History, Theories, Principles of Urban and Regional Planning
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This presentation is a compilation of selected topics on the history of urbanization, urban and regional planning theories, urban thinkers and their contributes, concepts, bases of land use, applicability to the Philippine setting, and a briefer of urban design elements.
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History, Theories, Principles of Urban and Regional Planning
- 1. HISTORY THEORIES PRINCIPLES the of urban and regional planning RAGENE ANDREA L. PALMA, EnP ragenepalma@gmail.com and
- 2. HOW TO REMEMBER CONCEPTS JOT DOODLE CONNECT
- 3. TELL ME IF YOU NEED ME TO STOP REPEAT ELABORATE
- 4. I will discuss everything I can The more you draw, the better I arranged the lecture so that concepts are clustered I pulled together the highlights But out of my 200 slides about 5-10 topics will just pop out in the exam
- 5. WHAT WE’LL LEARN ABOUT 1 The history and foundation of urban and regional planning 2 Theories 3 Evolution of urban forms 4 Types of planning 5 The role of a planner
- 6. ? Urban and regional planning Town and country planning Environmental planning Human settlements planning City planning Master planning
- 9. “urban” of, relating to, characteristic of, or constituting a city (Merriam Webster) LARGE CITY LARGE AMOUNT SIGNIFICANTLY- DEVELOPED AREA http://www.investorwords.com/5192/urban.html DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS IS VERY SMALL
- 10. “regional” Google of or relating to a particular region, district, area, or part, as of a country; sectional; local LOCALIZED A PART OF TERRITORIAL PROVINCE DISTRICTDIVISION SECTION QUARTER ZONE BELT PART
- 13. “rural” LOW POPULATION OFTEN AGRICULTURALLY-BASED of or relating to the country and the people who live there instead of the city COUNTRYSIDE SPARSELY POPULATED AREA
- 14. “environmental” relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition PERSON’S SURROUNDINGS LIVING ORGANISM SOIL CLIMATE CHANGE PLANTS AND ANIMALS NATURAL FORCES
- 19. Environmental planning, also known as urban and regional planning, city planning, town and country planning, and/or human settlements planning, refers to the multi-disciplinary art and science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and regulating the use and development of land and water resources, in relation to their environs, for the development of sustainable communities and ecosystems. (RA 10587)
- 21. I’M A PLANNER. In the Philippines, an environmental planner refers to a person who is registered and licensed to practice environmental planning and who holds a valid Certificate of Registration and a valid Professional Identification Card from the Board of Environmental Planning and the Professional Regulation Commission. (RA10587) http://img.freeflagicons.com/thumb/waving_flag/philippines/philippines_640.png
- 22. what is my role? o One who creates and recommends plans on land use and other planning fields o An advisor and regulator to the government, private sector, and the communities o An urban designer o Someone who looks far into the future for the welfare of a place o A capacity builder, facilitator, and educator o An advocate of causes
- 23. Let’s start history with the Ancients.
- 25. MESOPOTAMIA 10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD • “Fertile crescent” means land between rivers • Scope of the Tigris and Euphrates river systems • Water as a basis of urban development
- 27. Sketch what you just saw. They say planners see things that other’s don’t. What can you derive from Mesopotamia?
