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CONCERNING MERCIFUL GOD. ALLAH
• Allah addresses not only the believers, but all of
mankind in this ayah …
• Allah conveys this ayah with infinite love …
Indeed, Allah’s love is infinite.
• What is it that beguiles one away from Allah,
the Almighty?
• How can one ever leave the One, the Eternal,
• He who created you and all of mankind, the
One to whom all belongs?
• How can one recede from His infinite Mercy and
Kindness? Allahu Akbar."
1- IGNORANCE LEADING TO FALSE BELIEFS AND
SELF MADE IDEOLOGIES
2- DECEPTION ABOUT ALLAH’S MERCY AND GRACE
3- THINKING WE ARE SPECIAL PEOPLE OF ALLAH
4- DECEPTIVE BELIEF THAT RELATION WITH SPECIAL
PEOPLE WILL BRING OUR SALVATION
5- FALSE BELIEF THAT SINCE WE ARE RICH AND
POWERFUL IN THIS WORLD WE WILL REMAIN THE
SAME IN THE HEREAFTER.
6- DECEIVED BY DELAY IN CHASTISEMENT FOR SINS
LEADING TO DELAY IN TAUBAH AND MORE SINS
7-HEART BECOMING NEGLIGENT ABOUT ALLAH
And they say:
"What is there but our life in this
world? We shall die and we live and
nothing but Time can destroy us."
But of that they have no knowledge:
they merely conjecture. (Al-Jathiyah,
• Secular and Religious Humanists both share the same
worldview and the same basic principles
• It is only in the definition of religion and in the
practice of the philosophy that Religious and Secular
Humanists effectively disagree
• In general, secular humanists consider all religion to
be superstitious thought that has held back the
progress of humanity.
• The Secular Humanist tradition is a tradition of
defiance, a tradition that dates back to ancient
Greece.
Who is more unjust than one who invents a lie against
Allah or rejects his signs? For such their portion
appointed must reach them from the Book (of decrees);
until when Our messengers (of death) arrive and take
their souls they say: "where are the things that ye used to
invoke besides Allah?" They will reply "they have left us
in the lurch" and they will bear witness against
themselves that they had rejected Allah. (Araaf, 7:37)
“ Besides Him (ALLAH), you worship nothing but
names which you have named, you and your
fathers for which Allah has sent you no authority:
the Command is for none but Allah: He has
commanded that you worship none but Him: that
is the right religion but Most men understand not..
(Yusuf,12:40)
• It means flat rejection of the concept
of one God Almighty Allah (SWT) like
Quraysh of Makkah
1-Kufr Inkar
• Truth about one God, Allah (SWT) is
known in the heart but rejected by
the tongue like Shaitan
2-Kufr Al Juhood
3-Kufr Al-Inaad
4- Kufr An-Nifaq
• Express belief by the tongue but give self made
explanations to the beliefs contrary to the
consensus or majority of Ummah like Khawarij or
Qadiyaniah.
5-Kufr Al Ilhad or
Zindaqah
• Heart is convinced about one God, Allah (SWT)
but not willing to renounce previous belief due
to tribal or national pride like Abu Talib or
Heraclius.
• Do not believe in the heart about one God, Allah
(SWT) but express belief through tongue like the
hypocrites of Medina.
