Cloud Architecture and Services Guide

IT19741
Cloud and Big Data
Analytics
Dr G Geetha
Dean innovation and Professor CSE
Women Scientist, Qualified Patent agent

UNIT-II CLOUD
ARCHITECTURE
AND SERVICES
• Layered Cloud Architecture Design - NIST
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture -
Public, Private and Hybrid Clouds - laaS –
PaaS – SaaS - Architectural Design of
Compute and Storage Clouds -Public Cloud
Platforms: GAE, AWS, and Azure.

2.1 Layered Cloud Architecture Design

2. 2 Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

2.2 Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

Cloud-Computing Architecture
Benefits
• Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
• Improves data processing requirements.
• Helps in providing high security.
• Makes it more modularized.
• Results in better disaster recovery.
• Gives good user accessibility.
• Reduces IT operating costs.
•

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Public, Private & Hybrid Clouds

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Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 13
Public Clouds vs. Private Clouds
Characteristics Public clouds Private clouds
Technology leverage
and ownership
Owned by service providers
Leverage existing IT infrastructure and personnel;
owned by individual organization
Management of
provisioned resources
Creating and managing VM instances within proprietary
infrastructure; promote standardization, preserves capital
investment, application flexibility
Client managed; achieve customization and offer
higher efficiency
Workload distribution
methods and loading
policies
Handle workload without communication dependency;
distribute data and VM resources; surge workload is off-
loaded
Handle workload dynamically, but can better
balance workloads; distribute data and VM
resources
Security and data
privacy enforcement
Publicly accessible through remote interface
Access is limited; provide pre-production testing
and enforce data privacy and security policies
Example platforms
Google App Engine, Amazon AWS,
Microsoft Azure
IBM RC2

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Cost-Effectiveness in Cloud Computing vs. Datacenter Utilization
(Courtesy of M. Ambrust, et al 2009)

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Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds

Community Clouds
• Community Clouds are distributed systems constituted by integrating the services of
different Clouds to address the specific needs of an industry, a community, or a business
sector

Types of Cloud Computing
• Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:
1. Software as a service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Cloud Computing Services
• These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack because they
are built on top of one another.
• Knowing what they are and how they are different, makes it easier to
accomplish your goals.
• These abstraction layers can also be viewed as a layered
architecture where services of a higher layer can be composed of
services of the underlying layer i.e, SaaS can provide Infrastructure.

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Infrastructure as a Service
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers
computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various
operations.
• Typically IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as
outsourcing to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices,
database, and web servers.
• It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay
on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month. Some
providers also charge customers based on the amount of virtual
machine space they use.

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Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• Most basic cloud service model
• Cloud providers offer computers, as physical or more often as virtual machines, and
other resources.
• Virtual machines are run as guests by a hypervisor, such as Xen or KVM.
• Cloud users deploy their applications by then installing operating system images on
the machines as well as their application software.
• Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis, that is, cost will
reflect the amount of resources allocated and consumed.
• Examples of IaaS include: Amazon CloudFormation (and underlying services such as
Amazon EC2), Rackspace Cloud, Terremark, and Google Compute Engine.

Infrastructure as a Service Reference Implementation

Infrastructure as a Service Reference
Implementation
An overall view of the components forming an Infrastructure-as-a-Service
solution.
It is possible to distinguish three principal layers: the physical infrastructure,
the software management infrastructure, and the user interface.
At the top layer, the user interface provides access to the services exposed by
the software management infrastructure.
Such interface is generally based on Web 2.0 technologies: Web services,
RESTful APIs, and mash-ups. These technologies allow either applications or
final users to access the services exposed by the underlying infrastructure.
Web 2.0 applications now allow developing full-featured management
consoles completely hosted in a browser or a Web page.

Implementation
The scheduler interacts with the other components performing different tasks:
• The pricing/billing component takes care of the cost of executing each virtual
machine instance and maintains data that will be used to charge the user.
• The monitoring component tracks the execution of each virtual machine instance
and maintains data required for reporting and analyzing the performance of the
system.
• The reservation component stores the information of all the virtual machine instances
that have been executed, or that will be executed in the future.
• In case support for QoS-based execution is provided, a QoS/SLA management
component will maintain a repository of all the service level agreements made with
the users, and together with the monitoring component is used to ensure that a
given virtual machine instance is executed with the desired Quality of Service.

