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STRUCTURS OF DNA AND
RNA
SUBMITTED BY
S.GAYATHRI
MSFBI1506
BMEM
DNA
 Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self replicating material
which is present in nearly all living organisms as
the main constituent of chromosomes.
 It is the carrier of genetic information.
 Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus where is
it called nuclear DNA, but a small amount of DNA
can also be found in the mitochondrial it is called
mtDNA.
Structurs of dna and rna
STRUCTURE OF DNA
• DNA has three main components.
i. Deoxyribose (Pentose sugar)
ii. Base (Nitrogen base pairs)
iii. Phosphate group
Deoxyribose
• A sugar derived from ribose by replacement of
a hydroxyl group by hydrogen.
• Role of deoxyribose:
 The nucleic acid DNA is built of nucleotides
with a deoxyribose sugar.
Structurs of dna and rna
BASES
• A nitrogenous base is simply a nitrogen
containing molecules that has the same chemical
properties as a base.
• They are the particularly important since they
make up the building blocks of DNA.
• Four bases are present in DNA(A,G,T,C).
• They are classified into two division
I. Pyrimidine
II. Purine
• Pyrimidine made of one 6 members ring.
• Purine made of 6member ring fused to a 5
member ring.
PHOSPHATE
• DNA are made of nucleotides.
• When it gets joined to the growing strand of
DNA , two of its phosphates are lost, and the
remaining one attaches to another
nucleotides sugar.
• 5’ end always has the phosphate attached.
<--Phosphodiester Bond
DOUBLE HELIX DNA
• The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the
twisted ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic
acid by James watson and Crick.
How double helix structure maintained?
• Sugar – phosphate backbone is hydrophilic so
is position on the outside.
• Nitrogenous bases are very reactive so are
protected on inside.
• Polynucleotide's are antiparallel, they run in
opposite directions.
Structurs of dna and rna
DOUBLE HELIX AND HYDROGEN
BONDING
• Made of two strands of nucleotides that are
joined together by hydrogen bonding.
• Adenine and thymine are pair up and cytosine
and guanine are pair up.
• Each pair is connected through hydrogen
bonding.
• Hydrogen bonding always occurs between one
pyrimiding and one purine.
Structurs of dna and rna
Structurs of dna and rna
TYPES AND CONFORMATIONS OF DNA
B-DNA:
• DNA duplex model proposed by watson and
crick is right handed spiral and is called B-DNA
(Balanced DNA).
• It is more hydrated and most frequently found
DNA in living cells.
• Single turn of helix has 10 base pairs.
• It is physiologically and biologically active
forms. And it can changed into other forms.
A-DNA:
• Another right handed duplex model is A-DNA
(Alternate DNA).
• Here a single turn of helix has 11 base pairs.
• Right handed DNA is known to change
temporarily into the left handed form at least
for a short distance.
• Such changes may cause in gene expressions .
Z-DNA:
• Z-DNA(zigzag DNA) is left handed double helix
with zigzag backbone alternate purine and
pyrimidine bases.
• Single turn of 45Å length with 12 base pairs
and single groove.
Structurs of dna and rna
Structurs of dna and rna
RNA
• Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all
living cells.
• It is principal role is to act as a messenger
carrying instructions from DNA for controlling
the synthesis of proteins , although n some
viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the
genetic information.
• RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotieds linked
together by 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage.
Structurs of dna and rna
PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF RNA
• Like DNA, each RNA strand has the same basic
structure, composed of nitrogenous bases
covalently bound to a sugar-phosphate
backbone.
• However, unlike DNA, RNA is usually a single-
stranded molecule.
Structurs of dna and rna
TYPES OF RNA
• In all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms,
three main classes of RNA molecules exit.
i. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
ii. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
iii. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Structurs of dna and rna
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF m-
RNA
• The 3’ end of most m-RNA have a polymer of
Adenylate residues (20-250)
• The tail prevents the attack by 3’ exonucleases
• Histones and interferons do not contain poly A
tails.
