provide information about types of counseling and couseling process.

1. PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
TECHNIQUES
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. DEEPIKA KHAKHA
SUBMITTED BY
ESTHER MARY MATHEW

2. INTRODUCTION
 Counseling is a process, as well as a relationship,
between persons.
 Counselling is a scientific process of assistance
extended by an expert in an individual situation to a
needy person.
 Counselling involves relationship between two
persons in which one of them (counsellor) attempts
to assists the other (counselee or client) in so
organising himself as to attain a particular form of
happiness, adjusting to a life situation , or in short
self actualisation.

3. COUNSELING ...
Williamson
“It is a means of helping people to learn how to
solve their own problems.”
Carl Rogers (1965)
“It is a definitely structured relationship which allows
the client to gain an understanding of himself to a
degree which enables him to take positive steps in
the light of his new orientation.”

4. Counseling aims to...
 Assist an individual towards:
 Self-knowledge
 Self-realization
 Self-development

5. Purposes of Counselling
 A - ASSISTANCE
 D - DEVELOPMENT
 V - VAST INFORMATION
 I - INSPIRATION
 S - SOLUTION
 E - ENCOURAGEMENT

6. TYPES OF COUNSELLING
 Directive Counseling
 Non – Directive Counseling
 Eclectic Counseling

7. Directive Counseling
(prescriptive counselling).
 This approach of counseling is advocated by
E.G. Williamson.
 Counsellor –centred: the counsellor direct the
client to take steps in order to resolve his conflicts.
 It is based on assumption that the client cannot
solve his own problems for lack of information.

8.  The counsellor plays an important role; he tries to
direct the thinking of counselee by informing ,
explaining, interpreting and advising.
 It gives more importance to intellectual aspect
than emotional aspects.

9. STEPS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
Williamson has given six steps of directive
counselling :
Analysis
Synthesis
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Counselling
Follow up

10. MERITS
 It is less time consuming; hence this method can be
adopted when an early solution is required.
 This method is best; less matured and less intelligent
client interact with an experienced counsellor.
 This is best method at lower levels where the client
is not in a position to analyse his own problem
 In this method, the counsellor becomes readily
available to help the client which makes the client
very happy.

11. DEMERITS
 In directive counselling, the client never becomes
independent of the counsellor. So it is not an effective
or best guidance.
 The personal autonomy and integrity of the client is
not respected, it leads to new adjustment problems.
 It will not help the individual to develop any attitudes
through his own experiences.
 The counsellor fails in saving the client to commit
the mistakes in future.

12. NON-DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
 This school of thought is just reverse to that of
directive counseling.
 It is a client-centred process.
 In this, the counselee is the pivot of the whole
counselling process.
 The main function of the counsellor is to create an
atmosphere in which the client can work out his
problem.

13.  It is also known as permissive
counselling.
In this type of counselling,
emotional elements rather than
intellectual element are
stressed.

14. NONDIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
 The principles of acceptance & tolerance are
extremely important in this approach.
The basic assumptions related to nondirective
counseling approach are:
 Patient is given importance than the counselling
directions & investigations
 Creation of an atmosphere where patients can work
out their understanding is more important than
cultivating self-understanding in the patient.
 leads to a voluntary choice of goals & a conscious
selection of courses of action.

15. STEPS OF THE NONDIRECTIVE
COUNSELLING APPROACH
Defining the
problem
situation
Counselee given
freedom to express his
feeling
Identifying
counselees feeling
Developing
coulees insight
Termination of
counseling

16. ECLECTIC COUNSELLING
 Eclectic counselling is a type of counselling which is
neither counsellor-centred nor client centred; but a
combination of both.
 Here the counsellor is neither too active as in directive
counselling nor too passive as in non-directive
counselling, but follows a middle course.

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF ECLECTIC
COUNSELLING
 Methods of counselling may change from client to
client or even with the same client from time to time.
 It is highly flexible.
 Freedom of choice and expression is open to both the
counsellor and the counselee.
 Experience of mutual confidence and faith in the
relationship are basic.
 The client and the philosophical framework are
adjusted to save the purpose of the relationship.