- 28. http://lhmrramsey.com/Mesopotamia.jpg ZIGGURAT MOAT HIGHER BUILDINGS SMALLER HOUSES AGRICULTURAL LANDS
- 29. MESOPOTAMIA 10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD • Sumer was one of the early civilizations • 15 city-states created • Religion was power purpleteal.wordpress.com
- 31. ANCIENT EGYPT 3,000 – 300 BC • Religion still powerful: Ancient Egyptians worshipped kings as gods • Once buried, lives forever • Pyramids constructed in capital cities • Cities of dead people (necropolis)
- 32. http://newlinetravel.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ancient-Egypt-Pyramids-4.jpg PYRAMID IS A TOMB PHAROAH HEAD ON MORTUARY TEMPLE TEMPLES
- 34. HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS 498-408 BC • “Inventor / father of formal city planning” • Made the Hippodamian Plan or the grid city to maximise winds in the summer and minimise them in winter • Has a geometric, arranged style in design • Also worked on the Piraeus Port and Alexandria
- 38. CHICAGO
- 39. BUENOS AIRES
- 40. PLATO 428 - 347 BC • Established the Polluter Pays Principle “If any one internationally pollutes the water of another, whether the water of a spring, or collected in reservoirs, either by poisonous substances, or by digging, or by theft, let the injured party bring the cause before the wardens of the city, and claim in writing the value of the loss; if the accused be found guilty of injuring the water by deleterious substances, let him not only pay damages, but purify the stream or the cistern which contains the water, in such manner as the laws… order the purification to be made by the offender in each case.”
- 41. PLATO 428 - 347 BC • Polluter Pays is in our Environmental Code (PD1152) It shall be the responsibility of the polluter to contain, remove, and clean-up water pollution incidents at his own expense. In case of his failure to do so, the government agencies concerned shall undertake containment, removal, and clean-up operations and expenses incurred in said operations shall be against the persons and/or entities responsible for such pollution.
- 42. ARISTOTLE 384 - 322 BC • Provided the foundation for the concept of intergenerational equity • For our children’s children Human well-being is realised only partly by satisfying whatever people’s preferences happen to be at a particular time; it is also necessary for successive generations to leave behind sufficient resources so that future generations are not constrained in their preferences.”
- 43. ARISTOTLE 384 - 322 BC INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY http://www.unis.unvienna.org/images/2015/Infographic_5_elem_related_l.jpg
- 45. THE ROMAN EMPIRE 29 BC – 393 AD • Excelled in military science and engineering • Designs and inventions looked at improving transport and military strategies
- 46. ROME, THE IMPERIAL CITY http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/roman-forum.jpg WALLED FOR PROTECTION “CASTRA” OR CAMP GRID STREETS
- 50. THE ROMAN EMPIRE 29 BC – 393 AD • Heavily dependent on water • Engineered sewerage, canals, hydraulics roman aqueducts.info ROMAN AQUEDUCT
- 51. THE ROMAN EMPIRE 29 BC – 393 AD • Socio-political events resulted to religious divisions, absence of military discipline, murder, and citizen unrest • Moral decay led to the fall of Rome • Vikings destroyed the Aqueduct roman aqueducts.info https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
- 52. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Lorenzetti_amb.effect2.jpg
- 53. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD 5TH – 15TH CENTURY AD • The church and monasticism • Rise of Islam • Byzantine empire • State power • The Crusades • Carolingian dynasty roman aqueducts.info https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
- 56. CATHEDRAL CITIES • Cathedral or monument as a focal point of the city • Radial growth • Retained the walled city from Roman practice • Enclosure caused problems such as epidemics and limited resources roman aqueducts.info https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
- 58. RENAISSANCE 14TH TO 17TH CENTURY AD • Commerce as a driving factor • Called for accessibility and mobility • Like the Medieval Period, had a radial growth pattern • Plans began to follow the topography of an area roman aqueducts.info https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
- 60. LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI 1404-1472 • Wrote the De Re Aedificatoria: Ten books of planning and design principles Growth is characterized by a star-shaped form
- 63. GEORGES-EUGENE HAUSSMANN 1809-1891 PLAN AND RENOVATION OF PARIS
- 64. GEORGES-EUGENE HAUSSMANN 1809-1891 travellingandfood.com ARC DE TRIOMPHE AS CENTER RADIATING OUTWARD AVENUES LINED WITH TREES AND POCKET PARKS Paris, the best planned city
- 66. CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT 1800s – 1900s • Emphasized beauty and aesthetics • Think monuments, grand buildings, parks, perfect landscapes, lakes, and circular road systems roman aqueducts.info https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg
- 67. DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM 1846-1912 • Father of American City Planning • Together with Frederick Law Olmstead and John Wellborn Root, designed the World’s Columbian Exposition, the first comprehensive planning document in the US
- 68. DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM 1846-1912 “Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s blood and probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die, but long after we are gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with ever- growing insistency. Remember that our sons and grandsons are going to do things that would stagger us. Let your watchword be order and your beacon beauty.”