• The m-RNA molecules are formed with the help of
DNA template during the process of transcription.
• The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is
complementary to the sequence of
nucleotides on template DNA.
• The sequence carried on m-RNA is read in the
form of codons.
• A codon is made up of 3 nucleotides.
• The m-RNA is formed after processing of
heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
Structurs of dna and rna
Structurs of dna and rna
RIBOSOMAL RNA(r-RNA)
• The eukaryotes ribosome contain two major
nucleoprotein subunits.
• A large one with a molecular weight(60s) and
smaller subunit with a molecular weight(40s).
• The 60s subunits contain a 5s ribosomal RNA,
5.8s rRNA, and a 28s rRNA; there are also
probably more than 50 specific polypeptides.
• The 40s subunits smaller and contains a single
18s rRNA and approximately 30 distinct
polypeptide chains.
Structurs of dna and rna
TRANSFER RNA(tRNA)
• Transfer RNA are the smallest of three major
species of RNA molecules.
• They have 74-95 nucleotide residues.
• They are synthesized by the nuclear
processing of a precursor molecules.
• They transfer the amino acid from cytoplasm
to the protein synthesizing machinery, hence
the name tRNA.
• They are easily soluble, hence called “Soluble
RNA or sRNA.
• They are also called adaptor molecules.
• They are at least 20 species of tRNA one
corresponding to each of the 20 amino acid
required for protein synthesis.
Structurs of dna and rna
STRUCTURAL CHARECTERSTICS OF
tRNA
• tRNA classified into 3 divisions.
i. Primary structure
ii. Secondary structure
iii. Tertiary structure
PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF tRNA
• Linear sequence of nucleotides is 60-90 in
nucleotides long but most commonly 76.
• Many modified bases, sometimes accounting
for 20% of the total bases in any one tRNA
molecules.
• All of them are created post transcriptioally.
Structurs of dna and rna
SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF tRNA
• Each single tRNA shows extensive internal
base pairing and acquires a clover leaf like
structure.
• The structure is stabilized by hydrogen
bonding between the bases and in a
consistent feature.
• All tRNA contain 5 main arms or loops which
areas follows:
i. Acceptor arm
ii. Anticodan arm
iii. D HU arm
iv. T Ψ C arm
v. Extra arm
TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF t-RNA
• The L-shaped tertiary structure is formed by
further folding of the clover leaf due to
hydrogen bonds between T and D arms.
Structurs of dna and rna
Structurs of dna and rna

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Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 

Structurs of dna and rna

  • 1. STRUCTURS OF DNA AND RNA SUBMITTED BY S.GAYATHRI MSFBI1506 BMEM
  • 2. DNA  Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.  It is the carrier of genetic information.  Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus where is it called nuclear DNA, but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondrial it is called mtDNA.
  • 4. STRUCTURE OF DNA • DNA has three main components. i. Deoxyribose (Pentose sugar) ii. Base (Nitrogen base pairs) iii. Phosphate group
  • 5. Deoxyribose • A sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen. • Role of deoxyribose:  The nucleic acid DNA is built of nucleotides with a deoxyribose sugar.
  • 7. BASES • A nitrogenous base is simply a nitrogen containing molecules that has the same chemical properties as a base. • They are the particularly important since they make up the building blocks of DNA. • Four bases are present in DNA(A,G,T,C). • They are classified into two division I. Pyrimidine II. Purine
  • 8. • Pyrimidine made of one 6 members ring. • Purine made of 6member ring fused to a 5 member ring.
  • 9. PHOSPHATE • DNA are made of nucleotides. • When it gets joined to the growing strand of DNA , two of its phosphates are lost, and the remaining one attaches to another nucleotides sugar. • 5’ end always has the phosphate attached.
  • 11. DOUBLE HELIX DNA • The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid by James watson and Crick. How double helix structure maintained? • Sugar – phosphate backbone is hydrophilic so is position on the outside. • Nitrogenous bases are very reactive so are protected on inside. • Polynucleotide's are antiparallel, they run in opposite directions.
