5. FUNCTIONS OF THE
ANS
1. SYMPATHETIC READIES THE
BODY FOR AN EMERGENCY
2. PARASYMPATHETIC RESTORES
THE BODY TO HOMEOSTASIS
3. MOST ORGANS ARE DUALLY
INNERVATED
6. SOMATIC MOTOR AND
ANS
1. EFFECTORS
2. NUMBER OF NEURONS FROM
THE CNS TO THE EFFECTOR
12. NAMING NEURONS BY
NEUROTRANSMITTER
1. NEURONS WHICH SECRETE
ACh ARE CHOLINERGIC
2. NEURONS WHICH SECRETE
NE ARE ADRENERGIC
13. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
1. ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS,
AND POSTGANGLIONIC
PARASYMPATHETIC NEURONS
SECRETE ACh
2. 2% OF POSTGANGLIONIC
SYMPATHETIC SECRETED ACh
3. THESE NEURONS ARE TERMED
CHOLINGERIC
14. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
1. 98% OF POSTGANGLIONIC
SYMPATHETIC NEURONS
SECRETE NE
2. THESE NEURONS ARE TERMED
ADRENERGIC
25. CHOLINERGIC
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
2. GENERATION OF AN ACTION POTENTIAL
ON POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS
3. STIMULATION OF THE ADRENAL
MEDULLA AND SECRETION OF NE AND E
38. ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
RECEPTORS
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
RECEPTORS PRODUCE
DEPOLARIZATION, THEREFORE,
THEY ARE EXCITATORY
39. ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
RECEPTORS
EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. CONSTRICTS BLOOD VESSELS
2. CONSTRICTS VISCERAL ORGAN
SPHINCTERS
3. CONTRACTION OF RADIAL MUSCLE
OF THE IRIS, WHICH CAUSES
DILATION OF THE PUPIL OF THE EYE
40. ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
RECEPTORS
LOCATION
1. BLOOD PLATELETS
2. EXOCRINE GLANDS OF THE
PANCREAS
3. LIVER
41. ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
RECEPTORS
THE NEUROTRANSMITTER USED
IS NE, BUT E AND NE
PRODUCED BY THE ADRENAL
MEDULLA CAN ALSO BIND TO
THIS RECEPTOR
48. ADRENERGIC BETA 1
RECEPTORS
ADRENERGIC BETA 1
RECEPTORS USUALLY PRODUCE
DEPOLARIZATION,
THEREFORE,
THEY ARE EXCITATORY
49. ADRENERGIC BETA 1
RECEPTORS
EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. INCREASES HEART RATE AND
STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION
2. SECRETION OF RENIN FROM
JG CELLS OF THE KIDNEY
50. ADRENERGIC BETA 2
RECEPTORS
LOCATION
1. LUNGS BOTH BLOOD VESSELS
AND BRONCHIOLES
2. CORONARY BLOOD VESSELS
3. SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE
DIGESTIVE AND URINARY SYSTEMS
51. ADRENERGIC BETA 2
RECEPTORS
THIS RECEPTOR BINDS ONLY
EPINEPHRINE
WHICH IS PRODUCED BY
THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
53. ADRENERGIC BETA 1
RECEPTORS
ADRENERGIC BETA 2
RECEPTORS USUALLY PRODUCE
HYPERPOLARIZATION,
THEREFORE,
THEY ARE INHIBITORY
54. ADRENERGIC BETA 2
RECEPTORS
EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. DILATION OF THE BRONCHIOLES
OF THE LUNGS
2. DILATION OF BLOOD VESSELS OF
THE LUNGS AND HEART
55. ADRENERGIC BETA 2
RECEPTORS
3. DECREASED MOTILITY AND
TONE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
4. RELAXATION OF URINARY
BLADDER
56. COMPARISON OF
THE TWO DIVISIONS
1. FUNCTIONS
2. ORIGINS
3. NAME OF GANGLIA
4. LOCATION OF GANGLIA
5. RELATIVE LENGTH OF PRE &
POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS
6. NEUROTRANSMITTERS USED
57. COMPARISON OF
THE TWO DIVISIONS
7. RECEPTORS
8. RAMI COMMUNICANTES
9. DEGREE OF EFFECTS
10. LENGTH OF EFFECTS
58. BLOCKING AGENTS
• Interfere with stimulatory or depressing
effects of neurotransmitters by blocking
the receptors on target organs.
Blocker
NORMAL NEUROTRANSMITTER CAN’T BIND WITH RECEPTOR
BECAUSE BLOCKER COVERS THE BINDING SITE.
59. CHOLINERGIC
BLOCKERS
MUSCARINIC BLOCKERS
BLOCK PARASYMPATHETIC
EFFECTS ON TARGET ORGANS
AN EXAMPLE IS ATROPINE.
60. ADRENERGIC
BLOCKERS
BLOCK RECEPTOR BINDING SITES
PREVENTING THE BINDING OF
EPINEPHERINE OR
NOREPINEPHERINE.
ALPHA 1 BLOCKERS
DECREASE BLOOD PRESSURE IN
PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION
WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH OTHER
SYMPATHETIC EFFECTS.
61. ADRENERGIC
BLOCKERS
BETA 1 BLOCKERS ON HEART
PREVENT HEART RATE INCREASE &
ARRHYTHMIAS IN CARDIAC
PATIENTS WITHOUT INTERFERING
WITH OTHER SYMPATHETIC
EFFECTS.
Editor's Notes
Blocking agents are chemicals which bind to the receptors on target organs and prevent the normal neurotransmitter from binding. * Here you can see an illustration of a receptor on the membrane of a cell. * When a neurotransmitter molecule binds with the receptor, the cell will react. * Blocking agents bind with and cover up the binding site on the receptor * * so that the neurotransmitter cannot bind. * Thus the neurotransmitter molecule will not have its normal effect on the blocked cell. *
Cholinergic blocking agents interfere with the binding of acetylcholine with cholinergic receptors. * Since muscarinic receptors are exclusively located on the target organs effected by the Parasympathetic division of the ANS, they effect only Parasympathetic responses. * An example of a muscarinic blocking agent is Atropine, * which is used topically during eye exams to dilate the pupil of the eye. * Atropine us sometimes also used prior to surgery to reduce salivation and respiratory secretions.*
