result in a net zero energy
requirement from the grid. The building is currently undergoing a fine tuning process by the local
energy management team.

Passive System.
Daylighting (almost 100%)- EE lighting with T5 tubes and LED task lights
Double glazing windows. The lower windows or called as Vision Windows ->
(heat and accoustic insulation). 50 percent daylight penetration.
Double glazing windows with integrated blinds. The upper windows or called as
Daylight Windows -> (heat, glare and accoustic insulation). 70 percent daylight
penetration.
Mirror Lightshelf, Rooflight and Skylight system (also BIPV Package C)
respectively.
Roof and wall Insulation (reduce outside heat gain)
Active System.
EE office equipment (laptops, LCD monitors, networked printers)
EE IT Network & server room (75% wireless network)
 EE air conditioning & ventilation
Floor slab cooling (For radiant cooling and thermal storage)
Chilled Metal Ceillings (For radiant cooling)
River Roof (For Condenser/ Heat Sink side)
Controls & Sensors (VSDs, VAVs, CO2, BMS / Energy monitoring)
Energy Efficiency (EE) Technology Used

Energy Efficiency, a rising concern
Energy
Efficiency
Deregulation
Deregulation of both production
and supply of gas and electricity
(while transmission and
distribution remain regulated)
implies to build new business
models significantly different from
traditional ones
Generation capacities and
grids
Huge investment ($16 trillion
worldwide) is needed involving an
increase in price of both gas and
electricity
Demand is booming
Because of the lack of
electricity generation capacity,
peak prices are becoming very
high and volatile
Natural resources (oil & gas)
are declining
In the consumption regions
such as Europe and North
America, energy sourcing is
becoming crucial and focuses
major attention of key energy
players
Policy and environment
Kyoto protocol implementation
involves new constraints to be
integrated in today’s utility
business models
Energy Efficiency and Intelligent Buildings

Energy Efficiency has implications along the complete Energy value chain (1/2)
On the Supply Side
 Optimize T&D infrastructure
 Deploy efficient substation automation
 Upgrade to smart metering solutions
 Optimize quality and availability of supplied power
 Measure and improve delivered power quality
 Implement DG in frequently congested areas
 Influence demand consumption
 Introduce new tariff structures and smart revenue metering
 Implement AMR
 Provide customers with accurate and relevant consumption data
 Establish DR/DSM programs
 Deploy modern IT infrastructure
 High speed telecoms infrastructure
 Modern Energy Information Systems

Energy Efficiency has implications along the complete Energy value chain (2/2)
On the Demand Side
 Act on Users
 Educate people on efficient use of energy
 Act on business related procedures
 Act on loads
 Replace, renovate aging loads (lighting, motors,
HVAC, …)
 Implement intelligent load control (variable speed
drives, regulation systems, lighting control, ...)
 Optimize quality and availability of on site power
 Measure and improve on site power quality
 Implement backup generation
 Exploit co-generation means
 Optimize supply costs
 Use the right tariffs according to specific load
profile
 Participate in DR/DSM programs
 Resell excess power

Buildings are a major source of demand side energy efficiency
 Buildings consume over 40% of total energy in the
EU and US
 Between 12% and 18% by commercial buildings
the rest residential.
 Implementing the EU Building Directive (22%
reduction) could save 40Mtoe (million tons of oil
equivalent) by 2020.
 Consumption profiles may vary but heating, cooling
and lighting are the major energy users in buildings
 Water heating is a major element for healthcare,
lodging, and schools.
 Lighting and Space Heating are the major elements
for commercial and retail buildings.
 Common energy used in most Malaysian buildings
 Air Conditioning is a major element of energy
consumption and waste.
 Equipments are the second elements for
commercial and office buildings.
Energy Demand in the EU in 2000
Transport
31%
Industry
28%
Residential /
Commercial
41%
Healthcare Buildings
28% Water Heating
23% Space Heating
16% Lighting
6% Office Equipment
27% Other
Retail Buildings
37% Lighting
30% Space Heating
10% Space Cooling
6% Water Heating
17% Other

Let’s dream : tomorrow’s energy efficient buildings would have
 A structure and walls of such insulation performance that
only 50 kWh/m2/year would suffice to achieve ideal thermal
comfort
 All of its equipment to the optimal energy performance level
(lighting, HVAC, office devices, …)
 Intelligence everywhere that would seamlessly handle
energy usage optimization whilst guaranteeing optimal
comfort, a healthy environment and numerous other
services (security, assistance to elderly people, …)
 Renewable and non polluting energy sources
 The ability to satisfy its own energy needs (thermal and/or
electric) or even contribute excess power to the community
(zero/positive energy buildings)
 Users whose behaviors would have evolved towards a
reasoned usage of energy

