SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 54
Download to read offline
S
Running on empty?
Exploring water
futures
Saturday 14th April 2018
Running on Empty v2
Alan Parkinson
Geographer
King’s Ely School
Illustration:TomMorganJones
“Despite all our achievements we owe our
existence to a six-inch layer of topsoil and
the fact that it rains”
Illustration:WikimediaCommons
The Fens – a reclaimed landscape
Illustration:CarryAkroyd
Geneva
500 litres of water a second
Not everywhere is so lucky…
Running on Empty v2
If all the world’s
water was a bucket
full, only one
tablespoon’s worth
would be drinkable
(potable)
Illustration:TomMorganJones
Running on Empty v2
Cape Town
50 litres person / day
“Day Zero”
http://www.capetown.gov.za/
• Day Zero is the word given to the apocalyptically named point when water in the six-dam reservoir
system falls to 13.5% of capacity.
• At this critical level, piped supply will be deemed to have failed and the city will dispatch teams of
engineers to close the valves to about a million homes – 75% of the city.
• In place of piped water, the city will establish 200 water collection points, scattered around the city to
ensure the legally guaranteed minimum of 25 litres per person per day within 200 metres of every
citizen’s home.
I
D
E
A
L
More information here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRSJBz0EoBQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tX_148en_Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdacTKv_kOs
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-
42866178/why-cape-town-is-shutting-off-its-
water-supply
Identify – What can you
see in the photo?
Describe – What is the
problem that exists
here?
Explain – Why do you
think the problem has
happened? What has
caused it?
Apply – What are the
possible solutions to the
problem? Are some more
sustainable than others?
Link – Is this issue an
example of human or
physical geography?
What other topics?
Water Pressure
• Growing population – and at a faster rate than water supply capacity was
increase
• Increased affluence – more devices that use water installed in homes
• Vineyards around Cape Town growing in area, and requiring large
amounts of water
• Ageing infrastructure – leaking pipes
• Drought for several years
• Increased pumping from aquifers
• Slow pace of investment in alternative supplies
Also social pressure to reduce usage…
Water Pressure
A resilient city?
Cape Town is committed to becoming a resilient city and is part of the 100
Resilient Cities Initiative. It is therefore both prudent and appropriate for the
city to take climate change risks into account in its planning. In line with
international best practice thinking for coastal cities, Cape Town’s resilience
will be increased through the diversification of water supplies away from
dependence on surface water only towards a situation where the city also
obtains a share of its water from ground water, wastewater reuse and
seawater desalination. Consequently, a resilient city will be able to both
optimise and sustain water use through integrated management of four
sources of water – surface water from rainwater (including urban storm water
runoff) managed in dams and wetlands, ground water (with recharge),
reused wastewater and desalinated sea water.
From Cape Town Water Disaster Plan document
Cape Town
April 2018
As recently as January, rationing with armed
guards for 4 million people was on the horizon.
Daily ration of just 25 litres per person / day
The most recent situation can be seen on the
City Dashboard
http://coct.co/water-dashboard/
Demands on water
http://coct.co/thinkwater/calcul
ator.html
How far do 50 litres of water go?
Residents of Cape
Town have been
asked to limit their
use of water to 50
litres a day, which is
less than a third of
the average daily
water use in an EU
member country.
Match the numbers
below to the activity.
159 litres 125 litres 582 litres 177 litres
382 litres 150 litres 45 litres 232 litres
The answers
Shower – 45 litres
Bath – 125 litres
Flush – 150 litres
Wash dishes by hand – 159 litres
Dishwasher – 177 litres
Washing machine – 232 litres
Water garden – 382 litres
Wash your car – 582 litres
Disaster Plan
Running on Empty v2
Running on Empty v2
Running on Empty v2
Restaurants
The restaurant is harvesting grey water
from air-conditioning units, boiling ice-
bucket water to mop floors, disconnecting
scullery hoses, installing new tap diffusers,
using disposable napkins, discarding table
cloths.
But the real innovation – which eliminates
the need to wash 5,000 plates a week – is
serving two of his tasting menu courses on
disposable cards that fit into an empty
picture frame; in The Drought Kitchen the
entire six-course menu will be served this
way.
The dishwasher and laundry will need just
10% of the water they used to.
Illustration:TomMorganJones
Not just Cape Town
Illustration:TomMorganJones
Your job is to assess the relative merits
of a number of possible solutions to the
water crisis.
Use the displayed information (and
your devices) to complete the sections
in your notes)
You will then be given a chance to vote
for your preferred option(s)
Futures
Possible – all scenarios which are possible
Probable – which of the possible scenarios
are most likely
Preferable – of the probable futures,
which one would be the most preferable
in terms of sustainability or in maintaining
as close as possible to the current quality
of life for residents
Possible
Probable
Preferred
Illustration:TomMorganJones
Cape Town-South Africa
Water Crisis by
@bridgetti
Cape Town Twitter
Top Tip: Follow the Twitter accounts of organisations connected with topics you are
learning about
Illustration:TomMorganJones
Comments
Dotstorming
Dotstorming is a visual way of giving
feedback on ideas.
Which of the ideas will get your vote(s)
http://bit.ly/2GDOhlJ
Vote now…
Notice you can also chat
in the window…
Illustration:TomMorganJones
Running on Empty v2
Thanks –
enjoy the
rest of the
event!
Acknowledgements 1
S With thanks to Tom Morgan Jones
for illustrations from
Mission:Explore Water (2013) by
Explorer HQ
S Mapping on Water Security by
World Resources Institute:
http://www.wri.org/applications/
maps/
S With thanks to Ben Hennig for
Worldmapper mapping – CC
licensed for use
S With thanks to previous IB
Geographers from Ecolint 2012
who took part in my Water
workshop
Check out the Water Diaries website too
Acknowledgements 2
S With thanks to Joanna Payne for a
couple of slides and activities from
a presentation she shared.
S Resource watch:
https://resourcewatch.org/
S CBC has a range of stories in a
series on Cape Town:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/topic/Ta
g/Water%20at%20Risk
S http://www.riverthreat.net/data.h
tml - downloads of data, and
