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Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation
- 1. The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy (ana = apart; -to m y = to cut) - the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts --heart and bones Physiology (physio = nature ; -o lo g y = the study o f) - study of how the body and its parts work or function --function of the heart to keep blood flowing **both are always related
- 2. Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable
- 3. Figure 14.4 Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope
- 4. Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization
- 5. 11 BODY SYSTEMS The Body Systems Integumentary ~Respiratory Skeletal ~Digestive Muscular ~Urinary Nervous ~Reproductive Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic
- 6. Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering. Waterproof. Protects deeper tissue from injury. Perspiration & Temp. Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors. Pressure, pain, temp
- 7. Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation: Hematopoiesis Stores mineral
- 8. Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion --contraction: shorten Maintains posture Produces heat
- 9. Figure 1.2d Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands
- 10. Figure 1.2e Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones: control body activities Growth Reproduction Metabolism
- 11. Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
- 12. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity PG 5 and 6**Images Figure 1.2g
- 13. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h
- 14. Organ System Overview Digestive: Tube Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Liver and Pancreas: aid and breakdown Figure 1.2i
- 15. Organ System Overview Urinary: Excretory system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes: urea and uric acid Maintains acid – base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j
- 16. Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k
- 17. Necessary Life Functions: What does the human body do? Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances with other systems Food, blood, urine Responsiveness or Irritability Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients
- 18. Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy: ATP molecules Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
- 19. Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number
- 20. Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions
- 21. Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature: 37C or 98F Metabolic reactions optimal Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Breathing and exchange of gas
- 22. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = state of equilibrium Continuously changes normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – results in disease
- 23. Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4
- 24. Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center
- 25. Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus
- 26. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat
- 27. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
- 28. The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Anatomical Position: always assumed in standard position Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures
- 30. Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)
- 31. Body Landmarks Anterior Anatomical Position Figure 1.5a
- 32. Body Landmarks Posterior Figure 1.5b
- 37. Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c