1. eMOTION! REPORTS.com
Automotive/Aerospace Industries Systemic Intelligence
www.emotionreports.com
How Ferrari and Bridgestone Stole the 2003 Formula 1
World Championships
By John Chuhran, Motorsports Editor
Copyright 2003
Jaguar R4 piloted by Justin Wilson at Hungarian GP Photo: Mark Thompson/Getty Images
After 13 rounds of the 16-race 2003 Formula 1 World
Championship, race fans around the globe were savoring a
classic championship battle. The top three drivers - from three
different teams - were separated by just two points, and a
hard-fought stretch run was expected to continue to the last
lap of the final race.
Sadly, racing enthusiasts were deprived of an evenly fought
competition to the end. The pressure of close competition was
too intense for several major corporations supporting one of
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2. the teams. The officials were pressured to re-interpret the
legality of a key component used by the other two entrants and
the Driver's and Constructor's World Championships were
effectively decided with a letter and some telephone calls and
meetings rather than on the race track.
It is helpful to set the stage. Entering round 13 of series (the
Hungarian Grand Prix), Ferrari ace Michael Schumacher led the
Driver's Championship with 71 points followed by Williams-
BMW leader Juan Montoya (65) and McLaren-Mercedes
youngster Kimi Raikkonen (62). The Constuctor's
Championship found Ferrari (120 points) leading Williams-
BMW (118) and McLaren-Mercedes (103), a situation that could
easily change with the 10 points that go with each race victory.
Points in F1 are awarded on a 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1 basis to the top
eight finishers.
Alonso’s Surprise
Renault's Fernando Alonso claimed his first F1 pole position in
Hungary ahead of Ralf Schumacher's Williams-BMW and the
unexpectedly quick Jaguar of Mark Webber. Montoya was the
top championship contender in fourth ahead of the Ferrari of
Reubens Barrichello, the second Renault of JarnoTrulli,
Raikkonen, Michael Schumacher, and David Coulthard in the
second McLaren.
The race provided another surprise as Alonso dominated
throughout, leading the 70-lap race flag-to-flag and becoming,
at 22, the first Spaniard and the youngest winner in the 54-
year history of Formula 1. Behind, Raikkonen led Montoya, Ralf
Schumacher, Coulthard, Webber, and Trulli to the checkered
flag.
Michael Schumacher, the five-time world champion who had
teamed with Ferrari to win the 2001 and 2003 championships,
finished eight and gained a just a single point. More
significantly, he was more than a second off the pace of his top
challengers - even watching Coulthard pull away in the middle
stages - and the mood in the Ferrari camp was far from happy.
But the driver's championship had become a race fan's dream
as Michael led the standings with 72 points - one more than
Montoya and two more than Raikkonen. The constructor's
championship tightened as Williams-BMW took the lead for the
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3. first time this year with 129 points, followed by Ferrari with
121 and McLaren-Mercedes with 115.
While Ferrari and Williams-BMW both were using new cars
introduced in 2003, McLaren-Mercedes was forced to enter a
heavily modified version of the 2002 car after the new model
failed to overcome durability problems.
Jaguar R4 at speed during ’03 Italian GP. The R5 debuts at Barcelona ’04
Photo: Mark Thompson/Getty Images
In the days following the Hungarian race, the Federacion
Internationale d'le Automobile (FIA), the governing body of
international auto racing, issued a letter to all F1 teams saying
that, beginning at the Italian Grand Prix, tire tread width would
be measured after races as well as before.
The implication was clear: some tires appeared to be in
violation of article 77)c) of the FIA Sporting Regulations which
says quot;the tread width of the front tires must not exceed
270mm.quot; For such an accusation to arise after 13 of the
16 races had been completed, someone had to bring the
situation the attention of the FIA. Someone, in this case, was
Ross Brawn, Technical Director at Ferrari.