Google Earth files to see threats to
global rivers through human water
usage
Some slides taken from Cape Town Critical Disaster Plan
Water droplets
Information sheets
Map from the World Resource Institute
Thefts of supplies
As if the drought is not bad enough‚ the City of
Cape Town is having to battle against thieves
stealing from aquifer drilling sites‚ resulting in
“delays of weeks at a time” to bring more water
online.
The city said in a statement on Sunday it is
something that it can “ill afford”. Tools‚ batteries‚
vehicles and any materials considered possible
scrap are being targeted by thieves.
1: Water for Energy exchange
Turning sea water into potable water takes vast amounts of power. Israel's
desalination plants usually only run overnight to take advantage of lower
electricity costs.
EcoPeace, an environmental NGO made up of Jordanian, Israeli and Palestinian
activists, is floating a new idea to harness the sun-soaked deserts of Jordan, and
sell the solar power to Israel and the Palestinian Authority, who would use it to
run desalination plants.
"By advancing a water-energy exchange we're creating some stability, we're
creating an atmosphere of co-operation," said Gidon Bromberg, the Israeli
director of EcoPeace.
Bromberg said all three governments "have expressed support" for the Water &
Energy Nexus, which is projected to cost $30 billion. Despite the price tag, "not
only is it realistic but it's absolutely essential," given the region's water woes.
Bromberg said the idea could bring wider benefits: "it's certainly stability, it's
certainly security, and those are two essential ingredients for peace."
2. Aquifer drilling
Water is stored in certain types of rocks, and a store of this kind
is called an aquifer.
Boreholes can be drilled to access this water, but this is time
consuming and expensive, and can also result in a lowering of
the water table locally.
Cape Town plan involves:
Prioritise groundwater extraction: Fast-track extraction of water from Cape Flats
Aquifer (CFA) and Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifer. Both these
aquifers have significant storage volumes. The water use licences provide for
yields of only a fraction of the available storage, and yields will be maximised
in the short-term within the annual allowable volumes. Groundwater is also
subject to the impact of drought but with significant time delay. The CFA
license requires recharge from treated wastewater to replenish the aquifer and
improve water quality in some instances.
3. Desalination
Water can be extracted from sea water using a process called
reverse-osmosis.
This is very energy intensive, and takes a large plant to do on a
scale which will make a difference to a city the size of Cape
Town.
Cape Town is intending to invest in this technology as it
provides ‘new’ water rather than using other surface and
groundwater sources.
From the Cape Town Disaster Plan:
Decisions around desalination must not be delayed. Desalination
provides the only “new” source of water, and other than technical and
financial constraints, has unlimited augmentation capacity.
4. More use of ‘grey water’
5. Punitive bills, but with incentives for low use
Punitive tariffs: Restrictions go hand-in-hand with stepped tariffs, charging
more for water use at higher volumes. Progressively more punitive tariffs
have been introduced on inclining blocks so that higher use of volumes
come at an increased cost.
Level 6 tariff was introduced on 1 February 2018 where punitive tariff
applies to all use over 50lcd. Water is still cheap compared to other goods
and services, and is supplied to every formal household. As households are
now required to dramatically reduce consumption, the volumes in higher
usage steps have shrunk considerably.
Wastewater reuse is expected to be less costly compared to desalination
because the capital costs are lower (no expensive marine works are
needed) and energy costs are about half of that needed for desalination –
2 kWh for reuse compared to 3.5-4 kWh for desalination per thousand
litres.
The latest engineering estimates for treating wastewater reuse to a
potable standard in Cape Town is about R7.50 per thousand litres, just
more than half the cost of efficient desalination. Scale is reasonably
important for wastewater reuse too.
Asingle wastewater reuse treatment facility for 50 million litres per day is
about 15% cheaper than a 20 million litres per day facility, and a single
combined facility of 70 million litres per day is strongly preferred for
operational reasons and is cheaper compared to two separate facilities.
6. Reusing waste water
Antarctica is relatively close to South Africa.
Feasibility studies have been carried out into the possibility of towing
icebergs to Arabian states previously.
7. Towing icebergs from Antarctica
Synthetic fibre ropes, which are stronger than steel, can be slung around icebergs at the waterline,
but when tugging begins the rope can slip off or make the iceberg roll over. Another reason the
towing must be done slowly and carefully is that dragging an iceberg through the ocean can make it
break apart. The industry has come up with nets for capturing unstable icebergs, but they don’t
work in every case. “There are two major problems: one is getting a vessel that’s strong enough to
tow the size of iceberg you need. The second is breakup and melting. It would probably be feasible
to get an iceberg a kilometre or two wide up to the Arabian sea, but you’d lose an awful lot of mass
on the way. It’s quite likely it would fracture before you got there.”
And then there is the cost. A single iceberg-towing vessel can cost around $75,000 a day, and to tow
a massive iceberg might need several ships for months at a time. “It comes down to the question of
what is feasible and what is practical. Is it more practical to take a tanker to Antarctica and capture
some fresh water melting off a glacier?” In Canada, shops already sell bottled water made from
chunks of frozen water that are chipped off icebergs. King has a chunk in his freezer. “It makes for
nice ice,” he said. “It makes a nice crackly sound in a glass of water.”
A lot of water is lost from pipes, and not always detected.
Fixing and improving infrastructure would result in less losses, and create
a more efficient system which would continue to provide benefits in the
future.
Finding the leaks would be a lengthy process.
8. Fixing the leaks
9. Taxing the wine industry
A lack of rainfall in the Winelands that dot the Western Cape of South Africa has entered its
third season in a row, resulting in an undersupply of water for irrigation. The shortage is
intensifying pressures on an industry that employs roughly 300,000 people and forms the
backbone of the provincial economy. South Africa produces some of the world’s most