- 69. CHICAGO MANILA BAGUIO burnhampi.files.wordpress.com • Greatest feat was the Plan of Chicago (called Paris on a Prairie); other plans include Manila, Baguio, Cleveland, and San Francisco DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM 1846-1912
- 70. CANBERRA http://www.capitalmetro.act.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0020/802730/Canberra- Carosel.jpg
- 72. SIR EBENEZER HOWARD 1850 - 1928 • Wrote the book Garden Cities of Tomorrow • Addressed population and pollution that came about by the industrial revolution by creating garden cities
- 74. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg 5,000-acre CENTRAL CITY 58,000 PEOPLE 1,000-acre GARDEN CITIES 30,000 PEOPLE CONNECTED BY ROADS AND RAILWAYSGREEN SPACES
- 77. SIR RAYMOND UNWIN Architect – city planner for Letchworth Wrote Nothing Gained by Overcrowding SIR FREDERIC JAMES OSBORN Championed garden cities LOUIS DE SOISSONS Architect of Welwyn
- 81. question What do you call the area between a city and the outskirts?
- 83. LE CORBUSIER (CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET) 1887-1965 • Created the Radiant City • Modernist, futuristic, and orderly • But socially disadvantageous and unrealistic for settlements • Criticized because he tried to solve congestion with more congestion • Wrote the books Urbanisme and The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning
- 84. http://alanamuir.wikispaces.com/file/view/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg/333908066/ Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg LE VILLE RADIEUSE (THE RADIANT CITY)
- 85. http://alanamuir.wikispaces.com/file/view/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg/333908066/ Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg LE VILLE RADIEUSE (THE RADIANT CITY) GRIDS CUBIST AESTHETICS ORDERLY, RATIONAL CITY BLOCKS BOX-TYPE HOUSES 60-STOREY BUILDINGS
- 86. ? GARDEN CITY RADIANT CITY
- 87. GARDEN CITY RADIANT CITY
- 88. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT 1867-1959 • Champion and proponent of urban decentralisation • Involved communities • Designed the 1,000-hectare Broadacre City • included social services in the forms of schools, trains, and museums, as well as employment in the forms of markets, offices, nearby farms, and industrial areas • Plan included a helicopter, which was criticized
- 94. CLARENCE STEIN 1882-1975 • Initiated plans to produce greenbelt resettlements all over the US • Wrote the book Toward New Towns for America HENRY WRIGHT 1878-1936 • Created the superblock
- 96. CLARENCE PERRY 1872-1944 • Conceptualized the neighborhood unit • Similar to the superblock • Bounded by major streets • Has a church, school, and shops • 200 sqm to 2 sqkm Wikipedia
- 98. SIR PATRICK GEDDES 1954-1932 • Introduced the notion of a region • Became the Father of Regional Planning • Biologist, sociologist, and geographer • Dissected the planning environment by analysing occupational activities • Used observation and rational methods • Instead of gridiron planning, used conservative surgery Wikipedia
- 101. SIR PATRICK GEDDES 1954-1932 • Introduced the term conurbation, which means “an aggregation of continuous network of urban communities.” • Emphasized the relationships of people and cities, thus the city- region term. • Used the rational planning method of Survey Analysis • Wrote the book Cities in Evolution Israel.travel
- 102. SIR LESLIE PATRICK ABERCROMBIE 1954-1932 • Created the post-war plans for London, and combatted sprawling by resettlement • Made the London Country Plan (1944) and the Greater London Plan (1943)
- 103. thesemaphoreline.wordpress.com SOCIAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS CENTRAL COMMUNITIES SUBURBAN COMMUNITIES OPEN SPACES SHOPPING CENTERS
- 104. LEWIS MUMFORD 1895-1990 • A historian-sociologist who studied cities and architecture • From his 23 books, the most prominent in city planning is The City in History, which pointed out how technology and nature could be harmonious • Gave the concept of an organic city • Rationalised how planning has various disciplines Wikipedia
- 105. Mumford was friends with City Beautiful advocates Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, and Frederic Osborn. Mumford and Wright exchanged transatlantic letters on professional and personal matters. news.rracution.com
