F. Questier, Ressources éducatives libres & droits d’auteurs, presented in the e-formation “Réussir l’enseignement à distance : de la scénarisation à l’évaluation” de l’Erasmus Academy, 1st of July 2020

1. Ressources éducatives libres
& droits d’auteurs
Prof. dr. Frederik Questier
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
July 1st
2020
Project No. 573583-EPP-1-2016-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-SP (2016-2558/001-001)

2. Cette présentation se trouve à
http://questier.com
http://www.slideshare.net/Frederik_Questier

3. A bit of copyright history…

4. Before the printing press...

5. 15th
century: printing press

6. Law France 1535
Bookshops forbidden
Death penalty for using printing press

8. Index librorum prohibitorum
= list of books forbidden by pope 1559 -1966

9. Licensing of the Press Act
1662 England
“Right to copy”,
monopoly and
censorship rights
granted to printers:
The Stationers' Company
No author rights

10. First author rights
➢
UK 1710
➢
"for the encouragement of learning"
➢
1 copy for royal and each academic library
➢
Reproduction monopoly on request
➢
14 year, optional + 14 year
➢
Afterwards public domain
➢
US 1790
➢
"to promote the progress of science and useful arts by
securing for limited times to authors and inventors the
exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries."

11. Nowadays the law allows “the pirate publishers”
to ”take” the copyrights from the authors

12. Student PIRGs
(Public Interest Research Groups)
➢
2013: “(US) students spend an average of
$900 a year on textbooks & course materials”
➢
“Textbook prices have increased four times the
rate of inflation since 1994!”

13. Student PIRGs
(Public Interest Research Groups)
➢
“Why are textbooks so expensive?
➢
Publishers undermine the used book market.
➢
Publishers “bundle” textbooks with extra CDs, passcodes
and workbooks.
➢
More expensive
➢
Supplements expire at end of semester
➢
Publishers keep faculty in the dark about prices.
➢
textbooks market is broken”

14. Maroc
Droits d'auteur et droits voisins
Version consolidée en date du 9 juin 2014
http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/legislation/fr/Nouveautes/Droits%20d'auteur%20et%20droits%20voisins.pdf

15. © All rights reserved
Authors get
without asking for it
a monopoly on their creations
until 70 years after their death

16. Exceptions for education?

17. Article 15: Libre utilisation pour
l’enseignement
➢
il est permis
➢
sans l’autorisation de l’auteur
➢
et sans le paiement d’une rémunération,
➢
a) d’utiliser une oeuvre licitement publiée en tant
qu’illustration dans des publications, des émissions de
radiodiffusion ou des enregistrements sonores ou visuels
destinés à l'enseignement;
➢
b) de reproduire par des moyens reprographiques pour
l’enseignement ou pour des examens au sein d’établissements
d'enseignement dont les activités ne visent pas directement ou
indirectement un profit commercial, et dans la mesure justifiée
par le but à atteindre, des articles isolés licitement publiés dans
un journal ou périodique, de courts extraits d’une oeuvre
licitement publiée ou une oeuvre courte licitement publiée.
➢
indiquer la source et le nom de l’auteur

18. Article 23: Libre représentation
ou exécution publique
➢
il est permis,
➢
sans l'autorisation de l'auteur
➢
et sans paiement d'une rémunération,
➢
de représenter ou d'exécuter une œuvre publiquement.
➢
b. dans le cadre des activités d'un établissement
d'enseignement,
➢
pour le personnel et les étudiants d'un tel établissement
➢
si le public est composé exclusivement du personnel
et des étudiants de l'établissement ou des parents et
des surveillants ou d'autres personnes directement
liées aux activités de l'établissement.

19. Missing rights?
➢
Larger works, like a complete book or movie
➢
Modify
➢
Translate
➢
Show on public websites

20. Solution?
Article 40
L'auteur d'une œuvre
peut accorder des licences
à d'autres personnes

21. Ouvert?

22. OER = REL
OER Global Logo by Jonathas Mello, licensed under CC BY 3.0

23. Les ressources éducatives libres (REL)
sont des matériels d'enseignement, d'apprentissage et de recherche
sur tout support, numérique ou autre,
existant dans le domaine public ou publiés sous une licence ouverte
permettant l'accès, l'utilisation, l’adaptation et la redistribution
gratuits par d'autres,
sans restrictions ou avec des restrictions limitées.

