1.
1
PHEVs AS DISPERSED ENERGY STORAGE
FOR SMART GRID
Eshwar Pisalkar1
,Amrapali Shinde2
,Jaydeep Shah3
Electrical, KKWIEER,NASHIK-422003
1
eshu12monu@rediffmail.com , 2
shindeamrapali@ymail.com , 3
setijaydeep@gmail.com
Abstract-- Vehicle-to-building (V2B) provides an option to
use the battery energy in electric vehicles to support loads in
the power grid to have Potential benefits for Smart Grid. The
paper aims at demonstrating the potential benefits of Battery
Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(PHEVs) as dynamically configurable dispersed energy
storage acting at the convergence of transportation and power
system.
The
application
of
electric
vehicles
as
distributed
energy
storage
units
in
the
smart
grid,
some
key
problems,
such
as
available
capacity
prediction,
battery
modeling
problems,
connecting
capacity
problems
when
connected
to
a
distribution
network
and
the
protection
and
control
problems
when
connected
to
the
smart
grid
and
so
on
are
analyzed
and
discussed. The application of
silicon carbide (SiC) devices as battery interface, motor
controller, etc., in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) will be
beneficial due to their high-temperature capability, high-
power density, and high efficiency. A new parking facility as
an energy exchange station called “smart garage” also being
adopted for V2B mode introducing in Smart Grid.
In this
paper, the regenerative braking concept have been taken to
promote the efficiency and realization of energy saving in the
electric vehicle.
Keywords- PHEVs, Smart Grid, Smart Garage, V2B, Inductive
Power Transfer(IPT), Silicon Carbide (SiC).
I.INTRODUCTION
As we are facing Energy Crises, we must take benefits
of PHEVs as Dispersed energy storage .India’s current
power generation is 1,79,000 Mw and Peak demand
shortage is around 13%, many Cities and Towns are facing
Load shading of more than 10 hours to secure these
problems it will be beneficial to use battery interface
technologies which having high-temperature capability,
high-power density and high-efficiency which we discussed
in this paper. Smart devices and in-home energy
management systems such as programmable controllable
thermostats (PCTs) capable of making intelligent decisions
based on Smart Storage system [1]. Plug-in Hybrid
Vehicles(PHEVs) are a vehicle designed similar to a
traditional hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with more
dependence on the electric drive system, in addition to the
added ability to recharge from the electric power system
[2]. While the new attention focused on smart
Grid/metering projects highlighted above is a welcomed
development with significant promise, the industry is facing
considerable challenges that, if not heeded, may result in
potentially massive project cost overruns and possible new
stranded costs in under-performing or obsolete technologies
[3]. Higher capacity batteries are used that can store charge
from the electrical outlet along with the onboard engine
charging and regenerative brake charging. The energy
management Strategy system PHEVs is responsible for
managing the energ flow [4].
The initial goal of V2G was to provide peak power,
that is, the electric vehicle owners charging the vehicles in
low load with lower price and discharging the vehicles in
peak load with higher price. The functions of the electrical
vehicle as a mobile energy storage unit in grid includes four
aspects: shifting the peak power of the regional load,
responding to the frequency fluctuations, functioning as an
emergency power supply, and stabilizing the power of the
distributed generations [5].The issues of natural resource
depletion and environmental impacts have gained greater
visibility, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) market has
rapidly expanded [7]. Techniques for charging and
discharging of EVs, with emphasis on simplicity, low cost,
convenience, high efficiency, and flexibility, have become
the main focus of current research in both industrial and
academic communities, whose fields of interests are in
V2G and sustainable living. Contactless or wireless
charging techniques are emerging as a viable choice as they
meet most of the aforementioned attributes [9].
Regenerative braking method could increase EV's driving
range by 8-25%[14].
II.BATTERY
MODELING

2.
