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DENTAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ,[object Object],Reviewed by:,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object], Identify the major structures of the dental anatomy,[object Object], Discuss the primary characteristics of enamel, dentin, cementum, and     dental pulp,[object Object], Describe the biologic functions that take place within the oral cavity ,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Definition (teeth): There are two definitions,[object Object],Primary (deciduous),[object Object],Secondary (permanent),[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Elements,[object Object],A tooth is made up of three elements:,[object Object],Water,[object Object],Organic materials,[object Object],Inorganic materials,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions,[object Object],Primary (deciduous),[object Object],Consist of 20 teeth,[object Object],Begin to form during the first trimester of pregnancy,[object Object],Typically begin erupting around 6 months,[object Object],Most children have a complete primary dentition by 3 years of age,[object Object],1. Oral Health for Children: Patient Education Insert. Compend Cont Educ Dent.,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions,[object Object],Secondary (permanent),[object Object],Consist of 32 teeth in most cases,[object Object],Begin to erupt around 6 years of age,[object Object],Most permanent teeth have erupted by age 12,[object Object],Third molars (wisdom teeth) are the exception; often do not appear until late teens or early 20s,[object Object],Incisors,[object Object],Canine (Cuspid),[object Object],Premolars,[object Object],Molars,[object Object],Maxilla,[object Object],Mandible,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Identifying Teeth,[object Object],Classification of Teeth:,[object Object],Incisors (central and lateral),[object Object],Canines (cuspids),[object Object],Premolars (bicuspids),[object Object],Molars ,[object Object],  Incisor    Canine    Premolar    Molar,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Identifying Teeth2,[object Object],Incisors function as cutting or shearing instruments for food. ,[object Object],Canines possess the longest roots of all teeth and are located at the corners of the dental arch. ,[object Object],Premolars act like the canines in the tearing of food and are similar to molars in the grinding of food.,[object Object],Molars are located nearest the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which serves as the fulcrum during function. ,[object Object],  Incisor    Canine    Premolar    Molar,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Teeth: Identification,[object Object],Tooth Surfaces ,[object Object],Apical,[object Object],Apical,[object Object],Apical,[object Object],Labial,[object Object],Lingual,[object Object],Distal,[object Object],Mesial,[object Object],Incisal,[object Object],Mesial,[object Object],Distal,[object Object],Labial,[object Object],   Incisal,[object Object],Lingual,[object Object],Incisal,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Apical: Pertaining to the apex or root of the tooth,[object Object],Labial: Pertaining to the lip; describes the front surface of anterior teeth,[object Object],Lingual: Pertaining to the tongue; describes the back (interior) surface of all teeth,[object Object],Distal: The surface of the tooth that is away from the median line,[object Object],Mesial: The surface of the tooth that is toward the median line,[object Object],Apical,[object Object],Apical,[object Object],Mesial,[object Object],Distal,[object Object],Labial,[object Object],Lingual,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Enamel,[object Object],Dentin,[object Object],Gingiva,[object Object],Odontoblast Layer,[object Object],Periodontal Ligament,[object Object],Cementum,[object Object],Pulp Canals,[object Object],The Dental Tissues:,[object Object],Enamel (hard tissue),[object Object],Dentin (hard tissue),[object Object],Odontoblast Layer,[object Object],Pulp Chamber ,[object Object],(soft tissue),[object Object],Gingiva (soft tissue),[object Object],Periodontal Ligament (soft tissue),[object Object],Cementum (hard tissue),[object Object],Alveolar Bone (hard tissue),[object Object],Pulp Canals,[object Object],Apical Foramen,[object Object],PulpChamber,[object Object],Alveolar Bone,[object Object],Apical Foramen,[object Object]
The 3 parts of a tooth:,[object Object],Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Anatomic Crown,[object Object],Anatomic Root,[object Object],Pulp Chamber,[object Object],Anatomic Crown,[object Object],PulpChamber,[object Object],Anatomic Root,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Anatomic Crown,[object Object],The anatomic crown is the portion of the tooth covered by enamel.,[object Object],The anatomic root is the lower two thirds of a tooth.,[object Object],The pulp chamber houses the dental pulp, an organ of myelinated and unmyelinated nerves, arteries, veins, lymph channels, connective tissue cells, and various other cells. ,[object Object],PulpChamber,[object Object],Anatomic Root,[object Object]