Envelope & structure of buildings are very efficient : less than 50 kWh/m2/year
are needed for an ideal thermal comfort
Highly insulating and active
glazing :
• Vacuum double glazing :
energy loss = 0,5 W/m2/°C
–
wall equivalent
• Thermo chromium :
variable
heat flow between 20 to 60
%
New insulation materials:
thinner and able to store energy
• nano porous silica
• phase change materials
wall
coating
support
balls of paraffin
Effective treatment of thermal
bridges (junctions between
walls, metallic structures,
aluminium frames) : this can
yield up to 30% reduction of
thermal losses

Equipment (lighting, HVAC, consumer appliances) are more & more energy
efficient
Lighting efficiency with
LEDs : from 20 toward 150
lumen / W
Heat pumps : from 20% to
25% of performance
increase with speed driven
compression motor
Consumer appliances :
Appliances complying with
the energy performance
labels are from 10 to 40%
more efficient

Intelligence is everywhere in buildings : for usages optimization, for comfort,
for health, for services
Shutters, lighting, HVAC
collaborate to reach
global optimization :
increase of more than 10
%global energy efficiency
Sensors provide
information of air quality
(pollution, microbes, …)
and smart ventilation
insure health
Weather prediction are
integrated in control

Turning the dream into a commercially deployable solution
Examples of available solutions - R&D fields related to Energy Efficiency
 Offering solutions to optimize energy use in existing
buildings and guarantee efficiency over time
 75 % of the life cycle costs of a building are in the
operation and alterations of the facility over 25 years.
 Renovations in existing buildings can yield energy
savings of up to 30%.
 Long term sustainable maintenance offering
preventive maintenance can keep those savings in
place
 Innovative solutions delivering energy efficiency in
new constructions
 New concept of integrated power and control building
infrastructure with distributed intelligence
 Innovative lighting solutions based on LED technology
 Advanced autonomous sensors and actuators
 Smart integration of local distributed generation
means
Operation
50%
Construction &
Finance
25%
Alterations
25%

Tomorrow's energy efficient buildings will require additional processing power
at all levels of its infrastructure
MV/LV
transformer
station
Main LV
switchboard
Main LV
Switchboard
LV
panel
Ultra terminal devices
Service
provider
(ASP)
Remote
access
Energy
management
expert
Maintenance
engineer
Building
automation
Site engineer

Model of Athena sustainable material assessment tool

Radar chart from the EQUER life cycle tool (France)

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING
DESIGN
Management

Comfortable, healthy internal
conditions are achieved, whilst
minimising environmental impact
associated with construction and
operation
Four key principles :
• Reducing embodied energy and
resource depletion
• Reducing construction waste and
energy in-use
• Minimising external pollution and
environmental damage
• Minimising internal pollution and
damage to health
What is a sustainable building?

SUSTAINABLEBUILDING- DESIGNPRINCIPLES
Integrating the design process :
“Normally all the really Important
mistakes are made on the first day
of the design process!”
- Amory Lovins
Source: CIBSE Energy Efficiency in Buildings Guide
Site considerations
• Location and weather
• Microclimate
• Site layout
• Orientation
Built form
• Shape
• Thermal response
• Insulation
• Windows/glazing
Day lighting strategy + Ventilation strategy
Services strategy
• Plant and controls
• Fuels
• Metering

• Vernacular architecture has a form and
function which enables:
- comfortable conditions to be achieved
(often in very hostile climatic conditions)
- optimum and sustainable use of
indigenous materials
- low environmental impact
Lessons fromthe past – Vernacular Architecture

• Buildings should fully exploit the natural systems
available for free to provide :
– ventilation
– cooling
– heating
– day lighting
• Climate excluding vs. climate adaptive buildings
– Bio-climatic design is much more challenging
– Greater care required in construction, operation and
maintenance to achieve optimum performance
Lessons FromNature - Biomimicry

In the UK Part L changes “encourage” the
incorporation of renewable technologies,
however:
- Over 80 LA’s have incorporated 10% renewable
requirements into Unitary Development Plans
and/or
Local Development Frameworks
• Danger of promoting/requiring LZC technologies
on/in inherently inefficient buildings.
• Major concerns regarding the actual
performance
of some LZC technologies
- No magic bullets/panacea technologies
- Independent objective evidence required to
determine whole-life performance
Low And ZeroCarbonSystems