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4. quot;We got hold of some photos taken in the paddock by a
Japanese photographer,quot; Brawn griped. quot;They showed in an
unequivocal way that the front Michelin tires had an
excessively large tread at the end of the race or after being
used. We turned to (F1 race director) Charlie Whiting who, on
the basis of his measurements and the photos, then sent the
letter. We could have pretended to have seen nothing, to not
let the FIA know and then lodged a complaint at the following
race, but that didn't seem like the right thing to do.quot;
There are two tire suppliers - Bridgestone and Michelin - in F1.
Bridgestone had enjoyed a monopoly for several years until
Michelin returned last year, and the Japanese manufacturer
supplied tires to Ferrari, the team which dominated the first
half of the 2002 season. But as the 2002 season progressed,
Michelin began to score more victories, and this year the
French manufacturer began to achieve more and more success
(with Williams-BMW, McLaren-Mercedes and, as the year
progressed, Renault), culminating in complete control of the
Hungarian race where the two-time defending world champ
was completely outclassed by, among others, Coulthard, the
second-fastest McLaren-Mercedes driver who was using what
was essentially a year-old car. Michelin was making
Bridgestone and the new Ferrari look bad.
Given the literally hundreds of millions of dollars spent
annually by Ferrari parent company FIAT and by Bridgestone in
developing F1 equipment and promoting on-track success,
there was a clear corporate philosophy at work: losing
the F1 driver's and constructor's championships was to be
avoided under all circumstances. So, if you can't beat the other
guys on the track, beat them by convincing the officials to
change the interpretation of the rules midway through
the game.
Proof in The Scuffing?
quot;We have the proof, because the front tire contact patch of the
Williams is 286 mm, 16 more than what is allowed by the
rules,quot; whined Hiroshi Yasukawa, Bridgestone motorsport
director. quot;Personally, I was suspicious, but we didn't say
anything because we didn't have any proof. We would have
reacted before that, but we didn't have any proof until now.quot;
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5. Jaguar’s Mark Webber at U.S. GP Indianapolis 2003 Photo: Mark Thompson/Getty Images
Whiting's letter to the F1 teams contained some significant
wording: quot;With immediate effect, any part of the front tire
which we consider has been in regular or systematic contact
with the track will be deemed tread, and will be taken into
account when measuring the width of the tire as defined in the
regulations.quot;
What the entire controversy boiled down to was a series of
photographs appearing to show scuff marks (quot;evidencequot; or
quot;proofquot; of contact with the pavement) extending about 8mm
down each sidewall of the Michelin tires. Michelin apparently
makes tires with softer sidewalls than Bridgestone and, under
aggressive cornering, the Michelins apparently quot;rollquot; slightly
onto the sidewall.
Since the Michelins had been having recent success,
Bridgestone and Ferrari wanted to take away any performance
advantage provided by the French rubber.
The Ferrari and Bridgestone position was quite disingenuous -
the scuffs on the Michelin sidewalls had been evident for more
than two years, but Bridgestone and Ferrari didn't seem to care
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6. - as long as they were winning.
After the FIA letter was issued, Michelin might have considered
that the implementation of new measuring standards in the
middle of a season would be a violation of another aspect of
article 77 of the FIA sporting regulations: quot;Tire specifications
will be determined by the FIA no later than 1 September of the
previous season. Once determined in this way, the specification
of the tires will not be changed during the championship
season without the agreement of the Formula One
Commission.quot; Michelin executives chose a different course of
action and responded to the accusations.
A Matter of Measurement
quot;We presented our tires to the FIA in 2001,quot; said Pierre
Dupasquier, Michelin motorsport director, quot;and up to and
including the (2003) Hungarian Grand Prix, the FIA has always
authorized all our tires. The geometry of our tires has
not changed at all since 2001. When new, the tread width of
our front tires does not exceed 270mm.
quot;The procedure to measure the width of a contact patch as
required now is unknown at the moment, which prevents any
further work. We can expect some difficulties in the definition
since a tire in its use can be in systematic contact
with various 'objects', for example curbs, which, according to
their profile and position, can touch up as far as the middle of
the sidewalls.
quot;The new interpretation of the rules by the FIA has forced us to
react. You don't think for one moment that Michelin would not
respond to the challenge? Our people have been working 24
hours a day since last Wednesday and new tires are being
tested in Monza as we speak. For anyone that knows anything
about the tire world, to do what we've just managed is a huge
achievement and this is only possible thanks to the hard work
and fast reaction time of our teams here (at the Michelin
factory) in Clermont-Ferrand (France).quot;
The problems were far from over when Michelin decided to
produce new tires. Tires are not isolated components - they are
part of a system that provides the best road holding for the car.