2
Lead acid batteries are the energy storage choice for
many applications due to their ruggedness, low cost,
inherent safety, and temperature tolerance. The valve-
regulated variety is maintenance free and has good
cyclability even at deep discharge. The specific energy and
power of the battery is low due to the weight of lead which
is used as the current collector.The total energy stored in
the battery during seven hours of charging to be 5.74kWh
[15]. The distinct advantages of the technology include
NiMH batteries(Alkaline Battery): safe operation at high
voltage; excellent volumetric energy and power; tolerance
to abusive overcharge and over discharge and excellent
thermal properties. Due to the high specific energy and the
potential to be produced at low cost, Li-ion is expected to
replace the NiMH batteries in automotive applications. The
recharge time of the battery is another issue that has to be
considered for EVs and PHEVs.
The mentioned capacities depending on type and sizes
are 16.8 kWh for the Pb-acid battery, 34.56 kWh for the
lithium-ion battery, 27.36 kWh for the NiMH battery and
5.5 kWh for a hybrid with a smaller NiMH battery [10].
The currents are normalized to the battery 1C rate to more
easily compare the relative stresses on the battery. If the
battery pack is designed for a maximum current of 1C, it
would take over an hour to charge the battery. This may not
be acceptable to the user in some cases [8]. A PHEV is
designed with all-electric operation capability for several
kilometers and functions as a pure electric vehicle during
the all-electric range (AER) in urban driving. By using a
SiC-based inverter can reduce the size of the battery bank
by 29.5% but has the ability to recharge a larger energy
storage system from off-board electrical power. Thus,
PHEVs are more effective in decreasing fuel consumption
and reducing air pollution compared to HEVs [7].
III.IMPACT ON SYSTEM LOAD AND LOSSES
The PEV charging rate and time scheduling have a
significant impact on the system load curve. A possible
case is shown in Fig. 1 which assumes medium charge rate
for high penetration of PEVs for different charging time
zones. Depending on the distribution of PEV charging
activity, the system load peak can be significantly
influenced. Results indicate that the distribution system
efficiency can be significantly impacted by PEV charging
[6].
Fig. 1. System load curve for medium charge rate with randomly
distributed charging of high penetration of PEVs [6].
The ratio of power losses to total system load caused
by PEVs charging may not be economical for the electric
utility in the long run. The typical variation of power losses
over a 24 hour period is shown in Fig. 2. If PEV charging is
distributed over a wider time zone to offpeak hours, the
system losses can be greatly reduce
[6].
Fig.
2.
System
losses
for
medium
charge
rate
with
randomly
distributed
charging
of
high
penetration
of
PEVs
[6].
IV.
A
MULTI-­‐SOURCE
GREEN
ENERGY
SYSTEM
The
Green
Energy
system
comprises
of
a
wind
turbine,
a
solar
panel,
a
battery
storage
system,
a
residential
load
and
an
electric
vehicle
(EV);
and
is
grid
integrated
wirelessly
using
a
novel
matrix
converter
based
bidirectional
power
interface.
The
renewable
sources,
and
the
storage
batteries
through
a
common
DC
bus,
and
utilize
a
single
grid
inverter
to
interface
with
the
utility
grid.
The
cost
of
this
system
can
be
further
reduced
by
using
the
electric
vehicles
(EV)
to
store
and
supply
part
of
energy
therefore
allowing
it
to

3.
3
use
a
smaller
storage
battery.
Such
systems
where
the
EV
is
utilized
for
the
storage
of
harnessed
renewable
energy,
transportation,
and
providing
green
power
for
residential
customers
is
gaining
more
and
more
popularity
as
the
vehicle
has
now
become
an
indispensable
component
in
both
“living
and
mobility”
[11-­‐12].
Fig.3.
Green
Energy
System[12].
A
possible
implementation
of
such
a
green
energy
system
is
depicted
in
Fig.
3.
As
illustrated
in
Fig.
3,
the
energy
extracted
from
the
renewable
sources
power
the
DC
bus.
The
grid
inverter
that
is
fed
from
the
DC
bus
supplies
green
energy
to
both
the
house
and
the
utility
grid.
A
small
storage
battery,
which
can
be
charged
by
either
the
renewable
sources
or
the
utility
grid,
is
used
to
supply
power
to
the
house
in
the
event
of
a
grid
failure.
