Sustainable Urban Mobility at #CK2017 | CK Goyal, DIMTS - Delhi

1. Presentation on Future of Electric Bus: e-Bus
1
C K Goyal, Associate VP-Road Transport, DIMTS, Delhi

2. CLEAN FLEET:WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
PM (g/kWh)
0.15
0.10
0.02
2 6 7 84 5
Nox (g/kWh)
INDIA(EU I 2000)
EU II
(2005)
EU III
(2010)EU VI
(2020)
EU V EU IV
(2017)
3
EU VI
On road Plug-in
emissions
 PM & NOx: Hundredfold improvement
from EURO I to EURO IV.
 BS VI standards will go into effect for all
vehicles in these categories
manufactured on or after April 1, 2020.
2 4
Next “greening” step:
 EURO VI
 zero emission “ New Energy Buses”
0.360
Euro vehicles standards & emissions

3. Central motor
+ Proven technology
+ Lower price
–Takes up space in
interior
– Comparatively loud
6
EVALUATION IN ELECTRIC MOTOR TECHNOLOGY
Mounted in axle
+ No interior intrusion
+ Quiet
+ Commonality in
parts and tyres
– HV training required
for work on axle/tyres
Wheel hub
+ Highest efficiency
+ Exceptionally quiet
–No commonality of
parts and tyres
– More susceptible to
shock damage
ELECTRIC BUS DRIVELINE

4. In-Wheel drive axle assemble is low floor rear gear that includes in-wheel drive
technology and regenerative braking technology:
ELECTRIC BUS: In-wheel drive axle
In-Wheel Drive Axle Assemble Structure
Drive motor Axle housing
Brake System
Wheel hubGear speed and
transmission
mechanism
Regenerative braking working principle

5. THE BATTERY IN THE HEART OF THE
CHALLENGES
0
20
40
80
60
100
PuissancemassiqueCoût
1 KG
DIESEL
Battery PerformanceEnergy Density
50 KG
BATTERY
Battery Mass
Useful Charge
Cost
Energy density
SpecificPower
SafetyLife

6. SOME TYPES OF BATTERIES
Fast chargingSlow charging
NMC (Lithium Nickel
Manganese Cobalt Oxide):
NMC has good overall
performance and excels
on specific energy. This
battery is the preferred
candidate for the electric
vehicle and has the
lowest self-heating rate.
6
LTO (Lithium titanate oxide):
excels in safety, low-
temperature performance
and life span. Efforts are
being made to improve
the specific energy and
lower cost.
Li-Iron-Phosphate: Li-
phosphate has excellent
safety and long life span but
moderate specific energy
and elevated self-discharge
LMP (Lithium Metal Polymer): are
stand out for their high
energy density and safety of
use. With its limited
sensitivity to temperature
variation, gives a competitive
advantage for applications like
level-floored electric buses

7. E-BUS: HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

8. BATTERY CAPACITY VERSUS RANGE OF OPERATION
RANGE VS. BATTERY LIFE
250 km range required
x 1.3 kWh/km consumption
= 325 kWh battery ???
Depth of discharge (DOD) determines battery
degeneration
Strongest effect closest to full/empty battery
Limited DOD reduces range but extends battery life
90% DOD?
25% DOD?

9. WHAT IS THE TOP OBSTACLE TO THE INTRODUCTION OF
ELECTRIC BUSES IN AN EXISTING FLEET FACED BY ?

10. HIGH UPFRONT COST
E-bus = 2.5 x the price of a conventional bus
(battery=50-55% cost)
Charging infrastructure cost and installation
Fast charging infrastructure
Or…More buses (spare)
TCO models

11. CHALLENGING OPERATION
E-bus performance = conventional bus
performance?
A good analysis of the operational needs is key
Define the right type of E-Bus solution for the
operational needs
Losing flexibility & versatility?

12. PROCUREMENT & CONTRACTS
Functions sharing between stakeholders
 Project governance including ALL actors
with a clear definition of roles &
responsibilities: PTA, PTO, Industry, Grid
Owner, Electricity Supplier, etc.
 Who pays? At what cost? Who owns
rolling stock/infra?
Service/operation provider contract length &
extensions
Equipment ownership: what happens at the end of
a contract?
Modelling the tender evaluation criteria
2

13. INTEROPERABILITY
 Charging infrastructure
standardization is key
 Slow charging / overnight
 Fast charging / opportunity
UITP eBus
standardizat
steering &
technical gr
ion
Stan
oups
wo
VDV
dardization
rking group
ZeEUS
Basis for standardisation – www.zeeus.eu

14. Electric Buses IN EUROPE
 Total Buses planned: 1200 Buses
 No of buses delivered till
September-16: 770 Buses
 Preference for night charging
versus opportunity charging:
Ratio-2:1
 Top countries in Europe to
introduce EVs: UK, Germany,
Netherlands, Switzerland

15. Electric Buses in Shenzhen, China
 New Energy Buses in Shenzhen, China ( 35% of total bus
transport share: 4215
 Pure Electric Buses: 2418 ( Standard) + 26 ( Mini)
 Diesel Hybrid Electric: 1751
 Agency: Shenzhen bus group company limited [The company
was founded in 2005 and is based in Shenzhen, China. Shenzhen Bus
Group Company Limited operates as a subsidiary of Transport
International Holdings Limited]
 Charging System:- Battery operated based on single charge
at night.
 Driving Range-190 Kms/ day ( BO) and 203 Kms/ day ( Hybrid)
 Consumption of Power: 112KWH/ 100KMs
 Kms run per percent of battery: 2.01
 Input Voltage: 380V-AC
 Motor: Permanent Magnet Synchromesh Motor-2X90KW
 Battery Pack-324KWH

16. Electric Buses Trial Results in Delhi
Pure Electric Bus: BYD (K9D)
 Charging System:- Battery operated
based on single charge at night.
 Energy Conumption-1.61 units per
Km
 Motor: Permanent Magnet
Synchromesh Motor-2X90KW
 Battery Pack-324KWH
Type:- AC, Low Floor Entry Bus

17. OVERNIGHT CHARGING - CONDUCTIVE
 PLUG – IN
 Up to 150 kW
 Fleet Smart Charging
 Dynamic Energy Management
 Use Active Network Management: highly effective in
connecting large volumes of distributed energy
 Communication protocol between the vehicle and the charger
1
7
At the depot

18. FLASH CHARGING
Trolleybus Optimisation Systeme Alimenation ( TOSA)
15 seconds charge ( 600 KW boost)-sufficient to meet requirement of 2 kms; Full charge at
terminal in 5 minutes. ( Technology Provider: ABB & SIG-Geneva Power Utility)

19. Induction Power Transfer
PRIMOVE PROJECT-BOMBARDIER

20. Core Demonstrations
Observed Demo
Core Demonstration
• Barcelona, Bonn, Cagliari, London,
Münster, Plzen, Stockholm
• Under discussion: Randstad (NL),
Paris (FR) & Warsaw (PL)
~40 electric buses
• 12 meters, articulated, double-
deckers
• Plug-in Hybrid, Full-electric, Battery
Trolleys
Energy supply modes:
• plug-in, conductive, inductive,
overhead
Fast and slow charging
strategies
• Overnight (depot)
• Opportunity (terminals, bus-stops)
Observed / Monitored Demos
• 60 contacts already!
ZERO EMISSION URBAN BUS SYSTEM
PROJECT( ZeEUS)