- 106. BENTON MCKAYE 1879-1975 • Originator of the 3,500 km Appalachian Trail in the eastern United States (Georgia to Maine) • Was a forester and conservationist, and co-founded the Wilderness Society • Championed regional conservationism
- 108. personal.umich.edu, Wikipedia, ak-cahce.legacy.net, boiseplanning.wordpress.com THE FOUNDERS: Clarence Stein, Benton McKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing (a real estate developer), and Henry Wright
- 110. EDWARD BASSETT 1863-1948 • Urban planner and lawyer who was the Father of American Zoning. He was the first to use zoning as a means of implementing land use in New York. He wrote books about zoning. • Also coined the term freeway and parkway
- 111. DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA 1844-1920 • Made the concept Linear City, which has many parallel and specialized functions Wikipedia
- 112. DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA 1844-1920 The linear city gears away from the usual centric urban forms. The lines help control the expansion of a city. prezi.com
- 113. TONY GARNIER 1869-1948 • Made the concept Linear Industrial City, which has many parallel and specialized functions • Used the concept of zoning and labeled space into leisure, industry, work, and transport Wikipedia
- 114. aria.archi.fr and s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com • Plan caters to 35,000 residents • Follows the principles of funciton, greeneries, open space, and exposure to the sunlight • City is linked by circular patterns
- 115. THOMAS ADAMS 1871-1940 • Worked primarily on low-density residences or garden suburbs • Founded the British Town Planning Institute • Wrote the book Rural Planning and Development • Pushed for planning legislation by mandate, local plans, zoning, building regulations, and recognized the responsibility of a licensed or professional planner
- 117. CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS 1914-1975 • Studied the science of human settlements, called ekistics • Looks into the culture, economics, and society in varying scales http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/7109/397093975058892/320/eki_circles.1.png
- 120. FRANCIS STUART CHAPIN 1888-1974 • As a sociologist and educator, he stressed the importance of quantifying social activities in an evolving city through statistics. • He was the first to write the textbooks on urban and regional planning Amazon
- 122. IRA LOWRY • Published A Model of Metropolis, a computer model for spatial organization of anthropogenic activities in a metropolitan area • This generates an assessment that can be the basis for urban policy decisions • Worked with Robert Garin on a model that looks at the relationship and logic to the spatial arrangement of human activities • Expands to gravity modeling, or trip distribution in transport planning, or distance decay in physics Amazon
- 123. say it distance decay h"ps://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/ar4cles/volume4/KrempelPlumper_files/m1.jpg (The farther the distance, the more interaction declines)
- 124. Wikipedia
- 125. WILLIAM LEVITT 1907-1994 • Father of American Suburbia / The King of Suburbia / The Inventor of the Suburb • Mass produced houses that were affordable
- 129. twisted sifter.com SUCH A TERRIBLE WASTE OF SPACE. L
- 131. CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER 1905-1964 • An advocate of social and public housing. She authored the American Housing Act of 1937 and was an adviser to five presidents. • Wrote the book Modern Housing • She also worked with Lewis Mumford
- 132. ROBERT MOSES 1888-1981 • The Master Builder of New York • His plans had parkways, expressways, and housing development • One of the most controversial figures in the history of urban planning
- 136. SAUL DAVID ALINSKY 1909-1972 • Founder of modern community organizing • Wrote the book Rules for Radicals • Worked with the poorer communities, and influenced neighbourhood organisations
- 137. SHERRY ARNSTEIN 1909-1972 • Social and health worker • Published an article on the ladder of citizen participation, which gave not only a voice but power to the citizens. This addressed how citizens were being victimised, and led the way to participatory planning.