Enamel,[object Object],Dentin,[object Object],Cementum,[object Object],Dental Pulp,[object Object],The 4 main dental tissues:,[object Object],Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Enamel,[object Object],Dentin,[object Object],Cementum,[object Object],Dental Pulp,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissues—Enamel2,[object Object],Structure,[object Object],Highly calcified and hardest tissue in the body,[object Object],Crystalline in nature,[object Object],Enamel rods,[object Object],Insensitive—no nerves,[object Object],Acid-soluble—will dematerialize at a pH of 5.5 and lower ,[object Object],Cannot be renewed,[object Object],Darkens with age as enamel is lost,[object Object],Fluoride and saliva can help with remineralization,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissues—Enamel2,[object Object],  Enamel can be lost by:3,4,[object Object],  Physical mechanism,[object Object],[object Object]
 Attrition (tooth-to-tooth contact)  Abfraction (lesions),[object Object], Chemical dissolution ,[object Object], Erosion by extrinsic acids (from diet),[object Object], Erosion by intrinsic acids (from the oral cavity/digestive tract),[object Object],  Multifactorial etiology,[object Object],Combination of physical and chemical  factors,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissues—Dentin2,[object Object],Softer than enamel,[object Object],Susceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical),[object Object],Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitive,[object Object],Is produced throughout life,[object Object],Three classifications ,[object Object],Primary,[object Object],Secondary,[object Object],Tertiary,[object Object],Will demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lower,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissues—Dentin2,[object Object],Three classifications:,[object Object],Primary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. ,[object Object],Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity.,[object Object],Tertiary dentin, or “reparative dentin” is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-rate dental caries, and some operative procedures. ,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dentin,[object Object],Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2,[object Object],Nerve Fibers,[object Object],Odontoblast Cell,[object Object],Dentinal tubules connect the dentin and the pulp (innermost part of the tooth, circumscribed by the dentin and lined with a layer of odontoblast cells),[object Object],The tubules run parallel to each other in an S-shape course,[object Object],Tubules contain fluid and nerve fibers,[object Object],External stimuli cause movement of the dentinal fluid, a hydrodynamic movement, which can result in short, sharp pain episodes,[object Object],Fluid,[object Object],Tubule,[object Object],Pulp,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2,[object Object],Presence of tubules renders dentin permeable to fluoride,[object Object],Number of tubules per unit area varies depending on the location because of the decreasing area of the dentin surfaces in the pulpal direction,[object Object]
Tubules,[object Object],Enamel,[object Object],Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Odontoblast ,[object Object],RecedingGingiva,[object Object],ExposedDentin,[object Object],Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2,[object Object],Association between erosion and dentin hypersensitivity3,[object Object],   Open/patent tubules,[object Object],	– Greater in number,[object Object],	– Larger in diameter,[object Object],   Removal of smear                 layer,[object Object],   Erosion/tooth wear,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissue—Cementum2,[object Object],Thin layer of mineralized tissue covering the dentin ,[object Object],Softer than enamel and dentin,[object Object],Anchors the tooth to the alveolar bone along with the periodontal ligament ,[object Object],Not sensitive,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissue—Dental Pulp2,[object Object],Innermost part of the tooth,[object Object],A soft tissue rich with blood vessels and nerves,[object Object],Responsible for nourishing the tooth,[object Object],The pulp in the crown of the tooth is known as the coronal pulp,[object Object],Pulp canals traverse the root of the tooth,[object Object],Typically sensitive to extreme thermal stimulation (hot or cold),[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissue—Dental Pulp2,5,[object Object],Pulpitis is inflammation or infection of the dental pulp, causing extreme sensitivity    and/or pain. ,[object Object],  Pain is derived as a result of the hydrodynamic stimuli activating mechanoreceptors in the nerve fibers of the superficial pulp (A-beta, A-delta, C-fibers).,[object Object],  Hydrodynamic stimuli include: thermal (hot and cold); tactile; evaporative; and osmotic,[object Object],  These stimuli generate inward or outward movement of the fluid in the tubules and activate the nerve fibers.,[object Object],  A-beta and A-delta fibers are responsible for sharp pain of short duration,[object Object],  C-fibers are responsible for dull, throbbing pain of long duration,[object Object],  Pulpitis may be reversible (treated with restorative procedures) or irreversible (necessitating root canal). ,[object Object],  Untreated pulpitis can lead to pulpal necrosis necessitating root canal or extraction. ,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Periodontal Tissues6,[object Object],    Alveolar bone,[object Object],    Cementum,[object Object],Periodontal Ligament,[object Object],Gingiva,[object Object],Alveolar Bone,[object Object],Periodontal Ligament,[object Object],Cementum,[object