Implementation
• The VM repository component provides a catalog of virtual machine images
that users can use to create virtual instances. Some implementations also
allow the users to upload their specific virtual machine image.
• A VM pool manager component is responsible of keeping track of all the live
instances.
• Finally, if the system supports the integration of additional resources
belonging to a third party IaaS provider, a provisioning component interacts
with the scheduler in order to provide a virtual machine instance that is
external to the local physical infrastructure directly managed by the pool

Web services and RESTful APIs allow program to interact with the service
without the human intervention, thus providing complete integration within a
software system.
The core features of an Infrastructure-as-a-Service solution are implemented
in the infrastructure management software layer.
In particular, the management of the virtual machines is the most important
function performed by this layer. A central role is played by the scheduler,
which is in-charge of allocating the execution of virtual machine instances.

The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are
• Amazon web services
• Bluestack
• IBM
• Openstack
• Rackspace
• Vmware

Providers

1. Shared infrastructure
IaaS allows multiple users to share the same physical infrastructure.
2. Web access to the resources
Iaas allows IT users to access resources over the internet.
3. Pay-as-per-use model
IaaS providers provide services based on the pay-as-per-use basis. The users are required to
pay for what they have used.
4. Focus on the core business
IaaS providers focus on the organization's core business rather than on IT infrastructure.
5. On-demand scalability
On-demand scalability is one of the biggest advantages of IaaS. Using IaaS, users do not worry
about to upgrade software and troubleshoot the issues related to hardware components.
Advantages of IaaS

Advantages of IaaS:
• Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost
and IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour,
week, or month.
• Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive
than traditional web hosting.
• Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than
your existing software.
• Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center
or the introduction of new releases of the development or underlying
software. This is all handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.

1.Security
Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the IaaS providers are not
able to provide 100% security.
2. Maintenance & Upgrade
Although IaaS service providers maintain the software, but they do not
upgrade the software for some organizations.
3. Interoperability issues
It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider to the other, so the
customers might face problem related to vendor lock-in.
Disadvantages of IaaS

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Some IaaS Offerings from Public Clouds :

Platform as a Service
• PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment
to allow developers to build applications and services over the internet.
• PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via their web
browser.
• A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a
result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to
develop or run a new application. Thus, the development and deployment of the
application take place independent of the hardware.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the
deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-
hosting environment.
• To make it simple, take the example of an annual day function, you will have two
options either to create a venue or to rent a venue but the function is the same.

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Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Cloud providers deliver a computing platform typically
including operating system, programming language execution
environment, database, and web server.
 Application developers develop and run their software on a
cloud platform without the cost and complexity of buying and
managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
 Examples of PaaS include: Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Cloud
Foundry, Heroku, Force.com, EngineYard, Mendix, Google
App Engine, Microsoft Azure and OrangeScape.

• Platform-as-an-service (PaaS) is distributed computing model where an
outsider supplier appropriates equipment and programming instruments
to clients over Internet.
• As rule, these are required for application improvement. PaaS supplier has
equipment and programming on its own framework. Therefore, it liberates
designers from introducing inside equipment and programming to create
or run another application.
• Press device is utilized in basic and helpful manner. Clients, as rule, pay on
for each utilization premise. An association can step in for PAS that
considers potential cost investment funds by utilizing nearby alternatives.

• Platform as a Service Reference Model
• Application management is the core functionality of the middleware.
• PaaS implementations provide applications with a runtime
environment and do not expose any service for managing the
underlying infrastructure.
• They automate the process of deploying applications to the
infrastructure, configuring applications components, provisioning and
configuring supporting technologies such as load balancers and
databases, and managing system change based on policies set by the
user.

• Platform as a Service Reference Model

• Developers design their system in terms of applications and are not
concerned with hardware (physical or virtual), operating systems, and other
low-level services.
• The core middleware is in charge of managing the resources and scaling
applications on demand or automatically, according to the commitments
made with the users.
• From a user point of view, the core middleware exposes interfaces that allow
programming and deploying applications on the Cloud.
• These can be in the form of a Web-based interface or in the form of
programming APIs and libraries.