Although
a
hard-­‐wired
power
interface
between
the
EV
and
the
DEG
system
is
simple
and
can
be
used
to
either
charge
or
discharge
the
batteries,
such
wired
interfaces
are
now
considered
to
be
inconvenient
and
inflexible,
and
pose
safety
concerns.
Thus
a
wireless
or
contactless
power
system
is
used
to
interface
the
EV
to
this
DEG
system
[12].
V.
COMPARISON
OF
DIFFERENT
ENERGY
STORAGE
METHODS
Various
methods
have
been
proposed
to
implement
energy
storage
system
these
may
encompass
batteries,
ultracapacitors,
a
flywheel,
or
any
such
combination
[4].
A. Batteries
In chemical storage, i.e., storage via batteries, the
alternation of charge-discharge phases allows for both the
storage and release of electricity. The advantages of such a
storage system include high energy density and
technological maturity. The runtime, or power capacity, of
batteries can be increased by adding more battery strings.
However, the main inconvenience of batteries is that they
are not durable (a few hundred to a few thousand cycles)
for high-repetition cycling, which may result in limited
lifetime for an application such as a rapid charging station.
The disposal concerns associated with batteries, as well as
their maintenance and replacement costs, makes batteries
less attractive as a viable means of energy storage for a
rapid charging station [16].
B.
Flywheel
A
flywheel
is
a
type
of
mechanical
energy
storage
device
where
energy
is
stored
by
causing
a
disk
or
rotor
to
spin
on
its
axis.
Stored
energy
is
proportional
to
the
flywheel’s
moment
of
inertia
and
the
square
of
its
rotational
speed.
In
relation
to
batteries,
the
cycling
life
for
flywheels
is
substantially
greater
(a
few
10,000
to
a
few
100,000
cycles).
Additionally,
flywheels
have
a
power
density
that
is
typically
a
factor
of
5
to
10
times
greater
than
batteries.
Frequent
charging
and
discharging
is
harmful
to
battery
life,
but
does
not
adversely
affect
flywheel
life.
Flywheels
are
also
more
tolerant
of
outdoor
ambient
temperature
conditions
than
batteries.
However,
batteries
have
the
advantage
of
being
able
to
provide
power
for
a
longer
period
of
time
since
their
energy
densities
exceed
those
of
flywheels.
Hence,
flywheels
may
be
a
more
attractive
technology
than
batteries
since
battery
life
would
be
adversely
affected
by
the
operating
environment
for
a
rapid
charging
application
[16].
Fig.
4.
Comparison
of
discharge
and
recharge
time
for
various
energy
storage
technologies
[16].

4.
4
C.
Ultracapacitors
Ultracapacitors
are
very
high
energy
density
capacitors
that
do
not
store
electrical
energy
by
chemical
means
(as
batteries
do).
They
are
the
only
devices
that
can
provide
a
combination
of
high
power
density
and
relatively
high
energy
density.
As
shown
in
Fig.
4,
ultracapacitors
have
the
benefit
of
charging
and
discharging
much
faster
than
batteries.
Moreover,
in
extreme
recharge
cycling
applications,
ultracapacitors
have
a
longer
service
life.
They
are
also
havin
benefits
in
terms
of
size
and
weight
technologies
which
helps
to
use
this
applications
[16].
Fig.
6.
A
block
diagram
of
rapid
Storage
system[17].
VI. IPT TECHNOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
IPT(Inductive Power Transfer) system under
various operating conditions indicate that the proposed
bidirectional contactless power transfer concept is viable
and can be used in applications such as V2G systems to
charge and discharge electric or hybrid vehicles, which are
connected to the power grid [9]. The
electric
vehicles
in
the
V2G
service
are
not
only
mobile
distributed
loads
but
also
mobile
distributed
generations.
The
effective
operation
of
V2G
depends
on
the
grid
scheduling
and
control
system.