(Both) the Jews and the Christians say: "We are sons of Allah
and His beloved." Say: "Why then He punish you for your
sins? Nay you are but men from the men He has created: He
forgives whom He pleases and He punishes whom He
pleases: and to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens
and the earth and all that is between: and unto Him is the
final return (of all) (Al-Maidah, 5:18)
Is it not to Allah that sincere devotion is due? But
those who take for protectors other than Allah
(say): "We only serve them in order that they may
bring us nearer to Allah." Truly Allah will judge
between them in that wherein they differ. But
Allah guides not such as are false and ungrateful
(Zumar,39:3)
They take their priests and their anchorites to be their lords
in derogation of Allah and (they take as their Lord) Christ
the son of Mary; Yet they were commanded to worship but
one Allah: there is no god but He. Praise and glory to him:
(far is He) from having the parents they associate (with
him). (Taubah,9:31)
• When We give him a taste of some mercy from
Ourselves after some adversity has touched
him he is sure to say "This is due to my (merit):
I think not that the Hour (of Judgment) will
(ever) be established; but if I am brought back
to my Lord I have (much) good (stored) in His
sight!“ (HaMim,41:50)
Let not the Unbelievers think that our respite
to them is good for themselves: We grant
them respite that they may grow in their
iniquity: but they will have a shameful
punishment. (Ale-Imran, 3:178)
• And surely, We have created many of the jinns and
humankind for Hell. They have hearts wherewith they
understand not, they have eyes wherewith they see
not, and they have ears wherewith they hear not (the
truth). They are like cattle, nay even more astray;
those! They are the heedless ones. [7:179]
1-DUNYA
• This life
• People
• Wealth
• Material
possessions
• Entertainments
2-NAFS
• Obvious sins
• Hidden sins
• Innovations
3-SHAITAN
• Hindering from
Allah’s path
• Confusion
• Beautifying sins
O ye who believe! let not your riches or your children divert you
from the remembrance of Allah. If any act thus the loss is their
own.
And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We
have bestowed on you before death should come to any of you
and he should say "O my Lord! why didst thou not give me respite
for a little while? I should then have given (largely) in charity and I
should have been one of the doers of good. (Munafiqoon,63;9,10)
Fair in the eyes of men is the love of things they covet: women and sons;
heaped-up hoards of gold and silver; horses branded (for blood and excellence);
and (wealth of) cattle and well-tilled land. Such are the possessions of this
world's life; but in nearness to Allah is the best of the goals (to return to).
Say: shall I give you glad tidings of things far better than those? For the
righteous are gardens in nearness to their Lord with rivers flowing beneath;
therein is their eternal home; with companions pure (and holy) and the good
pleasure of Allah. For in Allah's sight are (all) His servants. (Namely) those who
say: "Our Lord! we have indeed believed: forgive us then our sins and save us
from the agony of the fire.“ (ALE IMRAN, 3:14-16)
Know ye (all) that the life of this world is but play and amusement pomp
and mutual boasting and multiplying (in rivalry) among yourselves riches
and children: Here is a similitude: How rain and the growth which it
brings forth delight (the hearts of) the tillers; soon it withers; you wili see
it grow yellow; then it becomes dry and crumbles away. But in the
Hereafter is a Penalty severe (for the devotees of wrong) and Forgiveness
from Allah and (His) Good Pleasure (for the devotees of Allah). And what
is the life of this world but goods and chattels of deception?
AL HADID, 57:20)
Nafs and its
inclinations
Demands of
Nafs
Ammara
Commands of
Allah and His
Prophet
1
APPARENT
SINS
3
INNOVATION
IN RELIGION
2
HIDDEN SINS
SINS
APPARENT
MAJOR MINOR
HIDDEN
• Expressly forbidden in the
Qur'an or by the Prophet
Muhammad (SAW)
• There is a hadd or punishment
for it under Islamic law.
1-MAJOR
SINS
2-MINOR
SINS
• Acts which are displeasing to
Allah
• For which no specific
punishment or severe warning
has been issued.
In a Hadith, Prophet (S) said-Avoid the seven noxious
things"-
“1-Associating anything with Allah;
2- Magic or sorcery
3-Killing one whom Allah has forbidden without a just
cause
4-Consuming the property of an orphan,
5-Devouring usury or interest
6-Turning back when the army advances, and
7-Slandering chaste women who are believers but
indiscreet."
'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas said: "Seventy is closer to their
number than seven," and indeed that is correct.
:
4 of the heart:
• 1. idolatry (shirk),
• 2-Persistent transgression
(israr),
• 3-Loosing hope in the Mercy of
Allah (qunut),
• 4- To feel secure from the
Divine Cunning (amn min makr
Allah),
4 of the tongue;
• 5-bearing false witness
(shahadah al-zur),
• 6-defaming a woman of good
standing (qadhf al muhsan),
• 7-oaths that undermine justice
(al-yamin al ghamus),
• 8-sorcery and black magic (sihr),
this includes all the actions and
words used to change the
perceptions, bewitch, beguile
and harm other human beings.