Different PaaS Services :
• Advancement group support
• Application plan and improvement
• Application testing and arrangement
• Web administration mix
• Information security
• Database Integration

The various companies providing Platform as a service are
• Amazon Web services Elastic Beanstalk
• Salesforce
• Windows Azure
• Google App Engine
• cloud Bess
• IBM smart cloud

Advantages of PaaS:
• Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure
and other IT services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
• Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus
eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and
software.
• Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete
web application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and
updating.
• Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity
thus, the overall development of the application can be more effective.

Advantages of PaaS
. Lower risk
No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers
only need a PC and an internet connection to start building
applications.
•Prebuilt business functionality
Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality
so that users can avoid building everything from very scratch and
hence can directly start the projects only.
• Instant community
PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the
developer can get the ideas to share experiences and seek advice from
others.
• Scalability
Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without

Disadvantages of PaaS
1) Vendor lock-in
One has to write the applications according to the platform provided by the PaaS
vendor, so the migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a
problem.
2) Data Privacy
Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private, so if it is not
located within the walls of the company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy of
data.
3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications
It may happen that some applications are local, and some are in the cloud. So
there will be chances of increased complexity when we want to use data which in
the cloud with the local data.

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PaaS Offerings from Public Clouds

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Software as a service (SaaS)
 Cloud providers install and operate application software in the
cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients.
 The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly
or yearly flat fee per user, so price is scalable and adjustable if
users are added or removed at any point.
 Examples of SaaS include: Google Apps, innkeypos,
Quickbooks Online, Limelight Video Platform, Salesforce.com,
and Microsoft Office 365.

Software as a Service(SaaS)
• Owning software is very expensive. For example, a ₹50 lakh software
running on a ₹1 lakh computer is a common place.
• As with hardware, owning software is the current tradition across
individuals and business houses. Often the usage of a specific software
package does not exceed a couple of hours of usage per week.
• In this situation, it would be economically worthwhile to pay per hour of
usage. This would also free the user from the botherance of maintenance,
upgradation, backup etc.
• This is exactly what is advocated by SaaS.
Software As A Service (SaaS) is a software delivery model and involves
customers to pay for any software per unit time of usage, with the price
reflecting market place supply and demand.

• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over
the Internet.
• Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the
Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware
management.
• It removes the need to install and run applications on our own computers or in
the data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware as well as software
maintenance.
• SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-you-
go basis from a cloud service provider.
• Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without any
downloads or installations required.
• The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand
software, or hosted software.

• In this context, SaaS makes a case for pay per usage of software rather
than owning software for use.
• As we can see, SaaS shifts “ownership” of a software from a customer to
a service provider.
• Software owner provides maintenance, daily technical operation and
support for the software.
• Services are provided to the client on the amount of usage basis.
• The service provider is a vendor who hosts the software and lets the
users execute on-demand charges per usage units.
• It also shifts the responsibility for hardware and software management
from customer to the provider.
• The cost of providing software services reduces as more and more
subscribe to the service.

Software as a Service(SaaS) VS SOA
• It makes the software accessible to a large number of customers who
cannot afford to purchase the software outright.
• If we compare SaaS to SOA, we can observe that SaaS is a software
delivery model, whereas SOA is a software construction model.
• Despite significant differences, both SOA and SaaS espouse closely
related architecture models.
• SaaS and SOA complement each other. SaaS helps to offer
components for SOA to use.
• SOA helps to quickly realize SaaS. Also, the main enabler of SaaS
and SOA are the internet and web services technologies.

Advantages of SaaS
1) SaaS is easy to buy
SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it allows
organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is less than licensed
applications.
Unlike traditional software, which is sold as a licensed based with an up-front cost (and
often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers are generally pricing the
applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly or annually fee.
2. One to Many
SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single instance of the
application is shared by multiple users.
3. Less hardware required for SaaS
The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest in additional
hardware.

