What is Blood Test? Why we need a Blood Test? Different Types of Blood Test

1. Dr. Mussarat
BLOOD TEST

2. Blood test
• Laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample
that is taken from vein
• To check glucose level, hemoglobin level, white blood
cells etc.

3. Methods of blood Tests
• Mainly two methods
• Extraction through
injection for large amount
of blood
• Finger prick for small
amount of blood

4. Different types of blood test
1. Troponin
2. Blood glucose
3. Full blood count
4. Cholesterol
5. Liver blood test
6. Group & save test
7. Urea & electrolyte test
8. Brain Natriuretic Peptide
9. Blood gas test
10. International Normalised Ratio
11. Blood group determination test

5. Troponin
• If you have chest pain, a blood
test will often be taken to check
your level of troponin,
• troponin, a protein which the
heart releases into your
bloodstream when the heart
muscle is being damaged.
• It can help to diagnose a heart
attack, but a low level doesn’t
prove you haven’t had a heart
attack.

6. Troponin
• Women tend to produce less troponin than
men, so a heart attack diagnosis may be
missed. The BHF has funded research
looking at ways of measuring the same
protein but at much lower levels, known as
high-sensitivity testing. Troponin is always
tested in a hospital setting. The results are
usually available quickly which allows
prompt diagnosis and treatment.

7. Troponin
• Troponin test is also known as T-test
• Troponin T test
• Troponin L test
• Normal range: below 0.04 ng/ml
• Probable heart attack: above 0.40 ng/ml
• Having a result between 0.04 and 0.39 ng/ml
often indicates a problem with the heart.

8. Blood glucose
Also known as HbA1c
This checks your blood glucose level.
 It helps give an accurate diagnosis of diabetes and guide your
doctor to the best treatment for you.
 If the levels are slightly higher than normal but
don’t meet the criteria for diabetes, your doctor
might say you have pre-diabetes or ‘borderline’
diabetes. This means you are still at risk

9. Blood glucose
Normal fasting 70-100mg/dl
 random 125mg/dl
Pre-diabetic fasting 100-125 mg/dl
 random 140-199 mg/dl
 Diabetic fasting 126mg/dl
 random 200mg/dl

10. Cholesterol Test
• Know as lipid profile test
• Amount of cholesterol or
fat or lipid protein can be
calculated
• Two types
• Good cholesterol
• Bad cholesterol

11. Good cholesterol
• Known as low density lipoprotein
• Also known as LDL
• Main source of blockage arteries
• Less than 100mg/dl optimal
• 100-129mg/dl near optimal
• 130-159mg/dl borderline
• 160-189mg/dl high
• 190mg/dl or above very high

12. Bad cholesterol
• Known as high density lipoprotein
• Also known as HDL
• Helps to get rid of bad cholesterol
• 60mg/dl and high considered protective
against heart disease
• 40-59mg/dl high, better
• Less than 40mg/dl major risk of heart attack

13. • It is also a good way to see if your
medication is being effective in reducing
your bad cholesterol levels, and in
particular to see if your dose needs to be
increased. Many people only need this
checking once a year, but your doctor
may want to keep a closer eye on it if it
remains high despite treatment, or refer
you to a doctor who specialises in lipid
management.

14. Liver blood tests
• To diagnose liver disease
• Also known as liver function test
• LBT
• LFT
• Done to make sure that liver is working properly

15. Liver blood tests
• The test looks at several different
enzymes and proteins, which are
known to be higher or lower if
the liver is damaged. An
abnormal test result doesn’t
necessarily mean that your liver
isn’t working properly.

16. Full blood count
• To check different
components of blood like
RBC, WBC, hemoglobin
etc.
• Also known as total blood
count
• FBC
• TBC

17. Full blood count
• RBC 4.32-5.72 million cells/ml men
• RBC 3.90-5.03 million cells/ml women
• Platelets 150,000-450,000/mcl
• WBC 3500-10,500/mcl
• Hemoglobin 13.5-17.5g/ml men
• Hemoglobin 12.0-15.5.5g/ml women

18. Full blood count
• Detect iron deficiency
• Infection
• Heart condition
• Cancer
• Anemia

19. Group and save test
• Also known as group and screen test
• This is done if you might need a blood transfusion later, for example
if you are having surgery or have severe anemia.
• It finds out your blood group and checks for antibodies that can
affect a transfusion. It is done in the hospital at your pre-
assessment clinic, or if you are admitted as an emergency, after an
accident for example. It needs be done less than 72 hours before
the potential transfusion, so will be repeated if necessary.