  • 13. DOUBLE HELIX AND HYDROGEN BONDING • Made of two strands of nucleotides that are joined together by hydrogen bonding. • Adenine and thymine are pair up and cytosine and guanine are pair up. • Each pair is connected through hydrogen bonding. • Hydrogen bonding always occurs between one pyrimiding and one purine.
  • 16. TYPES AND CONFORMATIONS OF DNA B-DNA: • DNA duplex model proposed by watson and crick is right handed spiral and is called B-DNA (Balanced DNA). • It is more hydrated and most frequently found DNA in living cells. • Single turn of helix has 10 base pairs. • It is physiologically and biologically active forms. And it can changed into other forms.
  • 17. A-DNA: • Another right handed duplex model is A-DNA (Alternate DNA). • Here a single turn of helix has 11 base pairs. • Right handed DNA is known to change temporarily into the left handed form at least for a short distance. • Such changes may cause in gene expressions .
  • 18. Z-DNA: • Z-DNA(zigzag DNA) is left handed double helix with zigzag backbone alternate purine and pyrimidine bases. • Single turn of 45Å length with 12 base pairs and single groove.
  • 21. RNA • Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. • It is principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins , although n some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information. • RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotieds linked together by 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage.
  • 23. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF RNA • Like DNA, each RNA strand has the same basic structure, composed of nitrogenous bases covalently bound to a sugar-phosphate backbone. • However, unlike DNA, RNA is usually a single- stranded molecule.
  • 25. TYPES OF RNA • In all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, three main classes of RNA molecules exit. i. Messenger RNA (mRNA) ii. Transfer RNA (tRNA) iii. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • 27. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF m- RNA • The 3’ end of most m-RNA have a polymer of Adenylate residues (20-250) • The tail prevents the attack by 3’ exonucleases • Histones and interferons do not contain poly A tails. • The m-RNA molecules are formed with the help of DNA template during the process of transcription.
  • 28. • The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is complementary to the sequence of nucleotides on template DNA. • The sequence carried on m-RNA is read in the form of codons. • A codon is made up of 3 nucleotides. • The m-RNA is formed after processing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
  • 31. RIBOSOMAL RNA(r-RNA) • The eukaryotes ribosome contain two major nucleoprotein subunits. • A large one with a molecular weight(60s) and smaller subunit with a molecular weight(40s). • The 60s subunits contain a 5s ribosomal RNA, 5.8s rRNA, and a 28s rRNA; there are also probably more than 50 specific polypeptides. • The 40s subunits smaller and contains a single 18s rRNA and approximately 30 distinct polypeptide chains.
  • 33. TRANSFER RNA(tRNA) • Transfer RNA are the smallest of three major species of RNA molecules. • They have 74-95 nucleotide residues. • They are synthesized by the nuclear processing of a precursor molecules. • They transfer the amino acid from cytoplasm to the protein synthesizing machinery, hence the name tRNA. • They are easily soluble, hence called “Soluble RNA or sRNA.
  • 34. • They are also called adaptor molecules. • They are at least 20 species of tRNA one corresponding to each of the 20 amino acid required for protein synthesis.
  • 36. STRUCTURAL CHARECTERSTICS OF tRNA • tRNA classified into 3 divisions. i. Primary structure ii. Secondary structure iii. Tertiary structure
  • 37. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF tRNA • Linear sequence of nucleotides is 60-90 in nucleotides long but most commonly 76. • Many modified bases, sometimes accounting for 20% of the total bases in any one tRNA molecules. • All of them are created post transcriptioally.
  • 39. SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF tRNA • Each single tRNA shows extensive internal base pairing and acquires a clover leaf like structure. • The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the bases and in a consistent feature.
  • 40. • All tRNA contain 5 main arms or loops which areas follows: i. Acceptor arm ii. Anticodan arm iii. D HU arm iv. T Ψ C arm v. Extra arm
  • 41. TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF t-RNA • The L-shaped tertiary structure is formed by further folding of the clover leaf due to hydrogen bonds between T and D arms.