By changing even a small aspect of a tire - either the width or
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7. the sidewall stiffness - the entire system is changed.
quot;Potentially, this whole affair is throwing the world
championship out of the window for both of us (McLaren and
Williams),quot; said Martin Whitmarsh, McLaren Managing Director.
quot;We talked at length to Charlie (Whiting) but there is still a
considerable concern about the issue of approving the tires'
conformity at the end of the race, even though Michelin have
produced some new rubber which we tested at Monza last
week. Put simply, we can either use the existing tires and risk
not conforming with these revised rule interpretations or we
can use new tires and still risk being illegal despite a loss of
performance. Michelin has done a great job, but the changes in
set-up we have had to make - to toe-in, camber and tire
pressures - have not worked to our advantage.quot;
UK’s Justin Wilson negotiates Hockenhiem at German GP Photo: M.Thompson/Getty Images
Suddenly Illegal
In choosing not to challenge the FIA, several issues have been
overlooked. Why did the FIA approve the Michelin tires as legal
for more than two years (since originally presented for
inspection in August 2001) and then decide that the exact
same tires were suddenly illegal? When the tire quot;rollsquot; to one
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8. side, the opposite side tread invariably lifts off the pavement;
would that mean that the quot;total tread widthquot; did not exceed
270mm? And since photos of both team cars at the same corner
often show one car with apparent side quot;rollquot; and the other
without, and those performances often vary from lap to lap
depending on how a car is being driven at a particular moment,
how could the terms quot;regular and systematic contactquot; possibly
be defined? An aggressive defense of the existing tires might
very well have proven their legality, but McLaren, Williams and
Michelin decided to use new rubber rather than tarnish the
championships (and the millions of dollars of associated
product publicity that goes with the titles) by having the
results decided in a legal proceeding, so the answers to
these questions and others remain unknown.
Pushing the envelope: R4 receives a test of its mettle. Although great potential exists, Jaguar’s
performance has been largely disappointing, but the internal directive is to change that reality
in the short term. Photo: Mark Thompson/Getty Images
What is known is that the FIA often has its own agenda.
McLaren and Williams jointly challenged sweeping technical
changes the FIA wanted to implement prior to the start of 2003
season, and the two teams successfully united the other
teams in defeating the changes. Retaliation by the FIA for such
actions cannot be easily dismissed. In addition, Ferrari has long
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9. been regarded as the only essential team in F1 and past FIA
rulings (such as the reinstatement of victory by the red cars in
the 1999 Malaysian Grand Prix after the FIA review court
determined - without any objective aerodynamic analysis - that
the larger-than-allowed vertical stabilizers behind the front
wheels provided no performance advantage) have often bent
over backwards to favor the Italians.
Additionally, for more than two years there has been an
ongoing threat of the creation of a rival top open-wheel series
in 2007 supported by the top auto manufacturers including
Mercedes-Benz and BMW. Called the GPWC (not an acronym,
just four letters - but widely considered to stand for quot;Grand
Prix World Championshipquot;), the proposed series has caused
FIA executives to fear the loss of hundreds of millions of
dollars in F1 team funding and to worry about the impending
destruction of the F1 series. If Ferrari can be persuaded to stay
in F1 and to abandon the GPWC, then F1 will be strengthened
and the GPWC will be damaged - perhaps to the point of failing,
or possibly even to end before it begins.
“Tire-Gate”?
Those motivations and the long-term consequences of the FIA
decision remain to be seen. But the short-term results saw
Michael Schumacher and Ferrari win the next two races (the
Italian and U.S. Grands Prix) and finish eighth in the
Japanese finale to claim the 2003 championships. It was a
disappointing end to a battle that saw tremendous balance for
more than 80 percent of the season.