18. STEPS OF ECLECTIC
COUNSELLING
Establishing
rapport
Diagnosis the
problem
Analyzing the case
Preparing a
tentative plan for
modifying behavior
Counselling
Follow-up

19. ECLECTIC COUNSELLING
Advantages of eclectic counseling approach
 practical approach.
It is a more flexible approach of counseling.
It is more objective & coordinated approach of
counseling.
Limitations of eclectic counselling approach
The role of counselor & the counselee are not
predetermined.
It requires more skilled counselors to handle the
dynamic feature of this counseling approach.

20. OTHER TYPES OF COUNSELLING
A)Based on length of the counselling session:
Short-term counseling
Long-term counseling
B) Based on number of counselees involved:
Individual counseling
Group counseling

21. COUNSELLING ENVIRONMENT
Welcoming : Greet clients appropriately
Comfortable : Have comfortable seats
A place with few distractions: No telephone
Somewhere where privacy and confidentiality can
be maintained
Non-threatening : A place where people can feel
relaxed

22. PERSONALITY TRAITS OF AN
EFFECTIVE COUNSELOR
1. SELF AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING
Self-awareness is the ability to look within and
identify your own unmet psychological needs and desires,
such as a need for intimacy or the desire to be professionally
competent. This ability prevents your issues from affecting or
conflicting with those of your clients.
2. GOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
Although no persons is totally problem free but a
person with less problems or good psychological health
can be trained to be counselor.

23. PERSONALITY TRAITS OF AN
EFFECTIVE COUNSELOR
 3. RAPPORT-BUILDING SKILLS
Counselors must possess a strong set of interpersonal skills
to help establish rapport quickly with clients and develop strong
relationships. They must give their undivided attention to clients
and be able to cultivate trust.
4. OPEN MINDNESS
A person who is free from fixed or pre occupied
ideas .They are aware of their own values and beliefs
and are able to distinguish them from the beliefs and
values of others.

24. PERSONALITY TRAITS OF AN
EFFECTIVE COUNSELOR
5. TRUST WORTHINESS
A person who is reliable ,honest and does not
hurt other persons. He/She keep the information to
herself.
6. APPROACHABILITY
The counselor who is friendly has positive
attitudes about others and can be approached without
a feeling of apprehension.

25. QUALITIES OF A GOOD COUNSELOR
 G–Good technical
knowledge
 O–Obtaining
appropriate information
from the patient
 O–Objectively
answering questions
 D–Demonstrating
professionalism
C –Confidentiality maintenance
O–Observant
U–Unbiased
N–Nonjudgmental
S – Sensitive to the needs of the
patient
E–Empathetic
L–Listens carefully
O–Open minded
R–Respects the rights of the
patients

26. COUNSELLING PROCESS
Stage 1
Relationship
building
Stage 2
Assessment
and
diagnosis
Stage 3
Formulation
of counseling
goals
Stage 4
Intervention
and problem
solving
Stage 5
Termination
and Follow
Up

27. STAGE 1: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING
 Introduce yourself.
 Listen attentively.
 Empathy, genuiness and warmth enhances relationship
building.
 Always address the person by his or her name.
 Ensure physical comfort.
 Observe non-verbal communication.

28. STAGE 2: ASSESSMENT AND
DIAGNOSIS
 Assessing through: observation and Inquiry
 Associate facts
 Make Hypotheses
 Record Information

29. STAGE 3: FORMULATION OF
COUNSELING GOALS
Five Categories of Counseling Goals
 To change an unwanted or unwelcome behavior
 To better cope
 To make and implement decisions
 To enhance relationships

30. STAGE 4: INTERVENTION AND
PROBLEM SOLVING
 Characteristics of a good treatment plan…
 goals are clearly defined and reachable
 plan able to be adapted with time
 positive and action-oriented focus
 Essential to an effective plan…is client’s motivation
and willingness to follow it.

31. STAGE 5: TERMINATION AND
FOLLOW UP
 Role to review progress
 Think of this as a means of empowering the client.
 Termination considered not just at end of successful
relationship, but also is considered when it seems
counseling is not being helpful.

32. STEPS TO SUCCESS IN
COUNSELLING
 Willingness
 Motivation
 Commitment
 Faith

33. CONCLUSION
Effective counseling reduces confusions, allowing the
client to make effective decisions and leading to
positive changes in their attitude and behavior.
“An unresolved issue will be like a cancer with the
potential to spread into other areas of your relationship”