• Greater integration of passive energy systems:
- free cooling/heating
- passive/natural ventilation
- optimised use of daylight
- exploiting the thermal mass
Passive Renewable Systems

Issues Influencing EnergyEfficientDesignPhilosophy
Source: CIBSE Energy Efficiency in Buildings Guide

• Design process must be integrated
and iterative and tested against the
performance criteria :
– cost
– quality of the internal environmental
– energy use
– robustness
– cost and ease of operation
• If air conditioning is unavoidable
integrated design can still reduce:
– size and cost
– complexity
– operational and maintenance cost
Integrating The DesignProcess

LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY &
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
(LEED) Sustainable Construction
Management

Assessment Tools
 Examples (whole building)
 BREEAM-UK
 BREEAM-Canada
 BEPAC-Canada
 LEED (USA)
 Examples (building material or product)
 Athena (Canada)
 BEES (USA)

Assessment Tools
 Developing at present
 ECO QUANTUM (Netherlands)
 ECO-PRO (Germany)
 EQUER (France)
 GBTool (Green Building Challenge)
 Asian countries
 HK-BEAM
 Taiwan Green Building Label
 Japan Green Building Guide

Assessment Tools
 BREEAM - UK
 Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Method
 building fabric and services
 global issues | local issues | indoor issues | management
issues
 building operation and management
 environmental policy | global issues and use of resources
| local issues | indoor issues
 as a model for similar methods (e.g. HK-BEAM, and BREEAM in
Canada & Australia)

Assessment Tools
 LEED Green Building Rating System
 by US Green Building Council
 Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design
 scores
 sustainable sites
 water efficiency
 energy and atmosphere
 materials and resources
 indoor environmental quality
 innovation credits

Assessment Tools
 GBTool
 GBC (Green Building Challenge) for 19 countries
 issues considered
 resource consumption (R)
 environmental loadings (L)
 indoor environmental quality (Q)
 quality of service (S)
 economics (E)
 pre-operations management (M)
 architectural quality (? not included)

Assessment Tools
 HK-BEAM
 version 1/96R - for new office designs
 version 2/96R - for existing office buildings
 version 3/99 - for new residential buildings
 Taiwan Green Building Label (since 1999)
 Japan Green Building concepts
 government building checklist
 Symbiotic Housing

Assessment Tools
 Limitations
 issue of over-simplification
 difficulty to ‘weight’ the criteria
 practicality and cost of making an assessment
 participation in the evaluation process
 Recommendations
 integration with other design issues and constraints is important
 use the assessment results for improvement

LEED is a third-party certification program and the nationally accepted
benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance
green buildings
promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing
performance in five key areas of human and environmental health:
sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials
selection and indoor environmental quality.
LEED Rating Systems are developed through an open, consensus-
based process led by LEED committees. Each volunteer committee is
composed of a diverse group of practitioners and experts representing a
cross-section of the building and construction industry

New Construction
Existing Building :
Operation & Maintenance
Commercial Interiors
LEED Rating System
Neighborhood
Development
Healthcare
Homes
Core & Shell
Schools
Retail

The LEED for New Construction Rating System is designed to guide
and distinguish high-performance commercial and institutional projects,
including office buildings, high-rise residential buildings, government
buildings, recreational facilities, manufacturing plants and laboratories.
LEED for New Construction Ratings:
New Construction

The LEED for Existing Buildings Rating System helps building owners
and operator’s measure operations, improvements and maintenance on a
consistent scale, with the goal of maximizing operational efficiency while
minimizing environmental impacts.
LEED for Existing Building Ratings:
Existing Building
Operation and Maintenance

LEED for Commercial Interiors is the green benchmark for the tenant
improvement market. It is the recognized system for certifying high-
performance green interiors that are healthy, productive places to work;
are less costly to operate and maintain; and have a reduced
environmental footprint.
LEED for Commercial Interiors gives the power to make sustainable
choices to tenants and designers, who do not always have control over
whole building operations.
LEED for Commercial Interiors Ratings:
Commercial Interiors

LEED for Core & Shell is a green building rating system for designers,
builders, developers and new building owners who want to address
sustainable design for new core and shell construction.
It is designed to be complementary to the LEED for Commercial
Interiors rating system, as both rating systems establish green building
criteria for developers, owners and tenants
LEED for Core & Shell Ratings:
Core & Shell

By addressing the uniqueness of school spaces and children’s health
issues, LEED for Schools provides a unique, comprehensive tool for
schools that wish to build green, with measurable results.
LEED for School Ratings:
School