But following the limited publicity generated by the entire
quot;Tire-gatequot; affair, one has to wonder if history will recall the
most significant message of the 2003 F1 season: despite the
illusion of sport, Formula 1 is little more than a billion dollar
marketing exercise.
###
Publisher’s note: eMOTION! REPORTS.com Associate Publisher John Chuhran has for
nearly two decades covered and participated in motorsports activities supported by
multiple sanctioning/constructor bodies inclusive of NASCAR, CART and F1.
emotionmag@emotionreports.com
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10. Jaguar R4: Soon to be replaced by the R5 which debuts January 18th at the Barcelona GP
Photo: Mark Thompson/Getty Image
Final note:
Although Jaguar’s efforts have not met or exceeded expectations, the 2004
season may well provide the litmus test for the capabilities and resolve of
an engineering and management team revamped just over a year ago. We
think the words of Jaguar Racing Managing Director David Pitchforth sums
up the program’s directions and goals rather succinctly: “We have clearly
laid down responsibility within the team, by specifying the details of the car
and the guidelines as to its design. There is no doubt that everyone involved
in Jaguar Racing understands their responsibility for the design of the car.
We have limited duplication by doing this and ensured that the key people
are working in their area of strength. These people have become disciplined
in delivering to deadlines, as a result of the work that was carried out on
the R3 late in the season, the R4 had to be designed to a tight time-line. It
is this sort of company ethos that we will look to carry forward with us in
the build-up to R5. This philosophy is not just at Jaguar Racing, but also
throughout both Cosworth Racing and Pi. By pulling our resources together
and building on our relationship the responsibility factor has only
strengthened. R4 has very much been the first step along the road to
including all engineering and operation departments in the design of the
car. As we move closer to R5, input will be expected from mechanics and
electrical specialists, a truly holistic approach is now being taken.”
Specifications for the R4 follow for your review, and we at eMOTION!
REPORTS.com wish the Jaguar Team well in the 2004 season…
-- Myron D. Stokes
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11. R4 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Chassis R4 composite monocoque structure, designed and built
in-house, carrying the Cosworth Racing CR-5 V10 engine
as fully stressed member, Jaguar steering and power
assistance.
Engine Cosworth Racing CR-5 V10
Capacity 2998 cc
Cylinders 90-degree vee 10
Fuel Castrol Racing Fuel
Transmission Jaguar seven-speed gearbox, longitudinally mounted
high-pressure hydraulic system for power shift and
clutch operation. AP Racing triple-plate pull-type clutch.
Independent oil system using Castrol Fluid Technology.
Suspension Front: Cast titanium uprights. Upper and lower carbon
wishbones and pushrods. Torsion bar springing and anti-
roll bar. Jaguar/Penske damper layout.
Rear: Cast titanium uprights. Upper and lower carbon
links and pushrods. Coil springs and torsion anti-roll bar.
Jaguar/Penske damper layout.
Brakes Front: AP Racing lithium alloy six-piston callipers.
Carbon Industrie or Brembo carbon/carbon discs and
pads.
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12. Rear: AP Racing lithium alloy six-piston callipers. Carbon
Industrie or Brembo carbon/carbon discs and pads.
Wheels OZ Racing Front: 12.7 in x 13 in Rear: 13.4
in x 13 in
Tyres Michelin
Electronics Pi ‘VCS’ System. Integrated engine/chassis electronic
control system, DASM and DATA logger.
COSWORTH RACING CR-5 V10 ENGINE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Number of cylinders 10
Vee Angle 90
Number of valves 40
Capacity 2998 cc
Power output Not disclosed
Maximum engine speed Not disclosed
Construction Aluminium block and heads cast in Cosworth
Racing’s own foundry. Aluminium alloy pistons.
Steel crankshaft.
Engine Management Pi
Ignition System Cosworth Racing
Spark Plugs Champion
Weight Not disclosed
###
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