- 138. lithgow-schmidt.dk 8 RUNGS OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
- 139. Can you give me some examples of advocacies in planning?
- 140. Can you give me some examples of advocacies in planning? PARTICIPATORY CO-MANAGEMENT SOCIAL INCLUSION SUSTAINABILITY
- 142. What do you notice about the picture?
- 145. JANE JACOBS 1916-2006 • An urban activist who was strong and vocal against urban renewal; she fought for new urbanism • Wrote the powerful book The Death and Life of American Cities Her book and activism led to the eventual fall of urban renewal towards city diversity, mixed-use, dense neighborhoods, and vibrant communities. • Also wrote the book The Economy of Cities
- 147. archdaily.com
- 149. RACHEL LOUISE CARSON 1907-1964 • A marine biologist • Wrote the powerful book Silent Spring, a haunting compilation and narrative of research about the detrimental and even lethal effects of pesticides and fertilisers on the living environment • This book launched a global environmental movement
- 150. IAN MCHARG 1920-2001 • Was called an “architect who valued a site’s natural features” • Transformed efforts of traditional planning into environmental planning by using the technique of sieve mapping or overlay, which took into account the varied features of the environment.
- 151. IAN MCHARG 1920-2001 • Wrote the book Design with Nature, which triggered responsible planning of landscapes, respecting natural features • Laid the foundation for Geographic Information Systems http://www.kln.ac.lk/socialsciences/depts/geography/images/stories/gis/gis.png
- 158. Theory Rural areas organize agricultural production in support of an urban center. Distance from the center determines the use of land. Findings Longer distance from market Less profitability Easier to transport Applicability or Planning Implication Showed the early analysis of human behavior and its spatial consequences
- 160. Theory The range of good and threshold population of retail shops and service establishments are the major influences in explaining the number, size and distribution patterns of settlements. Findings Consumers avoid higher transport costs by going to the nearest service location. The larger the settlements in size, the fewer in number they will be. The more number of settlements, the higher order of services, and the higher the degree of specialization that occurs. Applicability or Planning Implication Provides an economic and spatial development of regions through provision of appropriate goods and services, with establishments according to scale.
- 162. how to draw it
- 163. how to draw it
- 164. how to draw it
- 165. how to draw it
- 166. Central Place Theory in the Philippines : Malls http://outoftownblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Inside-SM-Mall-of-Asia-.jpg
- 168. Theory A factory or plant locates where transport and labor costs are at a minimum, determined by cost of distance vs. weight of raw materials, cost of labor, agglomeration and deglomeration. Findings The point of least transport costs is that at which the combined weight movements involved in assembly (from sources and in distribution is at a minimum). If savings in labor cost is labor cost per unit output exceeds the extra transport costs, labor will attract the industry to the location. Applicability or Planning Implication Brings economics into the spatial domain. Provides rationality in determining the location of a firm
- 169. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bid_rent1.svg/2000px- Bid_rent1.svg.png
- 171. PRICE IS SET, TIERS ARE LIMITED
- 172. BID RENT PUSHES AWAY THOSE WHO CANNOT MATCH THE PRICES CREATES CONCENTRIC PATTERNS THIS IS WHY SLUMS SURROUND A BETTER OFF CITY CENTER
- 173. Theory The price of and demand for land changes according to the distance from the center (CBD). The center commands the highest value of land because of its proximity to business establishments and supports services as well as the market. Applicability or Planning Implication Provided an explanation on why slums and squatter settlements proliferate in areas close to the CBD or commercial centers
- 175. LEAPFROG!