popular wines but it struggles with profitability, on average, the local wine industry returns
about 1% on investment,
Depending on the region, vines generally need between 250 and 600 millimeters (between
10 and 24 inches) of rain annually to survive. Though temperatures and precipitation vary by
region, South Africa’s Winelands have, on the whole, received about half as much rain in the
run-up to the annual harvest, which began in early January.
Dams that supply irrigation water to the vineyards stood, on average, 26% full in mid-January
compared with about 42% full a year ago. The deficit triggers quotas that have cut the
amount of water available at some vineyards by as much as 80%.
“We simply don’t have enough water to keep up with the irrigation requirements,” said
Francois Viljoen, consultation service manager for VinPro, a nonprofit that represents South
Africa’s wine industry. “The water stress is starting to show. The result is smaller berries,
which affect your volumes. And you also have less juice in the berries.”
Add your own ideas below…
Why is Cape Town facing ‘Day Zero’ and how can it be averted?
• The reservoirs that supply water to the city of Cape Town are nearly empty due in part to below-average rainfall for many years in a
row, but also, and maybe more importantly, because of increased abstraction.
• Since 1995, Cape Town’s population has grown by 79%, while water storage only increased by 15%, straining the region’s existing
reservoirs.
• Day Zero is the word given to the apocalyptically named point when water in the six-dam reservoir system falls to 13.5% of capacity.
• At this critical level, piped supply will be deemed to have failed and the city will dispatch teams of engineers to close the valves to
about a million homes – 75% of the city.
• In place of piped water, the city will establish 200 water collection points, scattered around the city to ensure the legally guaranteed
minimum of 25 litres per person per day within 200 metres of every citizen’s home.
• The government has struggled to keep pace. Plans to make the city more resilient to climate change by diversifying the water
supply with boreholes and desalination plants were not due to kick in until after 2020. But the climate has moved faster, bringing a
drought so severe it would usually be expected only once every 384 years.
• Some people believe Cape Town’s vineyards bear a large share of blame because they are water-intensive yet they have continued
to expand during the drought.
• Many hotels have removed the plugs from rooms so guests must have a shower rather than a bath. Some shopping malls have
turned off the taps and installed hand-sanitiser dispensers.
• Maintaining social programmes will also be a challenge. City officials say hospitals and prisons will run as normal because they have
access to aquifers, but questions remain about 819 schools, half of which do not have boreholes. There would be sanitation risks if
their toilets were unable to flush, but the authorities insist they will remain open.
• The scramble for water is already raising tensions among residents. Freshwater springs now require 24-hour policing as congestion
builds in surrounding streets and there have been sporadic reports of fights break out in the lengthy queues.
• Shame is used to maintain discipline. An online water consumption map allows neighbours to check on each other’s usage. Some
sports clubs have installed buzzers on their showers that embarrass people who linger under the water for more than two minutes
• Even though extreme droughts are difficult to predict, researchers point out that the city council has failed to adapt the local water
supply to the demands of a growing metropolis.
What the City is doing:
Restriction Level 6B: Level 6 was enforced from 1 January 2018, and 6B from 1 February 2018.
The target has been reduced to 450MLD. Daily individual consumption must be limited to a
maximum of 50 lcd to be aligned with Level 6 tariffs. 4 million people at 50 litres per day =
200MLD. Approximately 150MLD is consumed by industry, commerce, government etc. This
results in 100MLD less than the daily target of 450MLD. The inability to adhere to restrictions thus
far means that a stretch target of 50 litres is appropriate to ensure that the 450MLD target is
reached
Communication campaigns: Every person in the city needs to realise that this is a crisis. The city
has launched numerous communication campaigns to assist people in reducing their
consumption, such as household leak detection & repair and how to use 50 litres, and continues
to use radio, print and social
media to reach every citizen and mobilise to reduce consumption to 450MLD, aligned with 6B
restrictions.
Pressure reduction: Pressure reduction was initiated more than a decade ago and has been
accelerated to automate zones across the city to optimise the system and reduce demand -
especially the impact of leaks. Pressure zones are being used to force down consumption by
throttling zones to the extent of partial supply if user behaviour in the zone is high in an effort to
meet the daily water budget. Savings of nearly 50MLD have been affected so far.
DWS = Department of Water and Sanitation
MLD = Million litres per day
• Household flow regulators: The city has been installing water management devices to
manage debt for many years. The programme has been dramatically ramped up to
households who have not reduced consumption to restrict daily household consumption
and safeguard against the impact of leaks. In many cases this was due to undetected leaks,
but under level 6 restrictions, the city will install these where consumption is higher than
10.5kl/month. A household of 4, each person using 50 lcd results in a monthly
consumption of 6,000 litres per household. The allowance is per day, whether at home,
work or school. Note also that the average household size in Cape Town is 3.2 people.
The water companies would have preferred to manage household consumption through smart
metering – similar to electricity, using pre-paid metering or remote monitoring and control –
due to low cost of water this has not been viable. The city has installed more than 250,000
water management devices over the past decade. Household demand has declined
significantly.
Adaptation
The city has engaged with large and small business with possible solutions and is
working to incentivise reduced consumption. Avenues still to be evolved include usage
of private boreholes in the system.
Information to drive behaviour change: Examples include the Star rating tool for
buildings, and making visually available household consumption data to incentivise all
households to stay within usage limits (dark green & green dots).