The
tradition
distribution
network
is
radial
structure
and
a
single
power
supply,
and
the
protection
of
distribution
network
is
designed
on
this
basis.
The
structure
of
distribution
network
will
be
changed
when
the
distributed
powers
access
to
distribution
network.
The
distributed
power
will
provide
fault
current
in
addition
and
change
the
node
short-­‐circuits
value
when
the
distribution
network
failure,
which
will
affect
the
correct
operation
of
the
protection
unit.
The
other
problems
include
power
quality;
reliability
influence
and
islanding
detection
are
also
need
a
further
study
[5]. IPT systems in order to
improve its design and efficiencyfulfilling the requirements
of an electric vehicle for urban usage and future energy
storage [18].
VIII. ROLE OF GRIDABLE VEHICLES FOR INDIAN
POWER SECTOR
The cost of batteries is comparatively high and
limited driving range is a concern. However, battery
technologies and capacities are rapidly improving and costs
are expected to fall as the technology gains acceptance.
Several car manufacturers such as Nissan, Mitsubishi,
TATA, General Motors and Chevrolet have recently begun
to roll out Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) from
their production lines all over the World [13] .But
according to the Indian scenario ,the insertion of 4 wheelers
in Transportation market needs much more advancement in
terms of acceptance tendency of people. According to the
economic levels of residents of India, the insertion can be
Implemented in 3 steps,
Step1-4 wheelers GVs for higher class.
Step2-2 wheelers GVs for higher middle class.
Step3-electic bicycles for lower middle class.
Almost 60% of Indian Population can afford these
type of 2 wheeler(EVs).For normal people, if the distance
to be travelled is in nearby vicinity or the area of
transportation or working is less, rather than using GVs 4
wheelers, it is more economical to use 2 wheelers. For
launching of GVs in India, first of all GVs and charging
stations should be introduced in metropolitan cities like
Delhi, Mumbai, Bangaluru ,Chennai, Ahmadabad . Then
according to the response of costumers ,it should be
introduced in other cities also. But 2 wheelers can be
introduced in every part of India at this point of time. These
vehicles are easily adoptable since size and capacities of
them are comparatively lesser .Introduction of 4 wheelers
will need new charging stations and modification in
discharging system in the grid. Every bike will contribute
1-2 kW in the grid. This will help in Demand Side
Management by reducing the overall demand by homes
from the grid.
VII. CONCLUSION
BEVs/PHEVs may play a major role in both the electricity
the transportation networks. Electric vehicles with the use
of vehicle-to-grid technology (gridable vehicles),
information technology and advanced computational
methods can make the electric grid efficient, reliable,
distributed, clean and interoperable.The application of the
SiC devices in the two HEVs reduces not only the power
losses in the motor drive but also those in other components
in the vehicle power train. As a result, the system efficiency
is improved, and the vehicles consume less energy and emit
less harmful emissions. It also makes it possible to improve

5.
5
the system compactness with a simplified thermal
management system. For the PHEV, the benefits are more
distinct. In particular, the size of the battery bank can be
reduced for optimum design.The advancements in energy
storage device development that offer good promise in
terms of energy density and power density but none have
the desired combination of all of the following features: fast
charging/ discharging (high-power density), large-storage
capacity (high-energy density), low cost, and long life.
A
matrix converter based topologies have been extensively
studied in relation to motor drives, grid inverters, etc., the
applicability of this technology in the field of loosely
coupled IPT systems has not been investigated to-date for
that Green energy system explained.
The
scheduling
static
of
the
regional
grid
dispatch
centre
and
V2G
station
control
system
will
greatly
impact
on
the
use
efficiency
of
V2G.
Regenerative braking is one of the important
systems in electric vehicle since it has the ability to save the
wastes energy up to 8-25%.A
rapid
charging
station
saves
power
from
the
grid
when
demand
is
low,
i.e.
during
night
or
early
morning,
and
charges
the
batteries
of
PEVs
with
this
saved
energy.
REFERENCE
[1] C. Pang, P. Dutta, S. Kim, M. Kezunovic, and I.