Three of the stomach
• 9-Drinking of wine and all
kinds of intoxicants,
• 10-Unjustly eating the
wealth of orphans,
• 11-Consuming riba,
• 12-fornication (zina),
• 13- Anal sex (liwat),
Two of the private parts;
14- Murder
15- Stealing
16-running away from the
battlefield when
confronted by the enemy
17-Disrespect for one’s
parents.
Two sins of the hand;
• The Prophet Mohammad (SAW) said:
• "Righteousness is good character, and sin is that
which wavers in your heart and which you do not
want people to know about." (Muslim)
• Minor sins are not, however, to be taken lightly
• “You counted it a little thing, while with Allah it was
very great.” (Qur'an 24:15)
• “Nay, their hearts have been sealed by the sins they
have accumulated.” (Qur'an 83:14).
These are more dangerous than the first kind
because:
• A person who commits visible or apparent sins
does consider himself a wrong -doer. This feeling
may lead him to quit and correct himself.
• People condemn him seeing the obvious sins.
The fear for his honor or the fear of
condemnation by others may prevent a person
from committing sins
• It is very difficult to give them up
Some examples:
• Excess love for wealth,
• Excess lust for power,
• Arrogance,
• Haughtiness,
• Jealousy,
• Hypocrisy
• Innovations are forms of worship which have not
been prescribed by Allah Ta`ala and His Prophet
(SAW)
• Considering these rites as part of religion is actually a
rebellion against Allah Ta`ala and His Prophet (SAW)
• Nafs says, you should include some of my orders in
the religion as these are superior to those of Allah
(SWT)
• This third kind is to present sins in the guise of
worship.
• This is the most dangerous one of all because it
actually means setting up your own government
parallel to the sovereignty of Allah Ta`ala.
Yet there are men who take (for worship) others besides
Allah as equal (with Allah); they love them as they should
love Allah. But those of faith are overflowing in their
love for Allah. If only the unrighteous could see behold
they would see the penalty that to Allah belongs all
power and Allah will strongly enforce the penalty.
Al-Baqarah, 2:165
If anyone withdraws himself from remembrance of
(Allah) Most Gracious We appoint for him an evil
one to be an intimate companion to him.
Such (evil ones) really hinder them from the Path
but they think that they are being guided aright!
(43:36-37)
a) Hindering from the
path of Allah,
b) Confusing the person
into believing that he is
upon the truth.
O ye children of Adam! Let not Satan seduce you in the
same manner as he got your parents out of the garden
stripping them of their dress to expose their shame: for he
and his tribe watch you from a position where you cannot
see them: We made the shaitans friends (only) to those
without faith. Araaf,7:27
O ye people! eat of what is on earth lawful and
good; and do not follow the footsteps of the
Shaitan for he is to you an avowed enemy.
For he commands you what is evil and
shameful and that you should say of Allah
that of which you have no knowledge.
Baqarah:168-169
The Shaitan threatens you with poverty and bids you to
conduct unseemly. Allah promises you His forgiveness and
bounties and Allah cares for all and He knows all things.
(Baqarah, 2:268)
Say to My servants that they should (only) say those things
that are best: for Satan doth sow dissensions among them:
for Satan is to man an avowed enemy.
Isra, 17:53
O ye who believe! intoxicants and gambling (dedication of)
stones and (divination by) arrows are an abomination of
Satan's handiwork: eschew such (abomination) that ye may
prosper.
Satan's plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between
you with intoxicants and gambling and hinder you from the
remembrance of Allah and from prayer: will ye not then
abstain? (AL-MAIDAH, 5:90-91)
O men! certainly the promise of Allah is true. Let not
then this present life deceive you nor let the Chief
Deceiver deceive you about Allah.
Verily Satan is an enemy to you: so treat him as an
enemy. He only invites his adherents that they may
become Companions of the Blazing Fire.
(FATIR,35:5-6)
Relate to them the story of the man to whom We sent our signs but
he passed them by: so satan followed him up and he went astray.