- 176. Theory Birth, mortality rates, and population movement are major determinants of settlement patterns. Findings Migration is caused by economic reasons. Migrants tend not to go straight to their ultimate destinations. They leapfrog. Applicability or Planning Implication Gives basis for migration and urban growth studies: distance decay, push-pull studies on migration, and gravity modeling
- 177. http://www.geographylwc.org.uk/A/AS/ ASpopulation/images/push%20pulled.jpg MIGRATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- 178. Theory Migration is an economic dimension of rural dwellers where individual and household members believe that there is a higher expected income in urban areas. Findings Pakikipagsapalaran Applicability or Planning Implication This influenced national policy on on-site and services approach to low cost housing, resettlement, relocation and minimization of rural-urban disparities.
- 179. https://www.populationeducation.org/sites/ default/files/dtm.png WARREN THOMSON’S 1919 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL THEORY: All countries experience demographic transition.
- 180. http://static.trunity.net/images/181082/450x399/scale/Ecosystems_and_Human_Well- Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY
- 181. http://static.trunity.net/images/181082/450x399/scale/Ecosystems_and_Human_Well- Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY
- 182. MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNET’S CURVE Development Environment
- 184. http://static.trunity.net/images/181082/450x399/scale/Ecosystems_and_Human_Well- Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL
- 185. http://static.trunity.net/images/181082/450x399/scale/Ecosystems_and_Human_Well- Being_Volume_1_Current_State_and_Trends_Urban_Systems10.JPG MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RIVER POLLUTION GREENHOUSE GASES
- 186. http://www.assignmentpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Five-Stages-of- Development.jpg ROSTOW’S 1960 STAGES OF GROWTH DEVELOPMENT MODERNIZATION IS LINEAR.
- 187. http://www.assignmentpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Five-Stages-of- Development.jpg ROSTOW’S 1960 STAGES OF GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIALIZATION SELF-SUSTAINING ECONOMY TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW INDUSTRIES
- 188. http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lmklviriHi1qil6h5.gif WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM THEORY
- 189. http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lmklviriHi1qil6h5.gif WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM THEORY STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND BUREAUCRACY LACKS STRONG GOVERNMENT TRANSIT POINT
- 192. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yg3tTntN3uc/T- ythq70YfI/AAAAAAAAAGA/TzjSWwGWTkM/ s1600/Chicago+School.png
- 193. http://egg-humangeography.weebly.com/ uploads/2/0/5/0/20502018/801740_orig.gif BURGESS ET AL’S CONCENTRIC MODEL (1923)
- 194. https://egyptgeo.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/ screen-shot-2015-04-28-at-9-08-47-am- e1430441496362.png INCOME, PROFIT POTENTIAL AND RENT DRIVE THE DIRECTION CHICAGO’S INTERNAL URBAN STRUCTURE IS COMPOSED OF RINGS
- 195. http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/ uploads/2014/05/clip_image0102.jpg PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL (1965)
- 196. http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/ uploads/2014/05/clip_image0102.jpg PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL (1965) FROM CHICAGO TO BRITAIN COMMUTER VILLAGE SEPARATED FROM BUILT-UP AREAS
- 197. https://aphug.wikispaces.com/file/view/hoyt.png/ 72462597/hoyt.png HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)
- 198. https://aphug.wikispaces.com/file/view/hoyt.png/ 72462597/hoyt.png HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939) WEDGE-SHAPED UPPER CLASS TENDS TO LOCATE NEAR THE CBD FOR BEAUTY AND ACCESSIBILITY
- 199. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ Multiple_nuclei_model.svg/450px-Multiple_nuclei_model.svg.png HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)
- 200. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ Multiple_nuclei_model.svg/450px-Multiple_nuclei_model.svg.png HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939) NEW NUCLEI EMERGED LAND USES REPEL OR ATTRACT LAND USE CHANGE EMERGES FROM NEW DEVELOPMENTS
- 202. https://taylorgeoitalyisawesome.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/multiple- nuclei-model-sketch-up1.png
- 211. Where are the paths?
- 214. littlemissurbanite.wordpress.com + prelims + exam overview + filing + expectations + planning bibles + TIPS J