Damnjanovic. “PHEVs as Dynamically Configurable
Dispersed Energy Storage for V2B Uses in the Smart
Grid”.
7th
Mediterranean
Conference
and
Exhibition
on
Power
Generation,
Transmission,
Distribution
and
Energy
Conversion
7-­‐10
November
2010,
Agia
Napa,
Cyprus
(Paper
No.
MED10/174)
[2] Curtis Roe , Dr. Jerome Meisel , Dr. A.P. Meliopoulos
,Dr. Thomas Overbye . “Power System Level Impacts
of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using
Simulation”.
[3] By Ali Vojdanil ,Smart Integration,”The Smart Grid
Needs Infrastructure That Is Dynamic and Flexible”,
IEEE Energy & Power Magazine.
[4] A. Xu, S. Xie, X. Liu , "Dynamic Voltage
Equalization for Series-Connected Ultracapacitors in
EV/HEV Applications," Vehicular
Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 58, no. 8, pp.
3981-3987, Oct.2009
[5]
Wang Xiaojun, Tian Wenqi, He JingHan, Huang Mei,
Jiang Jiuchun, Han Haiying, “The Application of
Electric Vehicles as Mobile Distributed
EnergyStorage Units in Smart Grid”.
[6] Amir S. Masoum, Sara Deilami, Paul S. Moses, and
Ahmed Abu-Siad. “Impacts of Battery Charging
Rates of Plug-in Electric Vehicle on Smart Grid
Distribution Systems”.
[7] Hui Zhang, Leon M. Tolbert, and Burak Ozpineci .
“Impact of SiC Devices on Hybrid Electric and Plug-
In Hybrid Electric Vehicles”. ,IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 47, NO. 2,
MARCH/APRIL 2011
[8] Charging Ahead, “The Development of Adequate
Energy Storage Systems in Electric, Hybrid Electric,
And Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles”. IEEE INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE.
[9] Udaya K. Madawala, and Duleepa J. Thrimawithana,
“A Bidirectional Inductive Power Interface for
Electric vehicles in V2G Systems” IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,
VOL. 58, NO. 10 OCTOBER 2011.
[10] Pia Grahn, Lennart Söder, “The Customer Perspective
of the Electric Vehicles Role on the Electricity
Market”.
2011 8th International Conference on the
European Energy Market (EEM) • 25-27 May 2011 •
Zagreb, Croatia.
[11] U. K. Madawala and H. Vincenz, “Living and
Mobility- A novel multipurpose in-house grid
interface with plug-in hybrid BlueAngle”, IEEE Int.
Conf. on Sustainable Energy Technologies-
ICSET08, 24-27 Nov., 2008, pp:531-536.
[12] Udaya K. Madawala and Duleepa J. Thrimawithana,
“ A Multi-Source Green Energy System with a Novel
Grid Interface” IEEE ICSET 2010 6-9 Dec 2010,
Kandy, Sri Lanka.
[13] Ahmed Yousuf Saber, , and Ganesh Kumar
Venayagamoorthy, “Plug-in Vehicles and
Renewable Energy Sources for Cost and
Emission Reduction” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 4,
APRIL 2011 1229.
[14] John Paterson, Mike Ramsay, “ Electric
vehicle braking by fuzzy logic control”.
IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual
Meeting. 1993, 2200-2204.
[15] M. Sc. K. Lipiec and Dr. -Ing. Przemyslaw
Komarnicki, “ Modeling Storage Characteristics of
Electric Vehicles in the Grid”.
[16] Junseok Song1, Amir Toliyat1, Dave Tuttle1, and
Alexis Kwasinski1, “A Rapid Charging Station with
An Ultracapacitor Energy Storage System for Plug-
In Electrical Vehicles”.
[17]
T.
Becker,
I.
Sidhu,
and
B.
Tenderich,
“Electrical
Vehicles
in
the
United
States”.
[18]
A. Neves!, D. M. Sousa", A. Roque#, J. M. Terras,
“Analysis of an inductive charging system for a
commercial electric vehicle”.
.