If it had been Our will We should have elevated him with our signs;
but he inclined to the earth and followed his own vain desires. His
similitude is that of a dog: if you attack him he lolls out his tongue or
if you leave him alone he (still) lolls out his tongue. That is the
similitude of those who reject our signs; so relate the story; perchance
they may reflect. (Araaf, 7:175-176)
ALLAH'S INFINITE MERCY AND WAYS IT IS FORGOTTEN
ALLAH'S INFINITE MERCY AND WAYS IT IS FORGOTTEN
ALLAH'S INFINITE MERCY AND WAYS IT IS FORGOTTEN
ALLAH'S INFINITE MERCY AND WAYS IT IS FORGOTTEN

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ALLAH'S INFINITE MERCY AND WAYS IT IS FORGOTTEN

  • 2.
  • 3. • Allah addresses not only the believers, but all of mankind in this ayah … • Allah conveys this ayah with infinite love … Indeed, Allah’s love is infinite. • What is it that beguiles one away from Allah, the Almighty? • How can one ever leave the One, the Eternal, • He who created you and all of mankind, the One to whom all belongs? • How can one recede from His infinite Mercy and Kindness? Allahu Akbar."
  • 4. 1- IGNORANCE LEADING TO FALSE BELIEFS AND SELF MADE IDEOLOGIES 2- DECEPTION ABOUT ALLAH’S MERCY AND GRACE 3- THINKING WE ARE SPECIAL PEOPLE OF ALLAH 4- DECEPTIVE BELIEF THAT RELATION WITH SPECIAL PEOPLE WILL BRING OUR SALVATION 5- FALSE BELIEF THAT SINCE WE ARE RICH AND POWERFUL IN THIS WORLD WE WILL REMAIN THE SAME IN THE HEREAFTER. 6- DECEIVED BY DELAY IN CHASTISEMENT FOR SINS LEADING TO DELAY IN TAUBAH AND MORE SINS 7-HEART BECOMING NEGLIGENT ABOUT ALLAH
  • 5. And they say: "What is there but our life in this world? We shall die and we live and nothing but Time can destroy us." But of that they have no knowledge: they merely conjecture. (Al-Jathiyah,
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. • Secular and Religious Humanists both share the same worldview and the same basic principles • It is only in the definition of religion and in the practice of the philosophy that Religious and Secular Humanists effectively disagree • In general, secular humanists consider all religion to be superstitious thought that has held back the progress of humanity. • The Secular Humanist tradition is a tradition of defiance, a tradition that dates back to ancient Greece.
  • 9. Who is more unjust than one who invents a lie against Allah or rejects his signs? For such their portion appointed must reach them from the Book (of decrees); until when Our messengers (of death) arrive and take their souls they say: "where are the things that ye used to invoke besides Allah?" They will reply "they have left us in the lurch" and they will bear witness against themselves that they had rejected Allah. (Araaf, 7:37)
  • 10. “ Besides Him (ALLAH), you worship nothing but names which you have named, you and your fathers for which Allah has sent you no authority: the Command is for none but Allah: He has commanded that you worship none but Him: that is the right religion but Most men understand not.. (Yusuf,12:40)
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. • It means flat rejection of the concept of one God Almighty Allah (SWT) like Quraysh of Makkah 1-Kufr Inkar • Truth about one God, Allah (SWT) is known in the heart but rejected by the tongue like Shaitan 2-Kufr Al Juhood 3-Kufr Al-Inaad 4- Kufr An-Nifaq • Express belief by the tongue but give self made explanations to the beliefs contrary to the consensus or majority of Ummah like Khawarij or Qadiyaniah. 5-Kufr Al Ilhad or Zindaqah • Heart is convinced about one God, Allah (SWT) but not willing to renounce previous belief due to tribal or national pride like Abu Talib or Heraclius. • Do not believe in the heart about one God, Allah (SWT) but express belief through tongue like the hypocrites of Medina.
  • 14.