Advantages of SaaS
4. Low maintenance required for SaaS
Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-up, and daily maintenance for the organizations.
The initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less than the enterprise software. SaaS vendors are pricing their
applications based on some usage parameters, such as a number of users using the application. So SaaS does
easy to monitor and automatic updates.
5. No special software or hardware versions required
All users will have the same version of the software and typically access it through the web browser. SaaS
reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.
6. Multidevice support
SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops, laptops, tablets, phones, and thin clients.
7. API Integration
SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through standard APIs.
8. No client-side installation
SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using the internet connection, so do not need to
require any software installation.

Disadvantages of SaaS
1) Security
Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for some users. However, cloud
computing is not more secure than in-house deployment.
2) Latency issue
Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a variable distance from the end-user,
there is a possibility that there may be greater latency when interacting with the application
compared to local deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for applications
whose demand response time is in milliseconds.
3) Total Dependency on Internet
Without an internet connection, most SaaS applications are not usable.
4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult
Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring the very large data
files over the internet and then converting and importing them into another SaaS also.

Function as a Service
• FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a
platform for its users or customers to develop, compute, run and
deploy the code or entire application as functions.
• It allows the user to entirely develop the code and update it at
any time without worrying about the maintenance of the
underlying infrastructure.
• The developed code can be executed with response to the
specific event. It is also as same as PaaS.

Function as a Service
Advantages of FaaS :
• Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider depending upon the
demand.
• Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events executed.
• Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the entire application all at
once. It allows you to write code for independent functions or similar to those
functions.
• Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about the servers.
• Functions can be written in any programming language.
• Less control over the system.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are Amazon Web Services –
Firecracker, Google – Kubernetes, Oracle – Fn, Apache OpenWhisk – IBM,
OpenFaaS,

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Warehouse-Scale Computer (WSC)
 Provides Internet services
 Search, social networking, online maps, video sharing, online shopping, email, cloud
computing, etc.
 Differences with HPC “clusters”:
 Clusters have higher performance processors and network
 Clusters emphasize thread-level parallelism, WSCs emphasize request-level
parallelism
 Differences with datacenters:
 Datacenters consolidate different machines and software into one location
 Datacenters emphasize virtual machines and hardware heterogeneity in order to
serve varied customers
(Courtesy of Hennessy and Patterson, 2012)

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Design Considerations for WSC:
 Cost-performance
 Small savings add up
 Energy efficiency
 Affects power distribution and cooling
 Work per joule
 Dependability via redundancy
 Network I/O
 Interactive and batch processing workloads
 Ample computational parallelism is not important
 Most jobs are totally independent
 “Request-level parallelism”
 Operational costs count
 Power consumption is a primary constraint when designing system
 Scale and its opportunities and problems
 Can afford customized systems since WSC require volume purchase

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Typical Datacenter Layout

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Power and Cooling Requirements
 Cooling system also uses water (evaporation and spills)
 E.g. 70,000 to 200,000 gallons per day for an 8 MW facility
 Power cost breakdown:
 Chillers: 30-50% of the power used by the IT equipment
 Air conditioning: 10-20% of the IT power, mostly due to fans
 How many servers can a WSC support?
 Each server:
 “Nameplate power rating” gives maximum power consumption
 To get actual, measure power under actual workloads
 Oversubscribe cumulative server power by 40%, but monitor power closely

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(Courtesy of Luiz Andre Barroso and Urs Holzle, Google Inc., 2009)

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Measuring Efficiency of a WSC
 Power Utilization Effectiveness (PEU)
 = Total facility power / IT equipment power
 Median PUE on 2006 study was 1.69
 Performance
 Latency is important metric because it is seen by
users
 Bing study: users will use search less as
response time increases
 Service Level Objectives (SLOs)/Service Level
Agreements (SLAs)
 E.g. 99% of requests be below 100 ms

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Cloud Computing
 WSCs offer economies of scale that cannot be achieved with a
datacenter:
 5.7 times reduction in storage costs
 7.1 times reduction in administrative costs
 7.3 times reduction in networking costs
 This has given rise to cloud services such as Amazon Web Services
 “Utility Computing”
 Based on using open source virtual machine and operating system software