More Related Content

What's hot

Catalysing a social response to manage groundwater
Catalysing a social response to manage groundwaterCatalysing a social response to manage groundwater
Catalysing a social response to manage groundwaterbiometrust
 
Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12
Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12
Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12Terrance (Terry) Keep
 
The burden of thirst
The burden of thirstThe burden of thirst
The burden of thirstHadi Hosseini
 
150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich Bartelt
150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich Bartelt150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich Bartelt
150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich BarteltDietrich Bartelt
 
Big Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse project
Big Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse projectBig Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse project
Big Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse projectTerrance (Terry) Keep
 
9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities - Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...
9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities -  Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities -  Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...
9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities - Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland
 
Desalinationreportjune2007
Desalinationreportjune2007Desalinationreportjune2007
Desalinationreportjune2007cecfoundation
 
Basic civil engineering
Basic civil engineeringBasic civil engineering
Basic civil engineeringgabalepankaj
 
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...AquaSPE AG
 
Chapter 8 water resources
Chapter 8 water resourcesChapter 8 water resources
Chapter 8 water resourcesDickson Lim
 
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems Magnus Wolfe Murray
 
2b Cape Town Water Crisis
2b Cape Town Water Crisis2b Cape Town Water Crisis
2b Cape Town Water CrisisNAP Events
 
Al mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmes
Al mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmesAl mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmes
Al mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmesgroundwatercop
 
Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...
Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...
Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
 

What's hot (20)

Wasted Gigalitres 2006
Wasted Gigalitres 2006Wasted Gigalitres 2006
Wasted Gigalitres 2006
 
ENV 101 Ch15 lecture ppt_a
ENV 101 Ch15 lecture ppt_aENV 101 Ch15 lecture ppt_a
ENV 101 Ch15 lecture ppt_a
 
Can desalination and clean energy combined help to alleviate global water sca...
Can desalination and clean energy combined help to alleviate global water sca...Can desalination and clean energy combined help to alleviate global water sca...
Can desalination and clean energy combined help to alleviate global water sca...
 
The big gulp and water poverty
The big gulp and water povertyThe big gulp and water poverty
The big gulp and water poverty
 
Catalysing a social response to manage groundwater
Catalysing a social response to manage groundwaterCatalysing a social response to manage groundwater
Catalysing a social response to manage groundwater
 
Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12
Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12
Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12
 
The burden of thirst
The burden of thirstThe burden of thirst
The burden of thirst
 
150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich Bartelt
150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich Bartelt150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich Bartelt
150207 IWEC Lyon - Dietrich Bartelt
 
Big Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse project
Big Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse projectBig Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse project
Big Spring Texas Direct Potable Reuse project
 
9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities - Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...
9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities -  Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities -  Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...
9. Duncannon Blue Flag farming and communities - Brendan Cooney, Wexford Cou...
 
Desalinationreportjune2007
Desalinationreportjune2007Desalinationreportjune2007
Desalinationreportjune2007
 
Basic civil engineering
Basic civil engineeringBasic civil engineering
Basic civil engineering
 
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...
 
Chapter 8 water resources
Chapter 8 water resourcesChapter 8 water resources
Chapter 8 water resources
 
Sustainability_Seabin
Sustainability_SeabinSustainability_Seabin
Sustainability_Seabin
 
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems
 
2b Cape Town Water Crisis
2b Cape Town Water Crisis2b Cape Town Water Crisis
2b Cape Town Water Crisis
 
Al mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmes
Al mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmesAl mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmes
Al mooji y-gwg-and_twap_programmes
 
Cape Town Water crisis debrief
Cape Town Water crisis debriefCape Town Water crisis debrief
Cape Town Water crisis debrief
 
Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...
Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...
Integrating Sustainable Investment and One Health Strategy: Solution Oriented...
 