24. 5R
CC-BY Frédéric Duriez, https://didac2b.wordpress.com/2014/03/15/gilbert-paquette/
The 5R permissions of OER

25. Requirements for 5R OER
➢
No legal limitations
➢
Public Domain or Open Free License
➢
No technical limations
➢
No DRM (Digital Rights Restrictions Management)
➢
Open Standard data file formats
➢
Usable with Free Open Software

26. The range of “opens”, from e-InfraNet: ‘Open’ as the default modus operandi for research and higher education, CC-BY-SA 3.0

27. 27
"The most fundamental
way of helping other
people,
is to teach people
how to do things better
or how to better their
lives.
For people
who use computers,
this means sharing
the recipes
you use on your
computer,
in other words
the programs you run."

28. 28
1980s
Logiciels libres et ouverts
La liberté
➢
d’executer
➢
d’étudier
➢
de distribuer
➢
de modifier
le programme

29. 1998: “Open Source” sounds
better than “Free Software”?

30. 30
The software Freedoms
require access to the source code
→
“Open Source Software” (OSS)
Free Open Source Software (FOSS)
Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS)
Logiciels Libres et Ouverts
Software Libre

31. 31
Logiciels libres et ouverts

32. FLOSS is huge!
➢
Linux operating system kernel
➢
>13000 developpers, including Google, Facebook, IBM, Intel,
AMD, Microsoft, …
➢
100% of the Top 500 supercomputers run GNU/Linux
➢
Most of world’s computing devices run Linux kernel (mainly in
Android)
➢
>300 GNU/Linux distributions
➢
>89000 software packages in Debian GNU/Linux
➢
Millions of FLOSS software projects

33. Good reasons to
use FLOSS
➢
Stay in control
➢
Stay secure
➢
Avoid data lock in
➢
Avoid vendor lock in
➢
Interoperability
➢
Modularity
➢
Easy localization (including translation) and customization
➢
Most often cross platform
➢
Easier troubleshooting
➢
Sometimes better support
➢
Avoid license management and compliance issues
➢
Reduce costs
➢
Demanded when public funds are given

34. Good reasons to
develop FLOSS
➢
No need to start from scratch
➢
Network effects
➢
Get contributions from others
➢
Steer future developments
➢
Possibility to involve students
➢
Business opportunities

35. File format recommendations
➢
Avoid restricted formats
➢
Don’t annoy other people with restricted formats
➢
If others don’t need to edit your files, consider PDF
➢
Be aware of macro-viruses in MS Office files
➢
Don’t use raster based graphical editors when you
need vector based graphical editors

37. File formats
General preferences
➢
Standard > specification > secret
➢
Openly published > copyrighted & paywalled
➢
Open license > proprietary license
➢
Public domain > patented
➢
Usable with FLOSS software > propietary software
➢
Usable on multiple platforms
➢
Readable in browsers
➢
High quality, high efficiency

39. •www.CreativeCommons.org
➢
Attribution – no attribution
➢
Commercial – non commercial
➢
Modifiable – non modifiable
➢
Partager selon la même licence – choix libre

43. 3 “couches” de licences

46. Since 1971: public domain books

47. 47
2001 MIT OpenCourseWare - CC license

48. 48

49. 49

50. 50

51. 51

52. 52

53. 53MOOC poster April 4, 2013, CC BY by Mathieu Plourde

54. 54

55. 55

56. 56

57. 57
Summary of recommendations
➢
Search OER with google/advanced, CC search
Merlot, …
➢
Share your learning materials under a Free (CC)
licence
➢
Use Open standards for file formats
➢
Use / recommend students Free Open Software

58. 58
DAREDARE
TO SHARETO SHARE

59. Additional credits
➢
Joseph Ferdinand Keppler - The Pirate Publisher - Puck Magazine -
Restoration by Adam Cuerden, CC0, public domain
➢
“Sorry. We're closed” CC-BY-NC by Tommaso Galli
➢
Ouvert CC-BY Frédéric Bisson
➢
OER Global Logo by Jonathas Mello, licensed under CC BY 3.0
➢
Open arrow, CC-by-nd by ChuckCoker
➢
Share matches CC-by-nc-nd by Josh Harper
➢
Question mark CC-by by Stefan Baudy
➢
Social Icons by Iconshock http://www.iconshock.com/social-icons/

60. This presentation was made with 100% Free Software
No animals were harmed
Questier.com
Frederik AT Questier.com
www.linkedin.com/in/fquestie
www.slideshare.net/Frederik_QuestierQ
uestions?
Merci!