Chapter8, Cognitive Psychology, Sternberg

1. THE ORGANIZATION OF
KNOWLEDGE IN MIND

2. Outline
1. Organization of Declarative Knowledge
1. Concepts and Categories
2. Semantic Network Models
3. Schematic Representations
2. Representations of Procedural Knowledge
3. Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and Nondeclarative
Knowledge
1. Combining Representations: ACT-R
2. Models Based on the Human Brain
3. Parallel Processing: The Connectionist Model

3. DECLARATIVE
PROCEDURAL
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND

4. ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
CONCEPTS
CATEGORIES
SCHEMAS
1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
Na t u r a l c a t e g o r y
A r t i f i c i a l c a t e g o r y
A d Ho c c a t e g o r y

5. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
1) THEORIES ON
CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND

6. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
THEORIES ON
CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES:
A DEFINING VIEW
EXEMPLARS
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED
AND PROTOTYPE THEORIES
THEORY-BASED
VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW

7. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
THEORIES ON
CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
EXEMPLARS
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES:
A DEFINING VIEW
MUST have this to be
considered a member
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED
AND PROTOTYPE THEORIES
THEORY-BASED
VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
*DEFINING FEATURES

8. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES:
A DEFINING VIEW
EXEMPLARS
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED
AND PROTOTYPE THEORIES
THEORY-BASED
VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
THEORIES ON
CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
Category
containing salient
features that are
true of most
instances
Ideal
representation of
the category
COKE
XEROX
COLGATE
PAMPERS
*CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

9. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES:
A DEFINING VIEW
THEORIES ON
CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED
AND PROTOTYPE THEORIES
THEORY-BASED
VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
EXEMPLARS
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW

10. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES:
A DEFINING VIEW
EXEMPLARS
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED
AND PROTOTYPE THEORIES
THEORY-BASED
VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
THEORIES ON
CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
#HUGOT
#AngTunayNaLalake

11. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES:
A DEFINING VIEW
• Introduce the idea of the
EXEMPLARS
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED
AND PROTOTYPE THEORIES
THEORY-BASED
VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
THEORIES ON
CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
“CORE”
– Defining features that item
must have
• Prototype
– Characteristics typical of
examples

12. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
2) SEMANTIC-NETWORK MODELS

13. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MINDCOLLINS & QUILLIAN’S MODEL
Has skin
Breathes
Eats
Animal
Salmon
Has fins
swim
Has gills
Is pink
Is edible
Dog
Lays eggs upstream
Has fur
1969
Has spots
barks
4 legs
Fish
Black &
white
Dalmatian
Skinny tail

14. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND COLLINS & LOFTUS
1975
Goldie
fish
swims
4 legs fur
poodle
pet
mutt
Lucy
dog

15. 1) ORGANIZATION OF
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
3) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS
* S C H E M A
* S C R I P T S
• A structure that describes appropriate sequences of
events in a particular context
• Scripts include default values for the actors, the
props, the setting, and the sequence of events

16. 2) REPRESENTATIONS OF
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
50 peso bill here

17. 2) REPRESENTATIONS OF
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
• Consciously think about
steps to complete task
COGNITIVE
STAGE
ACQUISITION OF
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ASSOCIATIV
E STAGE • Skill has
• Practice the
procedure
become
automatic
AUTONOMO
US STAGE

18. 2) REPRESENTATIONS OF
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
• Procedural knowledge
• Associative conditioning
• Simple nonassociative knowledge
• Priming

19. 2) REPRESENTATIONS OF
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
NON-DECLARAT IVE ( IMP L ICI T )
Procedural Priming Simple Nonassociative
(Skills &
Habits)
Emotional Skeletal
Responses Musculature
Striatum Neocortex Amygdala Cerebellum Reflexes
Pathways

20. 2) REPRESENTATIONS OF
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
• Procedural knowledge
• Associative conditioning
• Simple nonassociative knowledge
• Priming
SEMANTIC
PRIMING
REPETITION
PRIMING

21. 3) INTEGRATIVE MODELS
FOR REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND NONDECLARATIVE
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
Combining Representations:
ACT-R (Anderson)
– Adaptive control of thought model of knowledge representation and
information processing
– A model of information processing that integrates a network
representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system
representation for procedural knowledge
– Declarative network includes storing and retrieving of information;
Procedural system implements the processes of proceduralization
(automatization)

22. 3) INTEGRATIVE MODELS
FOR REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND NONDECLARATIVE
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
CONNECTIONIST MODEL
 Parallel Processing
 Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)
Models

23. 3) INTEGRATIVE MODELS
FOR REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND NONDECLARATIVE
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
DOMAIN GENERAL VS. DOMAIN SPECIFIC
SYSTEMS
How domain general or domain specific is cognition?