Similar to Running on Empty v2

Running on Empty
Running on EmptyRunning on Empty
Running on EmptyGeoBlogs
 
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case Study
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case StudyEnsuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case Study
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case StudyTeresa Long
 
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project BriefBlacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project BriefJessica Valentin
 
DesalinationPresentation
DesalinationPresentationDesalinationPresentation
DesalinationPresentationZacary Richards
 
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docx
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docxCape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docx
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docxhacksoni
 
EVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhne
EVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhneEVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhne
EVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhneSmitNikumbh
 
Seawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In CaliforniaSeawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In CaliforniaMichelle Singh
 
Seawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In CaliforniaSeawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In CaliforniaMelissa Williams
 
Moving water world in 2030
Moving water   world in 2030Moving water   world in 2030
Moving water world in 2030Future Agenda
 
The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel Water Technol...
The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel  Water Technol...The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel  Water Technol...
The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel Water Technol...Agencia Nacional de Minería
 
Water / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity Studio
Water / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity StudioWater / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity Studio
Water / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
 
Power point for bdcp letter writing party
Power point for bdcp letter writing partyPower point for bdcp letter writing party
Power point for bdcp letter writing partyRestoretheDelta
 

Similar to Running on Empty v2 (20)

Solar desalination
Solar desalinationSolar desalination
Solar desalination
 
sea water desalination
sea water desalinationsea water desalination
sea water desalination
 
Running on Empty
Running on EmptyRunning on Empty
Running on Empty
 
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case Study
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case StudyEnsuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case Study
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case Study
 
Essay On Water Supply System
Essay On Water Supply SystemEssay On Water Supply System
Essay On Water Supply System
 
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project BriefBlacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
 
DesalinationPresentation
DesalinationPresentationDesalinationPresentation
DesalinationPresentation
 
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docx
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docxCape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docx
Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century By D.docx
 
EVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhne
EVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhneEVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhne
EVS.pptx EUUUU maja ayega dkek dvdsvmkdvnkhne
 
Desalination good
Desalination goodDesalination good
Desalination good
 
Seawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In CaliforniaSeawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In California
 
Seawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In CaliforniaSeawater Desalination In California
Seawater Desalination In California
 
Moving water world in 2030
Moving water   world in 2030Moving water   world in 2030
Moving water world in 2030
 
The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel Water Technol...
The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel  Water Technol...The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel  Water Technol...
The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel Water Technol...
 
world earth day
world earth dayworld earth day
world earth day
 
Water / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity Studio
Water / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity StudioWater / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity Studio
Water / Wastewater - how we solve Sydney's water problem | Biocity Studio
 
Essay The Glegg Water Management
Essay The Glegg Water ManagementEssay The Glegg Water Management
Essay The Glegg Water Management
 
Business_of_Water
Business_of_WaterBusiness_of_Water
Business_of_Water
 
Essay On Rainwater Harvesting
Essay On Rainwater HarvestingEssay On Rainwater Harvesting
Essay On Rainwater Harvesting
 
Power point for bdcp letter writing party
Power point for bdcp letter writing partyPower point for bdcp letter writing party
Power point for bdcp letter writing party
 

More from GeoBlogs

'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdf
'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdf'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdf
'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdfGeoBlogs
 
Chris Cunningham on Hilaire Belloc
Chris Cunningham on Hilaire BellocChris Cunningham on Hilaire Belloc
Chris Cunningham on Hilaire BellocGeoBlogs
 
YPG Ways of Working
YPG Ways of WorkingYPG Ways of Working
YPG Ways of WorkingGeoBlogs
 
Exploring Leicester
Exploring LeicesterExploring Leicester
Exploring LeicesterGeoBlogs
 
Young People's Geographies 3
Young People's Geographies 3Young People's Geographies 3
Young People's Geographies 3GeoBlogs
 
Young People's Geographies 1
Young People's Geographies 1Young People's Geographies 1
Young People's Geographies 1GeoBlogs
 
Young People's Geographies 2
Young People's Geographies 2Young People's Geographies 2
Young People's Geographies 2GeoBlogs
 
Alice Coleman
Alice ColemanAlice Coleman
Alice ColemanGeoBlogs
 
YGOTY 2023.pptx
YGOTY 2023.pptxYGOTY 2023.pptx
YGOTY 2023.pptxGeoBlogs
 
Coronation Weather Forecast
Coronation Weather ForecastCoronation Weather Forecast
Coronation Weather ForecastGeoBlogs
 
Geography for Comic Effect
Geography for Comic EffectGeography for Comic Effect
Geography for Comic EffectGeoBlogs
 
Book Club Discussion Prompts
Book Club Discussion PromptsBook Club Discussion Prompts
Book Club Discussion PromptsGeoBlogs
 
GA Conference Book Club
GA Conference Book ClubGA Conference Book Club
GA Conference Book ClubGeoBlogs
 
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdfExploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdfGeoBlogs
 
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdfExploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdfGeoBlogs
 
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONSExploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONSGeoBlogs
 
offline activities.pdf
offline activities.pdfoffline activities.pdf
offline activities.pdfGeoBlogs
 
Why are food prices rising?
Why are food prices rising?Why are food prices rising?
Why are food prices rising?GeoBlogs
 
Alan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdf
Alan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdfAlan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdf
Alan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdfGeoBlogs
 
1953 Flooding - 70th Anniversary
1953 Flooding - 70th Anniversary1953 Flooding - 70th Anniversary
1953 Flooding - 70th AnniversaryGeoBlogs
 

More from GeoBlogs (20)

'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdf
'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdf'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdf
'Exploring Everyday Curriculum Influences'..pdf
 
Chris Cunningham on Hilaire Belloc
Chris Cunningham on Hilaire BellocChris Cunningham on Hilaire Belloc
Chris Cunningham on Hilaire Belloc
 