  • 15. (Both) the Jews and the Christians say: "We are sons of Allah and His beloved." Say: "Why then He punish you for your sins? Nay you are but men from the men He has created: He forgives whom He pleases and He punishes whom He pleases: and to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth and all that is between: and unto Him is the final return (of all) (Al-Maidah, 5:18)
  • 16. Is it not to Allah that sincere devotion is due? But those who take for protectors other than Allah (say): "We only serve them in order that they may bring us nearer to Allah." Truly Allah will judge between them in that wherein they differ. But Allah guides not such as are false and ungrateful (Zumar,39:3)
  • 17. They take their priests and their anchorites to be their lords in derogation of Allah and (they take as their Lord) Christ the son of Mary; Yet they were commanded to worship but one Allah: there is no god but He. Praise and glory to him: (far is He) from having the parents they associate (with him). (Taubah,9:31)
  • 18. • When We give him a taste of some mercy from Ourselves after some adversity has touched him he is sure to say "This is due to my (merit): I think not that the Hour (of Judgment) will (ever) be established; but if I am brought back to my Lord I have (much) good (stored) in His sight!“ (HaMim,41:50)
  • 19. Let not the Unbelievers think that our respite to them is good for themselves: We grant them respite that they may grow in their iniquity: but they will have a shameful punishment. (Ale-Imran, 3:178)
  • 20. • And surely, We have created many of the jinns and humankind for Hell. They have hearts wherewith they understand not, they have eyes wherewith they see not, and they have ears wherewith they hear not (the truth). They are like cattle, nay even more astray; those! They are the heedless ones. [7:179]
  • 21. 1-DUNYA • This life • People • Wealth • Material possessions • Entertainments 2-NAFS • Obvious sins • Hidden sins • Innovations 3-SHAITAN • Hindering from Allah’s path • Confusion • Beautifying sins
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. O ye who believe! let not your riches or your children divert you from the remembrance of Allah. If any act thus the loss is their own. And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you before death should come to any of you and he should say "O my Lord! why didst thou not give me respite for a little while? I should then have given (largely) in charity and I should have been one of the doers of good. (Munafiqoon,63;9,10)
  • 25. Fair in the eyes of men is the love of things they covet: women and sons; heaped-up hoards of gold and silver; horses branded (for blood and excellence); and (wealth of) cattle and well-tilled land. Such are the possessions of this world's life; but in nearness to Allah is the best of the goals (to return to). Say: shall I give you glad tidings of things far better than those? For the righteous are gardens in nearness to their Lord with rivers flowing beneath; therein is their eternal home; with companions pure (and holy) and the good pleasure of Allah. For in Allah's sight are (all) His servants. (Namely) those who say: "Our Lord! we have indeed believed: forgive us then our sins and save us from the agony of the fire.“ (ALE IMRAN, 3:14-16)
  • 26. Know ye (all) that the life of this world is but play and amusement pomp and mutual boasting and multiplying (in rivalry) among yourselves riches and children: Here is a similitude: How rain and the growth which it brings forth delight (the hearts of) the tillers; soon it withers; you wili see it grow yellow; then it becomes dry and crumbles away. But in the Hereafter is a Penalty severe (for the devotees of wrong) and Forgiveness from Allah and (His) Good Pleasure (for the devotees of Allah). And what is the life of this world but goods and chattels of deception? AL HADID, 57:20)
  • 27. Nafs and its inclinations Demands of Nafs Ammara Commands of Allah and His Prophet
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 36.
  • 38. • Expressly forbidden in the Qur'an or by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) • There is a hadd or punishment for it under Islamic law. 1-MAJOR SINS 2-MINOR SINS • Acts which are displeasing to Allah • For which no specific punishment or severe warning has been issued.
  • 39. In a Hadith, Prophet (S) said-Avoid the seven noxious things"- “1-Associating anything with Allah; 2- Magic or sorcery 3-Killing one whom Allah has forbidden without a just cause 4-Consuming the property of an orphan, 5-Devouring usury or interest 6-Turning back when the army advances, and 7-Slandering chaste women who are believers but indiscreet." 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas said: "Seventy is closer to their number than seven," and indeed that is correct.
  • 40. : 4 of the heart: • 1. idolatry (shirk), • 2-Persistent transgression (israr), • 3-Loosing hope in the Mercy of Allah (qunut), • 4- To feel secure from the Divine Cunning (amn min makr Allah), 4 of the tongue; • 5-bearing false witness (shahadah al-zur), • 6-defaming a woman of good standing (qadhf al muhsan), • 7-oaths that undermine justice (al-yamin al ghamus), • 8-sorcery and black magic (sihr), this includes all the actions and words used to change the perceptions, bewitch, beguile and harm other human beings.