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Enabling Technologies for The Clouds

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Cloud Computing as A Service
[9]

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Virtualized
servers,
storage , and
network for
cloud platform
construction

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Challenges/Issues in Cloud Computing

Anything as a Service
• It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service
providers nowadays offer anything as a service that is a compilation
of all of the above services including some additional services.
• Advantages of XaaS: As this is a combined service, so it has all the
advantages of every type of cloud service

Cloud-Computing Services Classification

Architectural design challenges in cloud
● Service Availability and Data Lock-in Problem
● Data Privacy and Security Concerns
● Unpredictable Performance and Bottlenecks
● Distributed Storage and Widespread Software Bugs
●Cloud Scalability, Interoperability, and Standardization
● Software Licensing and Reputation Sharing

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Challenges in Cloud Computing (1)
 Concerns from The Industry (Providers)
 Replacement Cost
 Exponential increase in cost to maintain the infrastructure
 Vendor Lock-in
 No standard API or protocol can be very serious
 Standardization
 No standard metric for QoS is limiting the popularity
 Security and Confidentiality
 Trust model for cloud computing
 Control Mechanism
 Users do not have any control over infrastructures

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Challenges in Cloud Computing (2)
 Concerns from Research Community :
 Conflict to legacy programs
 With difficulty in developing a new application due to lack of control
 Provenance
 How to reproduce results in different infrastructures
 Reduction in Latency
 No specially designed interconnect used
 Very low controllability in layout of interconnect due to abstraction
 Programming Model
 Hard to debug where programming naturally error-prone
 Details about infrastructure are hidden
 QoS Measurement
 Especially for ubiquitous computing where context changes

Cloud Storage
Cloud storage means storing the data with a cloud service provider rather than on a local
system. The end user can access the data stored on the cloud using an Internet link.
Cloud storage has a number of advantages over traditional data storage.
● If the users stored some data on a cloud, they can get at it from any location that has Internet
access.
● Workers do not need to use the same computer to access data nor do they have to carry
around physical storage devices.
● Also, if any organization has branch offices, they can all access the data from the cloud
provider.
● There are hundreds of different cloud storage systems, and some are very specific in what
they do.

Storage-as-a-Service
• The term Storage as a Service (another Software as a Service, or SaaS,
acronym) means that a third-party provider rents space on their storage to
end users who lack the budget or capital budget to pay for it on their own.

Advantages of Cloud Storage
• Cloud storage is becoming an increasingly attractive solution for organizations.
• Cloud storage providers balance server loads and move data among various datacenters, ensuring
that information is stored close and thereby available quickly while using the data.
• Storing data on the cloud is advantageous, because it allows the user to protect the data in case
there’s a disaster.
• Having the data stored off-site can be the difference between closing the door for good or being
down for a few days or weeks.
• Which storage vendor to go with can be a complex issue, and how the end user technology interacts
with the cloud can be complex.
• For instance, some products are agent based and the application automatically transfers information
to the cloud via FTP.
• But others employ a web front end and the user has to select local files on their computer to
transmit.

Examples
• Google Docs allows users to upload documents, spreadsheets, and presentations to Google’s
data servers. Those files can then be edited using a Google application.
• Web email providers like Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail store email messages on their own
servers. Users can access their email from computers and other devices connected to the
Internet.
• Flickr and Picasa host millions of digital photographs. Users can create their own online photo
albums.
• YouTube hosts millions of user uploaded video files.
• Host monster and GoDaddy store files and data for many client web sites.
• Facebook and MySpace are social networking sites and allow members to post pictures and
other content. That content is stored on the company’s servers.
• MediaMax and Strong space offer storage space for any kind of digital data

Cloud Storage Providers
• Amazon and Nirvanix are the current industry top dogs, but many
others are in the field, including some well known names
• Google offers cloud storage solution called GDrive.
• EMC is readying a storage solution and IBM already has a number of
cloud storage options called Blue Cloud

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Public Clouds and Service Offerings

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Platform as a Service (PaaS): Google App Engine
 This platform allows users to develop and host web application in Google
datacenters with automatic scaling according to the demand.
 It is a free service for a certain limit and it only requires a Gmail account to
access the services. After the free limit is exceeded the customers are
charged for additional storage, bandwidth and instance hours.
 The current version supports Java, Python and Go as the programming
languages and Google plans to add more languages in the future.
 All billed App Engine applications have a 99.95% uptime SLA. App Engine is
designed to sustain multiple datacenter outages without any downtime.
 The app engine has a few restrictions - can only execute code called from
an HTTP request, Java applications may only use a subset from the JRE
standard edition and Java application cannot create new threads.