The LEED for Retail Pilot recognizes the unique nature of the retail environment
and addresses the different types of spaces that retailers need for their distinctive
product lines.
USGBC and over 80 Pilot project teams are collaborating to create two new
rating systems: LEED for Retail: New Construction, and LEED for Retail:
Commercial Interiors – both expected for market launch in the first quarter of
2009.
LEED for Retail : New Construction Ratings:
LEED for Retail : Commercial Interiors Ratings:
Retail

The LEED for Healthcare Green Building Rating System was
developed to meet the unique needs of the health care market, including
inpatient care facilities, licensed outpatient care facilities, and licensed
long term care facilities.
LEED for Healthcare may also be used for medical offices, assisted
living facilities and medical education & research centers. LEED for
Healthcare addresses issues such as increased sensitivity to chemicals
and pollutants, traveling distances from parking facilities, and access to
natural spaces.
Healthcare

LEED for Homes is a rating system that promotes the design and
construction of high-performance green homes.
Benefits of a LEED home include lower energy and water bills; reduced
greenhouse gas emissions; and less exposure to mold, mildew and other
indoor toxins.
LEED for Homes Ratings:
Homes

The LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System integrates
the principles of smart growth, urbanism and green building into the first
national system for neighborhood design.
LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a
development's location and design meet accepted high levels of
environmentally responsible, sustainable development.
LEED for Neighborhood Development is collaboration among USGBC,
the Congress for the New Urbanism and the Natural Resources Defense
Council.
LEED for Homes Ratings:
Neighborhood Development

LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a
building project meets the highest green building and performance
measures.
All certified projects receive a LEED plaque, which is the nationally
recognized symbol demonstrating that a building is environmentally
responsible, profitable and a healthy place to live and work.
LEED-certified buildings:
i. Lower operating costs and increased asset value.
ii. Reduce waste sent to landfills.
iii. Conserve energy and water.
iv. Healthier and safer for occupants.
v. Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions.
vi. Qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other incentives in
hundreds of cities.
vii. Demonstrate an owner's commitment to environmental
stewardship and social responsibility.
Project Certification

GREEN BUILDING
INDEX MALAYSIA Sustainable Construction
Management

Green Design – Review of Green Building Index Malaysia (Non Residential)
Going Green

The Star 11
Dec 2008
Sweden
cleanest,
S. Arabia
dirtiest,
Malaysia
bottom 10:
climate index

POZNAN (AFP) — Sweden does the most of any country for tackling emissions of
greenhouse gases, while Saudi Arabia does the least, according to a barometer
published on Wednesday by watchdogs at the UN climate talks here.
The groups categorised dangerous climate change as an increase in temperature
beyond two degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) over pre-industrial levels.
Sweden's fourth place was followed by Germany, France, India, Brazil, Britain and
Denmark.
The bottom 10 were listed in descending order as Greece, Malaysia, Cyprus,
Russia, Australia, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, the United States, Canada and Saudi
Arabia.
So how do we go
about achieving a
GREEN BUILDING ?

A Green or Sustainable building is designed:
• To save energy and resources, recycle materials and minimize the emission of
toxic substances throughout its life cycle
• To harmonize with the local climate, traditions, culture and the surrounding
environment
• To be able to sustain and improve the quality of human life while maintaining the
capacity of the ecosystem at the local and global levels
Green buildings have many
benefits, such as better use
of building resources,
significant operational
savings, and increased
workplace productivity
Building green sends the
right message about a
company or organization -
it’s well run, responsible,
and committed to the future

1. BREEAM, UK – Building Research
Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method
2. LEED, USA – Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design
3. BEPAC, Canada – Building
Environmental Performance
Assessment Criteria
4. GBTool, (20 Countries) – Green
Building Tool
5. CASBEE, Japan – Comprehensive
Assessment System for Building
Environmental Efficiency
6. LCA/LCC Tool, Hong Kong – Life
Cycle Assessment/Life Cycle Cost
7. EEWH, Taiwan – Green Building
Evaluation System
8. Green Star, Australia/New Zealand
9. Green Mark, Singapore (2005)
ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR
SUSTAINABILITY

Comparison of Established Assessment Methods

Green or Sustainability Rating Comparisons

• Meet minimum
total points for the
specific rating, and
pre-requisite
criteria
• Platinum and
GoldPlus projects
to demonstrate
30% and 25%
energy saving
respectively
Total Points
Allocated 140
Total Points
Allocated (include
bonus) 160
Green Mark Score
120

LEED V2 - Points Available (Core & Shell)

