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1. Watson’s Theory of Human Caring
Introduction
The responsibilities and workloads of nursing are intensified by
the worldwide healthcare systems’ transformations. Today, nurses
are responsible for handling emergent challenges and
complexities of the healthcare situations. Despite these problems,
nurses have to continually preserve and exercise caring practices
so as to sustain and enhance quality performance. Watson’s
theory has principles about human caring and these provide vital
insights regarding the way desirable performance can be upheld
by nurses.
In practical application, the important elements of Watson’s
theory facilitate professional performance enhancement and
values’ application. Watson (2009) in a review shows that caring
as a concept is important while practicing nursing. The theoretical
guidelines of Watson allow nurses to provide care and compassion
to the patients while eliminating suffering and pain, attaining
dignified and sustained healing as well as fostering individual
actualization among the nurses. Simply put, these principles help
in defining nursing profession as well as giving it a unique or
distinctive meaning.
The Caring Moment Conception
Watson (2009) in a review gives the definition of caring moment.
He defines it as the specific occasion both in time and space that
allows nurses as well as other individuals to come together or to
interact in a way that enables them to achieve a state of desirable
human caring. The belief of this conception is that although the
parties come from varying fields with varied and unique
characteristics, they can interact successfully in human-to-human
manner. In such a case, the individuals ideally exhibit different
feelings, bodily sensations, thoughts, expectations, spiritual

2. beliefs, environmental considerations and individual meanings.
The characteristics that precede the situation are complex. The
previous history of a person in life, present moment and imagined
future influence these characteristics. For a nursing experience
that is more satisfying to be achieved on the basis of caring,
inherent differences should be reconciled. Nurses are tasked with
the responsibility of ensuring that all differences that can
undermine provision of quality healthcare are properly and
effectively handled or addressed.
Caring moment provides a chance for practitioners to practice
their competencies and skills with maximum efficiency. It also
ensures that nursing practice benefits the patients optimally. As
such, Watson (2006) gives an explanation for a caring moment to
be ideal both parties have to contribute incredibly towards its
creation and sustenance. The choices and actions made by
individuals during this moment influence the shape and outcome
of the whole process. Both parties are enabled to protect this
initiative as well as to take measures that are practical in relation
to realizing optimal benefits by intrinsic ownership of actions and
ideas. On the basis of the critical openness principle, this goes
across individual boundaries while encouraging human
capabilities’ expansion (Nelson, 2011).
The Human Caring Model
Watson (2009) note that the model for human caring has carative
factors, relations for transpersonal caring and caring occasion.
Carative factors play an important role of enabling the nurses to
respect and honor human dimensions while performing their
duties. They provide vital guidelines which professionals use in
exploring the patients’ inner lives and subjective experiences and
also to attain the desirable results. Principally, the need to offer
special attention as well as love guides them while practicing
nursing. These comprises of ten elements which are hope and
faith, a system for humanistic and altruistic value, transpersonal

3. education, sensitivity to self and others, creative resolution of a
problem, feelings expression, needs assistance of human,
protective, supportive and corrective environment, trustworthy
and helpful relationship as well as the divine forces for existential-
phenomenology (Carusa, Cisar & Pipe, 2008).
Watson (2006) observes that the relation for transpersonal caring
as a component is also important in nursing. This expresses
nurses’ commitment to protecting and enhancing human
wellbeing as well as deeper self dignity. Nurses via this
relationship communicate caring consciousness in relation to
respecting or honoring the embodied spirit. Nurses are prohibited
by this principle from reducing themselves or patients to mere
moral objects.
Additionally, this connection motivates nurses so that they can be
conscious while offering care that heals their patients. Exercising
nursing, perception and intentional connection makes this
attainable. It is apparent at this juncture that this relationship
allows nursing professionals to do more than clinical evaluation
so that they can explore subjective as well as deeper meanings
that any healthcare situation gives. Despite both parties being
distinctive, they accept mutuality in order to get meaning as well
as wholeness and also to eliminate suffering. According to
Sitzman and Watson (2013), transpersonal relationship facilitates
the enhancement, preservation and protection of the dignity,
wholeness, inner harmony and humanity of a person.
Improving the Caring Occasion
Both the nursing practitioner and the patient consider a caring
moment as a very important moment. As such, nurses should take
appropriate measures in order to improve it. They can achieve
this goal in different ways. Improving practitioner and patient
education can help in improving this moment. This can
specifically be attained through engagement in different teaching

4. and learning experiences that are aimed at promoting harmony
within the boundary limits. Apart from knowledge enhancement
for the nurse and patient, both parties are empowered by this
practice and it hastens the personal healing process.
Nelson (2011) observes that several activities can lead to the
attainment of this objective by nurses. These include listening to
the experiences of the patients actively to help them understand
their illnesses better. Additionally, learning from patients first
would be important in order to understand their viewpoints
before sharing experiences as well as providing important
alternatives and tools that can be used to assist them. As such,
speaking calmly and respecting the patients’ views as well as
paying attention to this moment gives the desirable results
(Nelson, 2011).
The Caring Occasion in Nursing
According to Adeline (2000), caring takes place each time a nurse
interacts with patients. Nurses are able to enter into the world of
the patient literarily and to understand it due to these
relationships. Although healing or curing can occur, caring makes
it easier for nurses to perform their duties. It provides a chance
for appreciating the dignity and worth of their patients. In
different terms, it enables nurses to acknowledge patients’
humanistic attributes and to be committed to assisting them
achieve healing. It can be argued that the belief that patients have
that nurses will always care for them provides the healing hope.
Watson (2009) in his study shows that hope and commitment are
vital elements of caring. Patients think positively due to hope and
they also believe in a living possibility. They are optimistic
throughout the painful moment with the hope of recovering even
when facing the risk of death. Through respect for the optimism of
patients and caring, nurses support patients until they get healed.
To nurses, patients are complete and whole humans. Within their
soul, body and mind, patients are at peace.