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Google AppEgine (GAE)

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AWS – a leader in providing public IaaS services.
 EC2 (Elastic compute cloud allows users to rent virtual computers to run their own computer applications. It allows
scalable deployment. A user can create, launch, and terminate server instances as needed, paying by the hour for
active servers.
 S3 (simple storage service) provides the object-oriented storage service for users.
 EBS (Elastic block service) provides the block storage interface which can be used to support traditional
applications.
 Amazon DevPay is a simple to use online billing and account management service that makes it easy for
businesses
 MPI clusters uses hardware-assisted virtualization instead of para-virtualization and users are free to create a new
AMIs
 AWS import/export allows one to ship large volumes of data to and from EC2 by shipping physical discs.
 Brokering systems offer a striking model for controlling sensors and providing office support of smartphones and
tablets.
 Small-business companies can put their business on the Amazon cloud platform. Using AWS they can service a
large number of internet users and make profits through those paid services.

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Amazon Web Services (AWS)

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Amazon’s Lesson
 Down for 3 days since
4/22/2011
 1000x of businesses went
offline. E.g. Pfizer, Netflix,
Quora, Foursquare,Reddit
 SLA contract
 99.95% availability
(<4.5hour down）
 10% penalty, otherwise

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Microsoft Azure Cloud :
This is essentially a PaaS Cloud.
• Windows Azure run its cluster hosted at Microsoft's datacenters that manages computing
and storage resources.
• One can download Azure development kit to run a local version of Azure. It allows
Azure applications to be developed and debugged one the windows 7 hosts.
• All cloud services can interact with traditional MS software applications such as Windows
Live, Office Live, Exchange Online, etc.
• If offers a Windows-based cloud platform using Microsoft virtualization technology.
• Applications are built on VM’s deployed on the data-center services.
• Azure manages all servers, storage and network resources of the data center.

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Microsoft Windows Azure

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Cloud Services and Major Providers

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105
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Ex 
' X
Ex 
' X
Ex 
'
 Protecting datacenters must first secure cloud resources and uphold
user privacy and data integrity.
 Trust overlay networks could be applied to build reputation systems for
establishing the trust among interactive datacenters.
 A watermarking technique is suggested to protect shared data objects
and massively distributed software modules.
 These techniques safeguard user authentication and tighten the data
access-control in public clouds.
 The new approach could be more cost-effective than using the
traditional encryption and firewalls to secure the clouds.
Security and Trust Barriers
in Cloud Computing

106
Security Aware Cloud Platform

107
Cloud Service Models & Security Measures

Cloud Based Services
• Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of
remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data,
rather than a local server or a personal computer.
• Companies offering such kinds of cloud computing services are called
cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing services based on
usage.
• Grids and clusters are the foundations for cloud computing.

Cloud Storage Provider
• A cloud storage provider, also known as a managed service provider (MSP), is a company
that offers organizations and individuals the ability to place and retain data in an off-site
storage system. Customers can lease cloud storage capacity per month or on demand.
• A cloud storage provider hosts a customer's data in its own data center, providing fee-
based computing, networking and storage infrastructure. Both individual and corporate
customers can get unlimited storage capacity on a provider's servers at a low per-gigabyte
price.
• Rather than store data on local storage devices, such as a hard disk drive, flash storage or
tape, customers choose a cloud storage provider to host data on a system in a remote
data center. Users can then access those files using an internet connection.