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
Energy Regeneration
Option Water Used
Waste Separation for
recycling
Maximise Indoor
Comfort
Non Toxic MaterialsMinimise Running Cost
Low Environmental Impact
Material
Purchase Locally
Produce Materials

EXAMPLES OF GREEN BUILDING FEATURES
COMBINATION OF EE, RE & CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES
• Sensor-controlled &
compact fluorescent lighting
• High-efficiency heat pumps
• Geothermal heating
(temperate countries)
• Building Integrated
Photovoltaic (BIPV) system
• Solar Thermal Tubes
• Solar chimneys
• On-site cleaning
• Reuse of wastewater
• Building orientation
• Radiant cooling systems that
takes advantage of naturally
occurring conditions
• Salvaged lumber products
• Recycled concrete
aggregates
• Green roof; rainwater
collection
• Waterless urinals
• Facilities for bicyclists
• Permeable pavers, cork
floors & use of local products

DOES GREEN PAY OFF (IN USA)?
Source: Enermodal Engineering, Denver, USA

GREENCOST PREMIUM(SINGAPORE)
Source: BCA Singapore 2008

Developing the Malaysia Green Rating System
ENERGY EFFICIENCY MS 1525:2007
All buildings exceeding 4,000 m2 of air-conditioned space shall be
provided with an EMS system and OTTV shall not exceed 50 W/m2,
RTTV shall not exceed 25 W/m2
Building Energy Index (kWh/m2 year)
BEI of office
buildings in
Malaysia
Source: PTM

Malaysian Buildings
• Average BEI of office buildings in Malaysia is 200-250
• Only a handful of buildings has BEI < 150
The benchmark buildings to-date are;
1. Securities Commission HQ (1999), BEI < 120
2. LEO building (2004), BEI = 100
3. PTM’s ZEO building (2007), BEI = 50 (0)
4. Energy Commission HQ (design), BEI = 80

Green Building Index (Non-Residential)
CATEGORIES CONSIDERED
1) Energy Efficiency
2) Indoor Environmental Quality
3) Sustainable Site & Management
4) Materials & Resources
5) Water Efficiency
6) Innovation

1) Energy efficiency
Design
EE1 Minimum EE Performance
EE2 Lighting Zoning
EE3 Electrical Sub-Metering
EE4 Renewable Energy
EE5 Advanced Energy Performance - BEI
Commissioning
EE6 Enhanced Commissioning
EE7 Post Occupancy Commissioning
Verification
EE8 EE Verification
EE9 Sustainable Maintenance
BEI Calculations
BEI = (TBEC - CPEC - DCEC) / (GFA excluding car park - DCA - GLA*FVR)*(52/WOH)
• Where;
• TBEC : Total Building Energy Consumption (kWh/year)
• CPEC : Car park Energy Consumption (kWh/year)
• DCEC : Data Centre Energy Consumption (kWh/year)
• GFA excluding car park : Gross Floor Area exclusive of car park area (m2)
• DCA : Data Centre Area (m2)
• GLA : Gross Let table Area (m2)
• FVR : Weighted Floor Vacancy Rate of GLA (%)
• 52 : Typical weekly operating hours of office buildings in KL/Malaysia (hrs/wk)
• WOH : Weighted Weekly Operating Hours of GLA exclusive of DCA (hrs/wk)

2) Indoor Environmental Quality
Air Quality
EQ1 Minimum IAQ Performance
EQ2 Environmental Tobacco Control
EQ3 Carbon Dioxide Monitoring & Control
EQ4 Indoor Air Pollutants
EQ5 Mould Prevention
Thermal Comfort
EQ6 Thermal Comfort Control
EQ7 Air Change Effectiveness
Lighting, Visual & Acoustic Comfort
EE8 Daylighting
EE9 Daylight Glare Control
EE10 Electric Lighting Levels
EE11 High Frequency Ballasts
EE12 External Views
EE13 Internal Noise Levels
Verification
EE14 IAQ Before & During Occupancy
EQ15 Post Occupancy Comfort Survey

3) Sustainable Site & Management
Site Planning
SM1 Site Selection
SM2 Brownfield Redevelopment
SM3 Development Density & Community Connectivity
SM4 Environment Management
Construction Management
SM5 Earthworks, Pollution Control
SM6 QLASSIC Construction
SM7 Workers’ Site Amenities
Transportation
SM8 Public Transport Accessibility
SM9 Green Vehicles Priority
SM10 Parking Capacity
Design
SM11 Storm water Control
SM12 Greenery & Roof
SM13 Building User Manual

Sustainable Development

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