2. What is Conflict?
Conflict is the process that begins when one party
perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is
about to negatively affect, something that the first party
cares about.
Conflict is the self-interested struggle that arises when
the goal-directed behavior of one person or group blocks
the goal-directed behavior of another person or group.
Interpersonal conflict is a process that occurs when one
person, group, or organizational subunit frustrates the
goal attainment of another.
4. Sources of Conflict
Differentiation
Differences in functional orientations
Status inconsistencies
Task relationships
Overlapping authority
Task interdependencies
Incompatible evaluation systems
Scarcity of resources
5. Different Views on Conflict
Traditional View – conflict is harmful and
must be avoided
Human Relations View – conflict is a natural
and inevitable outcome in any group and need
not be negative
Interactionist View – conflict is encouraged
to prevent group from becoming stale, some
conflict is absolutely necessary
6. Different Views on Conflict
(Contd.)
Functional conflict - supports the
goals of the work group and improves
its performance
Dysfunctional conflict - prevents
group from achieving its goals
7. Types of Conflict
Task conflict - content and goals of the
work
low-to-moderate levels are functional
Relationship conflict -
interpersonal relationships
almost always dysfunctional
Process conflict - how work gets
done
low levels are functional
8. Pondy’s Model of Organizational
Conflict
Conflict is a process that consists of five
sequential stages
Stage 1: Latent conflict - no outright
conflict exists, but there is a potential for
conflict because of several latent factors
Sources of conflict include:
Interdependence
Difference in goals and priorities
Bureaucratic factors
Incompatible performance criteria
Competition for scarce resources
9. Pondy’s Model of Organizational
Conflict (contd.)
Stage 2: Perceived conflict - subunits
become aware of conflict and begin to
analyze it
Conflict escalates as groups battle over the
cause of conflict
Stage 3: Felt conflict - subunits
respond emotionally to each other, and
attitudes polarize into “us-versus-them”
Cooperation between units decreases
What began as a small problem escalates
into huge conflict
10. Pondy’s Model of Organizational
Conflict (contd.)
Stage 4: Manifest conflict - subunits try to get back at
each other & organizational effectiveness suffers
Fighting and open aggression
Violence
Sabotage
Physical intimidation
Lack of cooperation
Passive aggression – doing nothing
Stage 5: Conflict aftermath - conflict is resolved in
some way
If sources of conflict are not resolved, the dispute will
arise again
11. Individual-Level Conflict
Management
Manager meets with employees in conflict.
All understand facts of conflict
Manager summarizes dispute in written form
Manager discusses facts in report with each
employee separately and works out a
common solution
Manager gets commitment to resolving
dispute
13. Avoiding
A conflict management style characterized by low
assertiveness of one’s own interests and low
cooperation with the other party.
It might be a sensible response when:
The issue is trivial.
Information is lacking.
People need to cool down.
The opponent is very powerful and hostile.
14. Accommodating
A conflict management style in which one cooperates
with the other party, while not asserting one’s own
interests.
It can be an effective strategy when:
You are wrong.
The issue is more important to the other party.
You want to build good will.
15. Competing
A conflict management style that maximizes
assertiveness and minimizes cooperation.
It can be effective when:
You have a lot of power.
You are sure of your facts.
The situation is truly win-lose.
You will not have to interact with the other party in the
future.
16. Compromise
A conflict management style that combines
intermediate levels of assertiveness and cooperation.
It is a sensible reaction to conflict stemming from
scarce resources and it is a good fall-back position if
other strategies fail.
17. Collaborating
A conflict management style that maximizes both
assertiveness and cooperation.
It is an attempt to secure an integrative agreement
that fully satisfies the interests of both parties (a win-
win resolution).
It works best when the conflict is not intense and
when each party has information that is useful to the
other.
18. Negotiation
Negotiation is the
process in which two or
more parties exchange
goods or services and
attempt to agree on the
exchange rate for them
22. Personality
The best distributive bargainer appears to be
a disagreeable introvert
Those who can check their egos at the door
are able to negotiate better agreements
23. Gender Differences
in Negotiation
Men have been found to negotiate better
outcomes than women, although the
difference is relatively small
Women may unduly penalize themselves by
failing to engage in negotiations when such
action would be in their best interest
24. Cultural Differences in Negotiations
Cultural context significantly influences
The amount and type of preparation for
bargaining
The relative emphasis on task versus
interpersonal relationships
The tactics used
Where the negotiation should be conducted
25. Improving Negotiation Skills
Set Ambitious Goals
Pay Little Attention to Initial Offers
Research Your Opponent
Address the Problem, Not the Personalities
Be Creative and Emphasize Win-Win
Solutions