Cloud Storage Provider
• The delivery of IT services via the internet is broadly defined as cloud
computing or utility computing.
• This business model first hit mainstream enterprises with the rise of
application service providers.
• A cloud storage provider also sells non-storage services for a fee.
• Enterprises purchase compute, software, storage and related IT
components as discrete cloud services with a pay-as-you-go license.
• For example, customers can opt to lease infrastructure as a service;
platform as a service; or security, software and storage as a service.

Consumer-based cloud storage providers
• Cost consumer-oriented public cloud providers offer free online storage with a
capacity limit. Users can upload documents, photos and videos without paying
until they exceed the capacity limit. The size of the files that can be uploaded may
be capped, but users can purchase unlimited storage in the cloud if their budget
allows. This requires buying capacity on demand, as the need arises, or paying a
nominal monthly subscription fee.
• Cloud services support Windows and Android devices, enabling users to create,
edit and share documents across devices. Amazon Cloud Drive, Apple iCloud, Box,
Carbonite, Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Mozy, SOS Online Backup,
SugarSync and Western Digital My Cloud are among the leading consumer cloud
options.

Enterprise cloud storage cloud storage
providers
• Carbonite and Mozy also offer cloud storage products tailored to
business and enterprise uses. In February 2018, Carbonite acquired
Mozy from a subsidiary of Dell Technologies.
• Although geared toward individuals, companies will sometimes use
consumer clouds to store selected data in a private repository, often as
a means to sync and share files across a distributed environment. Still,
most organizations prefer to use either a public cloud provider or to
implement a private cloud they manage on premises for their critical
application data.

Enterprise cloud storage: Public vs. private
• Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the leading public cloud provider, ahead of Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud
Platform. AWS Simple Storage Service has aided in the rise of object storage, which presents data as unique
objects with a flat address. Other cloud storage providers with an enterprise focus include IBM Elastic Storage
on Cloud, based on its Bluemix and SoftLayer technologies, and Rackspace.
• Public clouds provide a less expensive alternative to expanding a physical storage area network (SAN) or
network-attached storage (NAS) environment, but some enterprises are wary of using them because data is
sent outside of the corporate firewall. This makes public cloud storage providers potential targets for hackers,
putting the onus on IT administrators to selectively choose which data to store in the cloud and to enforce
appropriate measures for data protection and data security.
• A private cloud is an internal system in which management of data always resides within the confines of a
company's data center. It is not uncommon for an organization to use a hybrid cloud, in which certain
resources are managed in house, while others are provided by one or more third-party cloud providers, with
an orchestration layer between the platforms.

Key attributes of cloud-based IT services
• Cloud-based computing services enable a customer to take advantage of a
multi-tenant cloud environment without having to directly manage all the
services. The level and type of services chosen are specified in a service-
level agreement signed with the provider. The ability to rationalize costs by
using the cloud can be especially beneficial to small and midsize
organizations with limited budgets and IT staff.
• The chief advantages of using a cloud storage provider are cost control,
elasticity and self-service provisioning. Users can scale computing
resources on demand as the need arises, and then spin those resources
down after the task is complete. This removes any worries about exceeding
storage limitations with on-premises networked storage.

Amazon S3
Amazon S3 is intentionally built with a minimal feature set that includes
the following functionality:
• Write, read, and delete objects containing from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes of
data each. The number of objects that can be stored is unlimited.
• Each object is stored and retrieved via a unique developer assigned key.
• Objects can be made private or public and rights can be assigned to
specific users.
• Uses standards based REST and SOAP interfaces designed to work with
any Internet development toolkit

Amazon S3
• Design Requirements Amazon built S3 to fulfill the following design
requirements:
○ Scalable: Amazon S3 can scale in terms of storage, request rate and
users to support an unlimited number of web-scale applications.
○ Reliable: Store data durably with 99.99 percent availability. Amazon
says it does not allow any downtime.
○ Fast: Amazon S3 was designed to be fast enough to support high-
performance applications. Server-side latency must be insignificant
relative to Internet latency.
○ Inexpensive: Amazon S3 is built from inexpensive commodity
hardware components.
○ Simple: Building highly scalable, reliable, fast and inexpensive storage
is difficult

2.8 Public Cloud Platforms: GAE, AWS, and
Azure.

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