5. Application of Watson’s Carative Factors
The carative factors of Watson were useful in different ways
during caring moment. To keep the patient hopeful, the nurse
paid attention and listened to the stories and narrations of the
patient. This was achieved by honoring or respecting the patient’s
belief system which enabled the patient to have faith and hope.
This created several self-reflection opportunities and an
opportunity that the practitioner used to encourage his patient to
continue living. The nurse called the patient by his name during
this moment. This enabled him to perceive the patient as human
rather than an object.
Responding to individual feelings and needs of a patient made it
possible for the nurse to establish a caring, trustworthy and
helpful environment (Watson, 2009). In this regard, specific
activities such as practicing self-reflection, encouraging self and
others forgiveness, showing interest in the condition of the patient
and establishing meaningful rituals for encouraging practicing
gratitude, surrender and compassion. This led to sensitivity
cultivation in both the patient and practitioner.
Developing a trusting and helping relationship on the basis of
human caring principles is very important (Watson, 2006). This
was attained by the nurse through the establishment of a
trustworthy environment for the patient, family members and the
team that was providing healthcare. Unconditional love for others
was particularly practiced by the nurse. The nurse was open and
sensitive while addressing different concerns. The nurse also
avoided judging others while promoting direct, respectful and
constructive communication. He also sought clarification when
necessary. These activities helped in the cultivation of objectivity
and confidence more so in making decisions.
Finally, the nurse was able to accept and promote expressions of
positive and negative feelings by establishing caring environments

6. which supported spiritual growth. The nurse achieved this by
letting the patient narrate individual stories as well as reflect on
their feelings and experiences. By praying constantly with
patients, the practitioner was able to appreciate spirituality role as
well as its influence on the process of healing. The nurse also
encouraged patients through advice so that they can consider
their illness from its positive aspects rather than the negative
aspects. Essentially, the nurse assisted patients in devising viable
approaches for handling negative feelings whose effects were far
reaching on their healing process and health.
Conclusion
The patient’s illness may not be cured by the caring occasion
directly. However, it contributes to the inner healing as well as the
reconciliation of the mind, soul and body of a patient. It also
encourages the improvement of nursing practice and this makes it
more satisfying. The model for human caring encompasses three
important elements. These are caring occasion, carative factors
and transpersonal caring. Caring interactions enable nurses to
exercise values as well as to go past the main objective which is to
assess the disease of the patient. They enter the worlds of the
patients. The carative factors’ underlying principles enable the
nurses to engage in rewarding and sustainable healthcare
practices. The preceding review has indicated that carative factors’
specific application in nursing practice improves efficiency while
enabling the practitioners to address different challenges with
maximum effectiveness.
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7. References
Adeline, R. (2000). Watson’s philosophy, science, and theory of
human caring as a conceptual framework for guiding community
health nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 23 (2), 34-49.
In his research, Adeline (2000) provides an in depth exploration
of Watson’s theory of human caring. He begins by explaining all
the constituents clearly. He believes that relative principles are
imperative in community based nursing as they enable
practitioners to execute their duties with ease. Besides the
conceptual framework, the author details the theorist’s
philosophy and explains how it relates to the field of nursing.
Caruso, E., Cisar, N. & Pipe, T. (2008). Creating a healing
environment: An innovative educational approach for adopting
Jean Watson’s theory of human caring. Nursing Administration
Quarterly, 32 (2), 126.
Curaso, Cisar and Pipe (2008) assert that patient’s recovery
depends directly on the conditions that the practitioners provide.
According to them, the principles of Watson’s theory present
important fundamentals of nursing. They insist that nursing
education should be based on these principles because they are
consistent with the relative objectives.
Nelson, J. (2011). Measuring caring: The next frontier in
understanding workforce performance and patient
outcomes. Nursing Economics, 29 (4), 215-219.
Based on empirical research, Nelson (2011) found that caring is an
important benchmark for measuring work force performance in
the field of nursing. The author indicates that the values and
principles that caring advocates for are in line with the nursing
practice. This reading was considered for this study because of the

8. credible contributions that it makes to this field of specification.
The statistical evidence played a leading role in decision making
with respect to the importance of the caring conception.
Sitzman K. & Watson, J. (2013). Caring science, mindful practice:
Implementing Watson’s human caring theory. New York:
Springer Publishing Company.
In their research, Sitzman and Watson (2013) detail the
application of Watson’s model in clinical practice. They present
practical ways through which nursing professionals can apply the
concepts during the execution of their duties. This reading is
informative with regard to how nurses can utilize theoretical
knowledge.
Watson, J. (2006). Caring as an ethical guide to administrative
and clinical practices. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 30 (1),
48-55.
In this consultative review, Watson (2006) maintains that caring
is an important aspect of nursing. Besides explaining the key
concepts, he explores the principles, values and behaviors that
constitute caring. In addition, he explains how these can be
applied in professional ethics. It is for this reason that the study
was considered vital for this research.
Watson, J. (2009).Caring science and human caring theory:
transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and
health care. Journal of Health and Human Services
Administration, 31 (4), 466-482.
Watson (2009) indicates that caring is a humanistic science in the
field of nursing. In this particular study, he demonstrates how
nurses can utilize the human caring theory to enhance their
output and attain high level efficiency. He believes that the caring
concept is essential for realization of important nursing goals.

9. Most importantly, he recommends that relative principles can
transform the entire healthcare sector positively