20. Urea and electrolytes
• These are important biological tests
• Electrolytes Maintain the pH of blood
• Sodium 135-145mmol/L
• Potassium 5.1-6.0mmol/L
• Magnesium
• Ammonia 15-50mmol/L
• Urea 15-40mg/dl
• Blood urea nitrogen 2.5-6.4mmol/L

21. Urea and electrolytes
• If the levels are too high or too low, this can cause
abnormal heart rhythms, so it is important to adjust
them if the levels aren’t right.
• The body makes a protein called urea which is normally
broken down in the kidneys. If there is a higher level in
the blood than normal, this could indicate problems
with kidney function, which can affect your heart too.

22. • Some heart medications, such as ACE
inhibitors, can affect your kidneys, so this
test will help your doctor decide if it is
safe or appropriate to increase your dose,
depending on your condition and the
results of the test.

23. Brain Natriuretic Peptide
• This can diagnose or show the
severity of heart failure.
• If you are showing symptoms of heart
failure, such as swollen ankles or
feeling short of breath, having this
blood test
• Peptide is a hormone that is released
in response to volume expansion and
increase wall stress of the cardiac
myocytes.

24. BNP Continued……
• BNP level is high when heart can not
pump the way it should.
• Above 100pg/ml is abnormal and
dangerous

25. Blood gas test
• Blood is sometimes taken from an artery
in the wrist to check for levels of oxygen
and carbon dioxide, and its chemical
balance. This would only be done in places
like A&E and intensive care units. The test
is used if you have trouble breathing or
have lung problems.
• Also known as arterial blood gas
• ABG

26. Blood gas test
• Determine the pH of blood
• pH 7.35-7.45
• Pressure of carbon dioxide 33-45 mmHg
• Pressure of oxygen 80-100 mmHg
• Oxygen saturation 95%
• Bicarbonates 22-26mEq/L
• Check lung disease

27. International Normalised Ratio
• If you take warfarin (a blood-thinning
medicine), it is very important that your
blood clotting levels are kept within a level
requested by your specialist.
• Measure how long to clot blood after injury
• Normal 1.1 or below
• 2.0-3.0 effective if taking blood thinning
medicine like warfarin
• 4.9 critical

28. Why Should I Know About Blood Conditions?
• When something is wrong with your blood, it can affect
your total health.
• That is why it is important for you to know about some
of the common blood disorders that may affect you.
• People may be affected by many different types of
blood conditions and blood cancers.
• Common blood disorders include anemia, bleeding
disorders such as hemophilia, blood clots, and blood
cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma.

29. Other Blood Tests
• Calcium blood test
• Calcium is important because it gives strength to
your bones. Your muscles, nerves and heart need
calcium to work properly, while calcium also helps
your blood to clot.
• 8.6-10.2mg/dl
• Vary lab to lab

30. Vitamin D test
• Vitamin D is important for strong and
healthy bones, and can help prevent a
number of diseases. Vitamin D levels in
your body can be checked with a blood
test.
• 20-50ng/mL
• Less than 12ng/mL indicate deficiency

31. Vitamin B12 test
• You need vitamin B12 in your blood so you can make
blood cells and have your nerves function well.
Vitamin B12 is also known as cobalamin.
• 200-900pg/mL
• 200-300pg/mL is boarderline

32. Iron studies
• Iron studies are blood tests that look at
how much iron is in your blood and in
other cells. Having either too little or too
much iron can cause serious problems.
• 60-170mcg/dL
• Low conc. cause anemia
• High conc. Cause iron overload disease

33. Kidney function tests
• Your kidneys are important because they filter waste
from your body and regulate the salts in your blood.
There are many reasons your kidneys may not work
effectively. Kidney function tests can help your doctor
check your kidney function and to monitor it over time.
• Creatinine range 0.6–1.1 mg/dL in women and 0.7–1.3
mg/dL in men.
• Urea, ureic acid, phosphate can also b checked

34. REFERENCES
1. https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-tests#important-blood-tests
2. Laboratory Manual and Review on Clinical Pathology, Dr. Jelalu Kemal,
3. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/blood-tests-a-z