Object],Gingiva,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6,[object Object],Gingiva: The part of the oral mucosa overlying the crowns of Unerupted teeth and encircling the necks of erupted teeth, serving as support structure for subadjacent tissues. ,[object Object],Gingiva,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6,[object Object],Alveolar bone,[object Object],Alveolar Bone: Also called the “alveolar process”; the thickened ridge of bone containing the tooth sockets in the mandible and maxilla. ,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6,[object Object],Periodontal Ligament: Connects the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone of the socket. ,[object Object],Periodontal Ligament,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6,[object Object],Cementum:,[object Object], Bonelike, rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal. It also serves as an attachment structure for the periodontal ligament, thus assisting in tooth support.,[object Object],    Cementum,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Oral Cavity/Environment7,8,[object Object],Plaque,[object Object],Saliva ,[object Object],pH Values,[object Object],Demineralization,[object Object],Remineralization,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Plaque:7,8,[object Object],is a biofilm ,[object Object],contains more than 600 different identified species of bacteria ,[object Object],there is harmless and harmful plaque ,[object Object],salivary pellicle allows the bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface, which begins the formation of plaque,[object Object],Oral Cavity,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Saliva:7,8,[object Object],complex mixture of fluids,[object Object],performs protective functions:,[object Object],lubrication—aids swallowing,[object Object],mastication,[object Object],key role in remineralization of enamel and dentin,[object Object],buffering  ,[object Object],Oral Cavity,[object Object]
Dental Anatomy and Physiology,[object Object],Oral Cavity,[object Object],pH values:7,8,[object Object],[object Object]
measured on a scale of 1-14

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Dental anatomy

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  • 35. measured on a scale of 1-14
  • 36. pH of 7 indicated that the solution is neutral
  • 37. pH of the mouth is close to neutral until other factors are introduced
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Editor's Notes

  1. Softer than enamelSusceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical)Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitiveIs produced throughout lifeThree classifications PrimarySecondaryTertiaryWill demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lowerPrimary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. It is usually completed 3 years after tooth eruption (for permanent teeth). Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin. Secondary dentin forms on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity, but in the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth it tends to be thicker on the roof and floor than on the side walls.Tertiary dentin, or “reparative dentin” is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-rate dental caries, and some operative procedures. It usually appears as a localized dentin deposit on the wall of the pulp cavity immediately subadjacent to the area of the tooth that has received the injury.
  2. Softer than enamelSusceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical)Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitiveIs produced throughout lifeThree classifications PrimarySecondaryTertiaryWill demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lowerPrimary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. It is usually completed 3 years after tooth eruption (for permanent teeth). Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin. Secondary dentin forms on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity, but in the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth it tends to be thicker on the roof and floor than on the side walls.Tertiary dentin, or “reparative dentin” is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-rate dental caries, and some operative procedures. It usually appears as a localized dentin deposit on the wall of the pulp cavity immediately subadjacent to the area of the tooth that has received the injury.
  3. Softer than enamelSusceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical)Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitiveIs produced throughout lifeThree classifications PrimarySecondaryTertiaryWill demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lowerPrimary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. It is usually completed 3 years after tooth eruption (for permanent teeth). Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin. Secondary dentin forms on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity, but in the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth it tends to be thicker on the roof and floor than on the side walls.Tertiary dentin, or “reparative dentin” is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-rate dental caries, and some operative procedures. It usually appears as a localized dentin deposit on the wall of the pulp cavity immediately subadjacent to the area of the tooth that has received the injury.