  • 41. Three of the stomach • 9-Drinking of wine and all kinds of intoxicants, • 10-Unjustly eating the wealth of orphans, • 11-Consuming riba, • 12-fornication (zina), • 13- Anal sex (liwat), Two of the private parts; 14- Murder 15- Stealing 16-running away from the battlefield when confronted by the enemy 17-Disrespect for one’s parents. Two sins of the hand;
  • 42. • The Prophet Mohammad (SAW) said: • "Righteousness is good character, and sin is that which wavers in your heart and which you do not want people to know about." (Muslim) • Minor sins are not, however, to be taken lightly • “You counted it a little thing, while with Allah it was very great.” (Qur'an 24:15) • “Nay, their hearts have been sealed by the sins they have accumulated.” (Qur'an 83:14).
  • 43.
  • 44. These are more dangerous than the first kind because: • A person who commits visible or apparent sins does consider himself a wrong -doer. This feeling may lead him to quit and correct himself. • People condemn him seeing the obvious sins. The fear for his honor or the fear of condemnation by others may prevent a person from committing sins • It is very difficult to give them up
  • 45. Some examples: • Excess love for wealth, • Excess lust for power, • Arrogance, • Haughtiness, • Jealousy, • Hypocrisy
  • 46.
  • 47. • Innovations are forms of worship which have not been prescribed by Allah Ta`ala and His Prophet (SAW) • Considering these rites as part of religion is actually a rebellion against Allah Ta`ala and His Prophet (SAW) • Nafs says, you should include some of my orders in the religion as these are superior to those of Allah (SWT) • This third kind is to present sins in the guise of worship. • This is the most dangerous one of all because it actually means setting up your own government parallel to the sovereignty of Allah Ta`ala.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50. Yet there are men who take (for worship) others besides Allah as equal (with Allah); they love them as they should love Allah. But those of faith are overflowing in their love for Allah. If only the unrighteous could see behold they would see the penalty that to Allah belongs all power and Allah will strongly enforce the penalty. Al-Baqarah, 2:165
  • 51. If anyone withdraws himself from remembrance of (Allah) Most Gracious We appoint for him an evil one to be an intimate companion to him. Such (evil ones) really hinder them from the Path but they think that they are being guided aright! (43:36-37)
  • 52. a) Hindering from the path of Allah, b) Confusing the person into believing that he is upon the truth.
  • 53. O ye children of Adam! Let not Satan seduce you in the same manner as he got your parents out of the garden stripping them of their dress to expose their shame: for he and his tribe watch you from a position where you cannot see them: We made the shaitans friends (only) to those without faith. Araaf,7:27
  • 54.
  • 55. O ye people! eat of what is on earth lawful and good; and do not follow the footsteps of the Shaitan for he is to you an avowed enemy. For he commands you what is evil and shameful and that you should say of Allah that of which you have no knowledge. Baqarah:168-169
  • 56. The Shaitan threatens you with poverty and bids you to conduct unseemly. Allah promises you His forgiveness and bounties and Allah cares for all and He knows all things. (Baqarah, 2:268) Say to My servants that they should (only) say those things that are best: for Satan doth sow dissensions among them: for Satan is to man an avowed enemy. Isra, 17:53
  • 57. O ye who believe! intoxicants and gambling (dedication of) stones and (divination by) arrows are an abomination of Satan's handiwork: eschew such (abomination) that ye may prosper. Satan's plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you with intoxicants and gambling and hinder you from the remembrance of Allah and from prayer: will ye not then abstain? (AL-MAIDAH, 5:90-91)
  • 58. O men! certainly the promise of Allah is true. Let not then this present life deceive you nor let the Chief Deceiver deceive you about Allah. Verily Satan is an enemy to you: so treat him as an enemy. He only invites his adherents that they may become Companions of the Blazing Fire. (FATIR,35:5-6)
  • 59. Relate to them the story of the man to whom We sent our signs but he passed them by: so satan followed him up and he went astray. If it had been Our will We should have elevated him with our signs; but he inclined to the earth and followed his own vain desires. His similitude is that of a dog: if you attack him he lolls out his tongue or if you leave him alone he (still) lolls out his tongue. That is the similitude of those who reject our signs; so relate the story; perchance they may reflect. (Araaf, 7:175-176)