Presentación realizada en el "Diálogo regional en hambre, inseguridad alimentaria y malnutrición en el Caribe: Desafíos en derecho a la alimentación y gobernanza", evento que se llevó a cabo en Antigua y Barbuda el 1 y 2 de agosto de 2013.

1. Hunger : More than a Bread and Butter Issue

2. Food Insecurity in the Caribbean:
Governance, Policy Issues and Priorities

3. 1. Governance and Food and Nutrition Security(FNS)
2. Caribbean – Food and Nutrition Insecurity challenges
3. Achieving FNS – Programmatic Approaches
4. Policy and Governance issues for Increasing FNS

4. Food and Nutrition Insecurity as a Governance Issue

5. “ Good Governance is
perhaps the single most
important factor in
eradicating poverty and
promoting development”
Kofi Annan, UN Secretary
General, HDR, 2002

6. We are going to create conditions in
which all people in our country can
eat decently three times a
day, every day, without needing
gifts from anyone. Brazil cannot
continue living with such inequality.
We must defeat hunger, poverty and
social exclusion. Our war is not to kill
anyone – it is to save lives.
President Luiz Inacio Lula da
Silva, Inaugural address, January
1, 2003.

7. No universally accepted definition of “good/democratic
governance” but broad agreement that the key
components are:
A process of decision-making and implementation; it
holds a meaning broader than “government”; it
articulates how interests are accommodated and
power is exercised in society; it includes formal and
informal rules
The quality dimensions of governance include:
accountability, participation, transparency and the
respect of the rule of law.

8. In 1995 the Inter-Parliamentary Union assembled
experts from various regions and disciplines to
develop an international standard on democracy.
Building on this work, the Universal Declaration on
Democracy was adopted in 1997.
Democracy is based on two core principles: participation
and accountability. Everyone has the right to participate in
the management of public affairs. Likewise, everyone has
the right to access information on government activities, to
petition government and to seek redress through impartial
administrative and judicial mechanisms.

9. Governance describes the
institutions, rules, norms through which
policies are developed and implemented and
through which accountability is enforced.
(UNESCO, 2009)

10. A Right -- A Covenant – A Commitment
• 1948 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25: 1. Everyone has
the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of
himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care
and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of
unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of
livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
• 1966: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, Article 11: 1. – The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize
the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his
family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous
improvement of living conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate steps
to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential
importance of international co-operation based on free consent.
• 2004: The FAO COUNCIL adopted the Right to Food Guidelines to support the
progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national
food security based on the International Covenant.

11. •2006 – Brazil: The Food Security and Nutrition Act – created SISAN
& CONSEA, emphasizing synergies between the Ministries of
Health, Education, Agriculture and Labour.
• 2007 – Colombia : National Food Security Policy - based on the
ReSA Food Security Network Programme, promoted social and
community participation and organization, institutionalizing food
security and nutrition (civil society)
• 2009 - El Salvador: National Council on Food Security - founded in
2010, along with the formulation of the National Food Security and
Nutrition Policy (a programme of comprehensive nutritional care at
the community level, for expectant mothers, infants and children
under the age of two).
• 2009 – Nicaragua: Law of Food Security, Nutrition and Food
Sovereignty passed, and an inclusive fair trade market created.
National Commitments

12. • 2005 – Latin America and the Caribbean Zero Hunger
Programme; Salvador de Bahia Declaration (2008) –
commitment by 33 countries in the region to the FAO
Anti-Hunger Programme
• 2008 – Parliamentary Meeting on the Right to Food
(Guatemala)
• 2009 – Parliamentary Zero Hunger Front (Panamá)
• 2010 – First Parliamentary Zero Hunger Forum
(Brazil)
• 2010 – Food and Nutrition Security Policy (CARICOM
countries)
• 2011 – Second Parliamentary Zero Hunger Forum
(Bogota)
• 2011 - Parliamentary Zero Hunger Front (Dominican
Republic Chapter, 43 deputies and 6 senators). Strong
participation in the fsn process.
Regional Commitments

13. Food and Nutrition Insecurity in the Caribbean

14. Food Security :
a technical concept
based on the needs of
the beneficiaries
Food Sovereignty :
A political concept
that implies that each
nation define its own
policy
The Right to Food :
A legal concept based
on human rights
Nutrition

15. “Food security, at the
individual, household, nation
al, regional and global
levels, exists when all
people, at all times, have
physical, social and economic
access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food to meet their
dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and
healthy life.” Grains, fruits, oils, meat, dairy products and
vegetablesWorld Food Summit, Rome (1996)

16. CAUSES OF FOOD AND NUTRITION INSECURITY
Climate change
/Resilience Policy
Greater impact and
more frequent
occurrence of natural
disasters
Loss of assets and
reduced productivity
Food Import Policy
Economic Development
Policy
Reduced economic
growth
Displacement of Local
Products
Unemployment and
lower incomes (from jobs
and remittances)
Changes in the
patterns of food
consumption
Food insecurity and undernutrition
Martínez R, 2009. ECLAC/WFP. Study on Food
Security in Latin America and the Caribbean.