YPG Ways of Working
YPG Ways of WorkingYPG Ways of Working
YPG Ways of Working
 
Exploring Leicester
Exploring LeicesterExploring Leicester
Exploring Leicester
 
Young People's Geographies 3
Young People's Geographies 3Young People's Geographies 3
Young People's Geographies 3
 
Young People's Geographies 1
Young People's Geographies 1Young People's Geographies 1
Young People's Geographies 1
 
Young People's Geographies 2
Young People's Geographies 2Young People's Geographies 2
Young People's Geographies 2
 
Alice Coleman
Alice ColemanAlice Coleman
Alice Coleman
 
YGOTY 2023.pptx
YGOTY 2023.pptxYGOTY 2023.pptx
YGOTY 2023.pptx
 
Coronation Weather Forecast
Coronation Weather ForecastCoronation Weather Forecast
Coronation Weather Forecast
 
Geography for Comic Effect
Geography for Comic EffectGeography for Comic Effect
Geography for Comic Effect
 
Book Club Discussion Prompts
Book Club Discussion PromptsBook Club Discussion Prompts
Book Club Discussion Prompts
 
GA Conference Book Club
GA Conference Book ClubGA Conference Book Club
GA Conference Book Club
 
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdfExploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS - Student Guide.pdf
 
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdfExploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdf
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS Guide.pdf
 
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONSExploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS
Exploring the Census 2021 Maps from ONS
 
offline activities.pdf
offline activities.pdfoffline activities.pdf
offline activities.pdf
 
Why are food prices rising?
Why are food prices rising?Why are food prices rising?
Why are food prices rising?
 
Alan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdf
Alan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdfAlan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdf
Alan P - Drinking deep from the Fawcett.pdf
 
1953 Flooding - 70th Anniversary
1953 Flooding - 70th Anniversary1953 Flooding - 70th Anniversary
1953 Flooding - 70th Anniversary
 

