Papilledema vs papillitis with notes timothy zagada
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Papilledema and papillitis are two conditions that cause swelling of the optic disc. Papilledema is caused by increased intracranial pressure and results in bilateral swelling, while papillitis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve and results in unilateral swelling. Key differences include papilledema causing an enlarged blind spot while papillitis causes vision loss, and papilledema showing engorged veins while papillitis can show hemorrhages. Treatment of papilledema involves treating the underlying cause of increased pressure, while papillitis is typically treated with corticosteroids.
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Papilledema vs papillitis with notes timothy zagada
- 2. Papilledema optic disk swelling due to raised intracranial pressure. most common causes are: cerebral tumors abscesses subdural hematoma arteriovenous malformations subarachnoid hemorrhage hydrocephalus, meningitis, and encephalitis.
- 5. Papillitis Papillitis is disk swelling caused by inflammation at the nerve head (intraocular optic nerve). Cause: Optic neuritis multiple sclerosis Loss of vision is the cardinal symptom of optic neuritis and is particularly useful in differentiating papillitis from papilledema
- 6. Papillitis: Depressed Color Perception
- 7. Afferent Pupil Defect (APD) or Marcus Gunn Sign
- 8. Papilledema Papillitis Definition Swelling of optic nerve head due to increased ICP Inflammation or infarction of optic nerve head Unilateral/bilateral Bilateral Unilateral Vision impairment Enlarged blind spot Central/paracentral scotoma to complete blindness Fundus appearance Hyperemic disk Hyperemic disk Vessel appearance Engorged, tortuous veins Engorged vessels Hemorrhages? Around disk, not periphery Hemorrhages near or on optic Head Pupillary light reflex Not affected Depressed Treatment Normalize ICP Corticosteroids if cause known
- 12. Papillitis
- 13. Treatment of Papilledema Treatment directed at underlying cause. Brain Tumor- craniotomy Pseudotumor Cerebri- Medical (acetazolamide) and surgical (shunting) Surgical Decompression
- 14. Treatment of Papillitis Steroid therapy intravenously- methylprednisolone, 1 g/d for 3 days with or without a subsequent tapering course of oral prednisolone orally- methylprednisolone, 500 mg/d to 2 g/d for 3–5 days with or without subsequent oral prednisolone, or prednisolone, 1 mg/kg/d tapered over 10–21 days retrobulbar injection
Editor's Notes
- 1. Congestion of retinal veins – loss of venous pulsation, 2. Hyperemia of disc – filling of physiologic cup, 3. Disc edges blurred – first upper and lower margins, then nasal margin, finally temporal margin; 4. Elevation of nerve head (3 – 10 Dioptres), 5. Spread of edema to retina – macular fan, 6. Hump of vessels leaving and entering disc more marked, 7. Vessels appear and disappear as they course near the disc, 8. Disc swelling reduces – disc becomes yellowish white – arteries
- developmentally and histologically optic nerve is a part of the brain and surrounded by three meninges. Dura continuous with orbital periosteum, pia and arachnoid fuse with the sclera. Subarachnoid space around optic nerve is continuous with the brain subarachnoid space. Rise in cerebral subarachnoid pressure is transmitted to the optic subarachnoid space. Rise in ICP results in 1. Compression of central vein of retina as it crosses the space. 2. Impeding lymphatic drainage from retina. 3. Interference with slow component of anterograde axoplasmic transport in the optic nerve head. Thus swelling of axons in optic disc and surrounding retina occurs.
- It takes 24–48 hours for early papilledema to occur and 1 week to develop fully. It takes 6–8 weeks for fully developed papilledema to resolve following adequate treatment.
- Visual loss is generally subacute, developing over 2–7 days. In adults, approximately one-third of patients have vision better than 20/40 during their first attack, and slightly more than one-third have vision worse than 20/200. Color vision and contrast sensitivity are correspondingly impaired. In over 90% of cases, there is pain in the region of the eye, and about 50% of patients report that the pain is exacerbated by eye movement.
- In papilledema, which usually causes bilateral optic disk changes, there is often greater elevation of the optic nerve head, normal corrected visual acuity, normal pupillary response to light, and an intact visual field except for an enlarged blind spot. Differentiation between papilledema and papillitis is particularly difficult when papilledema is asymmetric and/or associated with visual loss or papillitis is bilateral and/or associated with minimal visual impairment. Diagnosis may depend on results of MRI and lumbar puncture, as well as subsequent clinical course.
- Papillitis can be differentiated from papilledema by an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil), by its greater effect in decreasing visual acuity and color vision, and by the presence of a central scotoma. Papilledema that is not yet chronic will not have as dramatic an effect on vision. Because increased intracranial pressure can cause both papilledema and a sixth (abducens) nerve palsy, papilledema can be differentiated from papillitis if esotropia and loss of abduction are also present. However, esotropia may also develop secondarily in an eye that has lost vision from papillitis.
- Optic disk swelling with cotton-wool spots and hemorrhages. (B) Retinal exudates Cotton wool spots are an abnormal finding on fundoscopic exam of the retina of the eye. They appear as fluffy white patches on the retina. They are caused by damage to nerve fibers and are a result of accumulations of axoplasmic material within the nerve fiber layer. The nerve fibers are damaged by swelling in the surface layer of the retina. The cause of this swelling is due to the reduced axonal transport (and hence backlog and accumulation of intracellular products) within the nerves because of the ischemia.
- Chronic papilledema with prominent disk swelling, capillary dilation, and retinal folds but few hemorrhages or cotton-wool spots (A) and (B). Cotton wool spots are an abnormal finding on fundoscopic exam of the retina of the eye. They appear as fluffy white patches on the retina. They are caused by damage to nerve fibers and are a result of accumulations of axoplasmic material within the nerve fiber layer. The nerve fibers are damaged by swelling in the surface layer of the retina. The cause of this swelling is due to the reduced axonal transport (and hence backlog and accumulation of intracellular products) within the nerves because of the ischemia.
- intravenously (methylprednisolone, 1 g/d for 3 days with or without a subsequent tapering course of oral prednisolone), orally (methylprednisolone, 500 mg/d to 2 g/d for 3–5 days with or without subsequent oral prednisolone, or prednisolone, 1 mg/kg/d tapered over 10–21 days), or by retrobulbar injection—probably accelerates recovery of vision but does not influence the ultimate visual outcome