17. Food insecurity in the Caribbean
Food insecurity is about much more than agriculture and food
Some of the Big Issues:
Economic growth: Space left by decline of sugar and bananas
 Food import bill: US$ 4 billion plus
 Climate change and food supply
 Nutrition and Food Demand Choices
 Youth and rural development

18. Food insecurity in the Caribbean
Food insecurity is about much more than agriculture and food
Some of the Big questions:
Loss of Export Income Issue
 Loss of domestic production base/import bill issue
 Vulnerability/Instability issue – 2% GDP impact
 Underrnutrition and Obesity issue
 Rural area/agricultural sector demograpic issue

19. Annex 1: Value of banana and plantain exports from Caribbean Countries
(US$) 2000-2012
(Figures below represent millions)
YEAR Belize Dominica Jamaica St. Lucia
St. Vincent &
The Grenadines Total
2000 18.90 12.65 22.89 21.37 18.01 94
2001 21.40 8.47 18.27 33.25 13.11 95
2002 16.78 8.34 17.55 21.77 14.92 79
2003 26.28 5.90 18.85 15.88 3.41 70
2004 26.18 7.41 12.70 20.85 11.88 79
2005 21.35 7.14 4.69 15.40 10.24 59
2006 25.29 7.60 13.41 17.54 9.07 73
2007 20.74 5.23 9.22 14.91 9.25 59
2008 33.36 5.52 0.038 21.17 4.22 64
2009 33.35 4.76 0.024 23.07 3.97 65
2010 38.28 2.71 0.001 11.97 3.02 56
2011 31.68 0.37 0.062 4.66 0.35 37
2012 47.44 0.43 0.11 4.40 2.74 55

20. -
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
2,500,000,000
3,000,000,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Trend of Total Food Imports by Year – Selected Countries CARICOM
CARICOM
MDCs
LDCs

21. PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT IN THE CARIBBEAN
(percentage)
1990-19922000-20022010-2012
Caribbean 28.5 21.8 17.8
Antigua andBarbuda 18.5 43.6 20.5
Bahamas (the) 11.3 6.3 7.2
Barbados < 5 < 5 < 5
Belize 9.2 7.2 6.8
Cuba 11.5 < 5 < 5
Dominica < 5 < 5 < 5
DominicanRepublic (the) 30.4 21.9 15.4
Grenada 17.3 29.0 17.9
Guyana 19.7 8.0 5.1
Haiti 63.5 54.8 44.5
Jamaica 9.0 6.7 8.7
Netherlands Antilles 9.8 < 5 < 5
SaintKitts andNevis 15.8 18.9 14.0
SaintLucia 11.9 11.8 14.6
SaintVincentandthe Grenadines 19.2 10.6 < 5
TrinidadandTobago 13.6 13.5 9.3
(Percentage)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Antiguaand Barbuda
Bahamas (the)
Barbados
Belize
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic (the)
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
SaintKitts and Nevis
SaintLucia
SaintVincentand the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Suriname
Caribbean
1990-1992 2000-2002 2010-2012

23. Highest Female (15yr+) Overwt/Obesity in the world
(WHO 2011)
Rank Country %
1 Nauru 82
2 Tonga 81
3 Micronesia 79
4 Cook Is. 73
5 Samoa 72
6 Niue 70
7 Kuwait 67
Rank Country %
8 Barbados 63
9 Palau 62
10 Trinidad 61
11 Dominica 60
12 Egypt 59
13 USA 55
14 Jamaica 53

24. Prevalence of Overwt / Obesity in the
Caribbean in > 30 years old
23
16
25
7 8
20
16 15
14 12 11 10 10
1
57
55 54
46
43
34
30 29
27
25 24 23 22
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Barbados
TrinidadandTobago
Dominica
Jamaica
SaintLucia
Bahamas
SaintKittsandNevis
AntiguaandBarbuda
Grenada
SaintVincentandthe
Grenadines
Belize
Suriname
Guyana
Haiti
PrevalenceofObesity
Males
Females
Source: WHO Global Infobase 2011

25. Average value of food production in the Caribbean
($ per capita)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas (the)
Barbados
Belize
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic (the)
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
SaintLucia
SaintVincentand the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Suriname
1990-1992 2000-2002 2008-2010

26. Consequence of hunger and malnutrition
• Reduced capacity to learn
Reduced physical activity
• Poor resistance to diseases
• Low educational
achievements
• School desertion
• Low productivity and family
incomes
• Negative impact on
community and national
development

27. Achieving Food and Nutrition Security

28. 4 Pillars - Availability,
Access, Stability and
Utilization
2 Tracks – Twin Track
Approach
5 Principles