Recently uploaded

Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 

Running on Empty v2

  • 1. S Running on empty? Exploring water futures Saturday 14th April 2018
  • 3. Alan Parkinson Geographer King’s Ely School Illustration:TomMorganJones
  • 4. “Despite all our achievements we owe our existence to a six-inch layer of topsoil and the fact that it rains” Illustration:WikimediaCommons
  • 5. The Fens – a reclaimed landscape Illustration:CarryAkroyd
  • 6. Geneva 500 litres of water a second
  • 7. Not everywhere is so lucky…
  • 9. If all the world’s water was a bucket full, only one tablespoon’s worth would be drinkable (potable) Illustration:TomMorganJones
  • 11. Cape Town 50 litres person / day “Day Zero” http://www.capetown.gov.za/ • Day Zero is the word given to the apocalyptically named point when water in the six-dam reservoir system falls to 13.5% of capacity. • At this critical level, piped supply will be deemed to have failed and the city will dispatch teams of engineers to close the valves to about a million homes – 75% of the city. • In place of piped water, the city will establish 200 water collection points, scattered around the city to ensure the legally guaranteed minimum of 25 litres per person per day within 200 metres of every citizen’s home.
  • 12. I D E A L More information here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRSJBz0EoBQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tX_148en_Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdacTKv_kOs http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa- 42866178/why-cape-town-is-shutting-off-its- water-supply Identify – What can you see in the photo? Describe – What is the problem that exists here? Explain – Why do you think the problem has happened? What has caused it? Apply – What are the possible solutions to the problem? Are some more sustainable than others? Link – Is this issue an example of human or physical geography? What other topics?
  • 13. Water Pressure • Growing population – and at a faster rate than water supply capacity was increase • Increased affluence – more devices that use water installed in homes • Vineyards around Cape Town growing in area, and requiring large amounts of water • Ageing infrastructure – leaking pipes • Drought for several years • Increased pumping from aquifers • Slow pace of investment in alternative supplies Also social pressure to reduce usage…
  • 15. A resilient city? Cape Town is committed to becoming a resilient city and is part of the 100 Resilient Cities Initiative. It is therefore both prudent and appropriate for the city to take climate change risks into account in its planning. In line with international best practice thinking for coastal cities, Cape Town’s resilience will be increased through the diversification of water supplies away from dependence on surface water only towards a situation where the city also obtains a share of its water from ground water, wastewater reuse and seawater desalination. Consequently, a resilient city will be able to both optimise and sustain water use through integrated management of four sources of water – surface water from rainwater (including urban storm water runoff) managed in dams and wetlands, ground water (with recharge), reused wastewater and desalinated sea water. From Cape Town Water Disaster Plan document
  • 16. Cape Town April 2018 As recently as January, rationing with armed guards for 4 million people was on the horizon. Daily ration of just 25 litres per person / day The most recent situation can be seen on the City Dashboard http://coct.co/water-dashboard/
  • 18. How far do 50 litres of water go? Residents of Cape Town have been asked to limit their use of water to 50 litres a day, which is less than a third of the average daily water use in an EU member country. Match the numbers below to the activity. 159 litres 125 litres 582 litres 177 litres 382 litres 150 litres 45 litres 232 litres
  • 19. The answers Shower – 45 litres Bath – 125 litres Flush – 150 litres Wash dishes by hand – 159 litres Dishwasher – 177 litres Washing machine – 232 litres Water garden – 382 litres Wash your car – 582 litres
  • 24. Restaurants The restaurant is harvesting grey water from air-conditioning units, boiling ice- bucket water to mop floors, disconnecting scullery hoses, installing new tap diffusers, using disposable napkins, discarding table cloths. But the real innovation – which eliminates the need to wash 5,000 plates a week – is serving two of his tasting menu courses on disposable cards that fit into an empty picture frame; in The Drought Kitchen the entire six-course menu will be served this way. The dishwasher and laundry will need just 10% of the water they used to.
  • 27. Illustration:TomMorganJones Your job is to assess the relative merits of a number of possible solutions to the water crisis. Use the displayed information (and your devices) to complete the sections in your notes) You will then be given a chance to vote for your preferred option(s)
  • 28. Futures Possible – all scenarios which are possible Probable – which of the possible scenarios are most likely Preferable – of the probable futures, which one would be the most preferable in terms of sustainability or in maintaining as close as possible to the current quality of life for residents
  • 30. Cape Town-South Africa Water Crisis by @bridgetti Cape Town Twitter Top Tip: Follow the Twitter accounts of organisations connected with topics you are learning about
  • 32. Dotstorming Dotstorming is a visual way of giving feedback on ideas. Which of the ideas will get your vote(s)
  • 33. http://bit.ly/2GDOhlJ Vote now… Notice you can also chat in the window… Illustration:TomMorganJones
  • 35. Thanks – enjoy the rest of the event!
  • 36. Acknowledgements 1 S With thanks to Tom Morgan Jones for illustrations from Mission:Explore Water (2013) by Explorer HQ S Mapping on Water Security by World Resources Institute: http://www.wri.org/applications/ maps/ S With thanks to Ben Hennig for Worldmapper mapping – CC licensed for use S With thanks to previous IB Geographers from Ecolint 2012 who took part in my Water workshop Check out the Water Diaries website too
  • 37. Acknowledgements 2 S With thanks to Joanna Payne for a couple of slides and activities from a presentation she shared. S Resource watch: https://resourcewatch.org/ S CBC has a range of stories in a series on Cape Town: http://www.cbc.ca/news/topic/Ta g/Water%20at%20Risk S http://www.riverthreat.net/data.h tml - downloads of data, and Google Earth files to see threats to global rivers through human water usage Some slides taken from Cape Town Critical Disaster Plan
  • 39. Map from the World Resource Institute
  • 40. Thefts of supplies As if the drought is not bad enough‚ the City of Cape Town is having to battle against thieves stealing from aquifer drilling sites‚ resulting in “delays of weeks at a time” to bring more water online. The city said in a statement on Sunday it is something that it can “ill afford”. Tools‚ batteries‚ vehicles and any materials considered possible scrap are being targeted by thieves.
  • 41. 1: Water for Energy exchange Turning sea water into potable water takes vast amounts of power. Israel's desalination plants usually only run overnight to take advantage of lower electricity costs. EcoPeace, an environmental NGO made up of Jordanian, Israeli and Palestinian activists, is floating a new idea to harness the sun-soaked deserts of Jordan, and sell the solar power to Israel and the Palestinian Authority, who would use it to run desalination plants. "By advancing a water-energy exchange we're creating some stability, we're creating an atmosphere of co-operation," said Gidon Bromberg, the Israeli director of EcoPeace. Bromberg said all three governments "have expressed support" for the Water & Energy Nexus, which is projected to cost $30 billion. Despite the price tag, "not only is it realistic but it's absolutely essential," given the region's water woes. Bromberg said the idea could bring wider benefits: "it's certainly stability, it's certainly security, and those are two essential ingredients for peace."
  • 42. 2. Aquifer drilling Water is stored in certain types of rocks, and a store of this kind is called an aquifer. Boreholes can be drilled to access this water, but this is time consuming and expensive, and can also result in a lowering of the water table locally. Cape Town plan involves: Prioritise groundwater extraction: Fast-track extraction of water from Cape Flats Aquifer (CFA) and Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifer. Both these aquifers have significant storage volumes. The water use licences provide for yields of only a fraction of the available storage, and yields will be maximised in the short-term within the annual allowable volumes. Groundwater is also subject to the impact of drought but with significant time delay. The CFA license requires recharge from treated wastewater to replenish the aquifer and improve water quality in some instances.
