2. Definition Of Learning
• Relative permanent change in behavior
brought about through experience or
interactions with the environment
– Not all changes result from learning
– Change in behavior not always immediate
3. Characteristics of Learning
• Purposeful Process:
Most people have definite ideas what they
wants to achieve they have goals or clear
objects.
• Internal Experience:
The instructor cannot learn for the trainees.
The trainees can learn only from his or her
experience.
4. Cont……
• Active Process:
Learning comes only thoughts, experience,
the individual actively involved in learning
process.
• Multidimensional:
Learning is multidimensional which is
continue all around.
5. Cont……
• Individual Process:
All individual don't learn the same rate.
Every individual has different intellectual
level so every individual is learn through his or
her intellectual level.
• Continuous Process:
Learning is a continuous process which started
from the birth and continue throughout the life.
7. Types of Learning
1.Learning by trial and error
2.Learning by imitation (OBSERVATIONAL LRARNING)
3. Learning by insight (Cognition)
4. Learning by conditioning
8. 1) Learning by Trial and Error
In trial and error learning, an person learns to
perform a behavior more and more skillfully by
repeating behaviors that result in rewards and
avoiding behaviors that result in punishment.
Thorndike induce trail and error learning,
although he preferred to it trail and accidental
success. The learning is based on the repetition of
response tendencies that lead to success.
9. Thorndike conducted Experiment
• Thorndike devised an elaborate cage called a
puzzle box. A hungry cat was placed in the puzzle
box and had to learn Response. i.e. stepping on a
small lever in order to unlock the door and get out.
When the cat succeeded it was awarded with food
and then placed back inside the box. After several
trail learned to open the door. After that when put
in the cage the cat walked calmly to the lever pushed
it down with its paw, strolled through the door and
ate the food.
10.
11. Laws of Learning Edward.L.Thorndike
• Law of Exercise:
Stresses the idea that repetition is basic to
the development of adequate responses.
• Law of Effect:
Involves the emotional reaction of learner.
Learning is much more effected when feelings
of satisfaction and reward.
12. 2) Learning by Imitation(Observation)
• Observational learning is learning that occurs
through observing the behavior of others.
• OR: When we observe and imitate other
behavior that is called learning by
observation.
• Social model is very important in
observational learning
• Family, parents, friends, teachers and society.
13. Cont….
• Modeling:
The process of observing and imitating by
observation is often called modeling.
• Social Learning:
The process of learning by watching others is
called observational learning also known as
social learning.
Observational learning can be positive and
negative as well.
15. Cont……
1. Attentional Process:
Close attention is necessary to what is
happening around. People cannot learn unless
they are able to observe model behavior.
2. Retentional process:
The learner organize and retain what has been
observe, reliving experiences , mentally
rehearsing future experience.
16. Cont……
3) Motor Reproduction Process:
It is related to the reproduction of behavior
which is observed. Learning converts the
cognitive representation into action.
4) Motivation:
The actual or imagined reward of imitated
determine whether the behavior will extinguish
or not.
17. Cont……
• Imitation:
Pure imitation is blind copying of other
behavior. Usually students do this, while they
copy the mannerisms of their favorite
teachers.
18. 3) Learning by Cognition (Insight)
• Through understanding the relationships of
the different parts of a problem rather than
through test and error.
• When you need to get a picture up high on
the wall, you pull a chair over to where you
want it, and reach for the picture to take it
down.
19. Cont……
• Tolman was one of the earlier researcher
to underline the importance of cognitive
process in learning. Cognitive process means
Use thought process in learning.
• Learning by mental activity or thought is
called learning by cognition.
20. Kohler Conduct Experiment
Kohler conducted his experiments on
Chimpanzees, to reveal the essence of
learning. He put them in cages. In a typical
situation, a smart chimpanzee named sultan was
prevented from reaching a piece of fruit near the
bar of cage.
Kohler gave sultan a stick but it was also
short. Sultan gazed around picked up the short
stick through the bar it scratched another
longer stick which was lying out side the cage
joined the two stick and grabbed the food.
21.
22.
23. Cont…
• Kohler explain that sultan learned to solve
his problem by putting several pieces
together into a meaningful whole. The
solution resulted from insight a sudden
realization following a period of mental
activity.
24.
25. Tolman
• He proposed a cognitive explanation of
learning, suggesting that repeated
performance of a task strengthens the
learned relationship between environmental
cues and the organisms expectation.
26. 4) Learning by Conditioning
Learning by association is called conditioning..
There are two types of conditioning
1. Classical Conditioning – Pavlov
– Pavlov: classical conditioning was form of learning
through association
– Association of two stimuli
2. Operant Conditioning – Skinner
- Association between behavior and its consequences
called operant conditioning
27. Classical conditioning
• Classical conditioning is based on the association of
paring of an originally neutral stimuli with a response
producing stimulus. This paring of stimuli eventually
produces a condition or learn response.
• Stimulus
Response
Produce Behavior or
Actions
28. Cont……
• Classical conditioning could take place only
when the two events to be associated
occurred close together.
• In classical conditioning a neutral stimulus
paired one or more times with a biological
significant stimulus acquires the power to
elicit a behavior response in the absence of
the biologically significant stimulus.
29. Pavlov’s Experiment
• Pavlov ‘s experiment was the first
demonstration of classical conditioning.
Pavlov was Russian Physiologist and won a
Nobel prize in 1904 for his work on the
dog digestive system. During his research,
Pavlov noticed:
That his dog sometime salivated in the
absent of food or when they saw the
assistant who normally brought their food.
30.
31. Cont……
• Pavlov experiment method was to present
food to the dog and measure the amount
of saliva. He discovered that if a neutral
stimulus, one that didn’t automatically elicit
saliva, such a bell was paired repeatedly
with the food; the dog would gradually learn
to salivate at the sound of bell alone
without any food.
32.
33. Cont……
Learning to response to a formerly neutral
stimulus, because that stimulus is paired with
another stimulus which already elicit a
response, is the essential characterization of
classical conditioning.
Before conditioning, saliva is called
unconditioned response(UR) and food is called
unconditioned stimulus(US).When “bell” a
neutral stimulus is presented, it may elicit a
general response of attention, but not elicit
the unconditioned response( i.e. saliva)
34.
35. Cont……
• During conditioning the neutral
stimulus(bell) and the unconditioned
stimulus(food) are both presented a number
of time in close proximity. After repeated
pairing, the bell alone can elicit salivation.
Learning has taken place the initially
neutral stimulus is now called conditioned
stimulus(CS) and the response to the
conditioned stimulus alone is called
conditioned response(CR)
36.
37. 2) Operant Conditioning
• Skinner believed that the best way to understand
behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its
consequences. He called this approach operant
conditioning.
Examples
• A child learning to complete his or he homework,
because he or she knows they will get time to watch TV
after.
• Another example is a child learning not to hit because he
was punished after hitting another child before.
• Example of traffic signal.
38. Operant conditioning
• Three types of desirable and undesirable
consequences that influence behavior
– Positive reinforcement
– Negative reinforcement
– Punishment
39. Positive Reinforcement
• Add stimulus for increase the desirable
behavior
• Positive consequences – behavior occurs more
frequently(i.e. praise given)
• Uses in teaching.
• Employee in workplace
40. Negative Reinforcement
• Remove the stimulus for increasing the
behavior
• Something unpleasant,, undesired is removed
by behavior or does not happen at all
• In both of these cases of reinforcement, the
behavior increases.
41. Punishment
• Decrease the undesirable behavior
• Consequence of behavior is negative
– Behavior has been punished.
• Physical punishment used by society, parents,
and others