29. A
V
A
I
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
A
C
C
E
S
S
S
T
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
U
T
I
L
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
I II III IV
1980s 1990s 2000s 20141970s
Domestic
production
(GR-HYV)
Capacity to
import
Reserves
Food aid
Income per capita
and income
distribution
Access to assets
Markets and
infrastructure
Climate change
Policy changes
(WTO/SAP)
Security and
political stability
Food safety
Access to
health care
and sanitation
services
Proper
nutritional
practices

30. Track 1: Rural development and
productivity enhancement
Availability Access Stability Utilization
Improving productivity
and production
capacity, esp. of
small-scale farmers
Investing in rural
markets and
infrastructure
Enhancing urban food
supplies
Improving the
functioning of input
and output markets
Promoting income-
earning
opportunities
Enhancing access
to assets
Facilitating the
creation of rural
non-farm
enterprises
Improving the
functioning of rural
financial systems
and labour markets
Improving transition and
sequencing of emergency
rehabilitation-development
efforts
Facilitating diversification
Reducing production
variability (irrigation, water
harvesting, pest control, etc.)
Monitoring production and
consumption short falls
Improving access to credit
and saving services
Food handling and
storage infrastructure
Food safety
regulations and
institutions
Safe drinking water
and sanitation
Improved Food
Choices

31. Track 2: Direct and immediate access to food
Availability Access Stability Utilization
Food aid
Market information
Transport and
communication
School meals
Food for work
programmes
Cash transfers
Community and
extended family
structures
Emergency food
relief
Safety nets/Social
Protection
systems
Nutrition
interventions and
education
programmes

32. Five Rome Principles
for Sustainable Global Food Security
(Adopted by the World Summit on Food Security in November 2009)
Principle 1
Invest in country-owned plans, channelling resources to well-
designed and results-based programmes and partnerships.
Principle 2
Foster strategic coordination at national, regional and global
level to improve governance, promote better allocation of
resources, avoid duplication of efforts and identify response-
gaps.
Principle 3
Strive for a comprehensive twin-track approach to food
security.
Principle 4
Ensure a strong role for the multilateral systems by sustained
improvements in efficiency, responsiveness, coordination and
effectiveness of multilateral institutions.
Principle 5
Ensure sustained and substantial commitment by all partners
to investment in food security, with necessary resources in a
timely and reliable fashion, across multi-year plans and
programmes.

33. The United Nations Secretary-General encourages all
partners to scale up their efforts to turn the vision of an
end to hunger into reality.
The United Nations ZeroHunger Challenge
Grow Share Protect

34. Policy and Governance Issues for
Increasing FNS in the Caribbean

35. Five Pillars
1. Food and
Nutrition
Security
2. Production
(trade) value
chains
3. Sustainable
development of
natural
resources
4. Rural
modernization
and youth
programmes
5. Agricultural
knowledge and
information
system
THE FOUR OBJECTIVES OF THE CARICOM
FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION POLICY
1. Food availability – production,
commercialization, safety and quality
2. Food access – vulnerable, affordable
3. Food utilization/ nutritional
adequacy – nutrition status and NCDs
4. Stability of food supply – natural and
socioeconomic crises

36. 1.Economic expansion and diversification of the
agricultural sector – increase domestic agricultural
production
2. Improvements in the nutrition and health status of
the population - FBDGs
3. Expansion in the social protection system and
improvements in the management and efficiency of
its operations -- SMP
4. Expansion of pro-poor employment and income
generating opportunities – Demand/Youth Capacity
5. Good governance and management of hunger and
poverty programmes – greater transparency and
accountability in the delivery of public services

37. •Food Policy and Health Policy
•Import Policy and Local Production Policy
•Land Use Policy and Inclusion Policy

38. Good governance for food security
Clear, participatory
and responsive
planning, decision-
making and
implementation across
the four food security
pillars
Efficient, effective, tran
sparent and
accountable
institutions
Respect for
the rule of law
Equality and
fairness in
managing and
allocating
resources and in
service delivery
Coherent
and
coordinated
policies,
institutions
and actions.

39. -a need for new public policy platforms based on shared
visioning and inclusive governance
-more proactive state and citizen participation and
partnerships
-new development approaches, new collaborations
based on and capitalizing existing best practices to
accelerate re-shaping future Caribbean
- Parliamentarians cooperating and collaborating
nationally, regionally and globally to achieve national
and local goals.

40. More
decentralized
More
participatory
More
responsive
and results
driven

41. Final Message

42. “I am a Parliamentarian myself, I
have always been one. I think
that a Minister is entitled to
disregard expert advice. What he
is not entitled to do is to pretend
that he is acting upon it, when, in
fact he is acting contrary to it.”
Sir Winston Churchill, former British Prime
Minister, House of Commons, May 7th 1947

43. Thanks for your attention
Let’s work together and improve
governance at all levels