  • 43. 3. Desalination Water can be extracted from sea water using a process called reverse-osmosis. This is very energy intensive, and takes a large plant to do on a scale which will make a difference to a city the size of Cape Town. Cape Town is intending to invest in this technology as it provides ‘new’ water rather than using other surface and groundwater sources. From the Cape Town Disaster Plan: Decisions around desalination must not be delayed. Desalination provides the only “new” source of water, and other than technical and financial constraints, has unlimited augmentation capacity.
  • 44. 4. More use of ‘grey water’
  • 45. 5. Punitive bills, but with incentives for low use Punitive tariffs: Restrictions go hand-in-hand with stepped tariffs, charging more for water use at higher volumes. Progressively more punitive tariffs have been introduced on inclining blocks so that higher use of volumes come at an increased cost. Level 6 tariff was introduced on 1 February 2018 where punitive tariff applies to all use over 50lcd. Water is still cheap compared to other goods and services, and is supplied to every formal household. As households are now required to dramatically reduce consumption, the volumes in higher usage steps have shrunk considerably.
  • 46. Wastewater reuse is expected to be less costly compared to desalination because the capital costs are lower (no expensive marine works are needed) and energy costs are about half of that needed for desalination – 2 kWh for reuse compared to 3.5-4 kWh for desalination per thousand litres. The latest engineering estimates for treating wastewater reuse to a potable standard in Cape Town is about R7.50 per thousand litres, just more than half the cost of efficient desalination. Scale is reasonably important for wastewater reuse too. Asingle wastewater reuse treatment facility for 50 million litres per day is about 15% cheaper than a 20 million litres per day facility, and a single combined facility of 70 million litres per day is strongly preferred for operational reasons and is cheaper compared to two separate facilities. 6. Reusing waste water
  • 47. Antarctica is relatively close to South Africa. Feasibility studies have been carried out into the possibility of towing icebergs to Arabian states previously. 7. Towing icebergs from Antarctica Synthetic fibre ropes, which are stronger than steel, can be slung around icebergs at the waterline, but when tugging begins the rope can slip off or make the iceberg roll over. Another reason the towing must be done slowly and carefully is that dragging an iceberg through the ocean can make it break apart. The industry has come up with nets for capturing unstable icebergs, but they don’t work in every case. “There are two major problems: one is getting a vessel that’s strong enough to tow the size of iceberg you need. The second is breakup and melting. It would probably be feasible to get an iceberg a kilometre or two wide up to the Arabian sea, but you’d lose an awful lot of mass on the way. It’s quite likely it would fracture before you got there.” And then there is the cost. A single iceberg-towing vessel can cost around $75,000 a day, and to tow a massive iceberg might need several ships for months at a time. “It comes down to the question of what is feasible and what is practical. Is it more practical to take a tanker to Antarctica and capture some fresh water melting off a glacier?” In Canada, shops already sell bottled water made from chunks of frozen water that are chipped off icebergs. King has a chunk in his freezer. “It makes for nice ice,” he said. “It makes a nice crackly sound in a glass of water.”
  • 48. A lot of water is lost from pipes, and not always detected. Fixing and improving infrastructure would result in less losses, and create a more efficient system which would continue to provide benefits in the future. Finding the leaks would be a lengthy process. 8. Fixing the leaks
  • 49. 9. Taxing the wine industry A lack of rainfall in the Winelands that dot the Western Cape of South Africa has entered its third season in a row, resulting in an undersupply of water for irrigation. The shortage is intensifying pressures on an industry that employs roughly 300,000 people and forms the backbone of the provincial economy. South Africa produces some of the world’s most popular wines but it struggles with profitability, on average, the local wine industry returns about 1% on investment, Depending on the region, vines generally need between 250 and 600 millimeters (between 10 and 24 inches) of rain annually to survive. Though temperatures and precipitation vary by region, South Africa’s Winelands have, on the whole, received about half as much rain in the run-up to the annual harvest, which began in early January. Dams that supply irrigation water to the vineyards stood, on average, 26% full in mid-January compared with about 42% full a year ago. The deficit triggers quotas that have cut the amount of water available at some vineyards by as much as 80%. “We simply don’t have enough water to keep up with the irrigation requirements,” said Francois Viljoen, consultation service manager for VinPro, a nonprofit that represents South Africa’s wine industry. “The water stress is starting to show. The result is smaller berries, which affect your volumes. And you also have less juice in the berries.”
  • 50. Add your own ideas below…
  • 51. Why is Cape Town facing ‘Day Zero’ and how can it be averted? • The reservoirs that supply water to the city of Cape Town are nearly empty due in part to below-average rainfall for many years in a row, but also, and maybe more importantly, because of increased abstraction. • Since 1995, Cape Town’s population has grown by 79%, while water storage only increased by 15%, straining the region’s existing reservoirs. • Day Zero is the word given to the apocalyptically named point when water in the six-dam reservoir system falls to 13.5% of capacity. • At this critical level, piped supply will be deemed to have failed and the city will dispatch teams of engineers to close the valves to about a million homes – 75% of the city. • In place of piped water, the city will establish 200 water collection points, scattered around the city to ensure the legally guaranteed minimum of 25 litres per person per day within 200 metres of every citizen’s home. • The government has struggled to keep pace. Plans to make the city more resilient to climate change by diversifying the water supply with boreholes and desalination plants were not due to kick in until after 2020. But the climate has moved faster, bringing a drought so severe it would usually be expected only once every 384 years. • Some people believe Cape Town’s vineyards bear a large share of blame because they are water-intensive yet they have continued to expand during the drought. • Many hotels have removed the plugs from rooms so guests must have a shower rather than a bath. Some shopping malls have turned off the taps and installed hand-sanitiser dispensers. • Maintaining social programmes will also be a challenge. City officials say hospitals and prisons will run as normal because they have access to aquifers, but questions remain about 819 schools, half of which do not have boreholes. There would be sanitation risks if their toilets were unable to flush, but the authorities insist they will remain open. • The scramble for water is already raising tensions among residents. Freshwater springs now require 24-hour policing as congestion builds in surrounding streets and there have been sporadic reports of fights break out in the lengthy queues. • Shame is used to maintain discipline. An online water consumption map allows neighbours to check on each other’s usage. Some sports clubs have installed buzzers on their showers that embarrass people who linger under the water for more than two minutes • Even though extreme droughts are difficult to predict, researchers point out that the city council has failed to adapt the local water supply to the demands of a growing metropolis.
  • 52. What the City is doing: Restriction Level 6B: Level 6 was enforced from 1 January 2018, and 6B from 1 February 2018. The target has been reduced to 450MLD. Daily individual consumption must be limited to a maximum of 50 lcd to be aligned with Level 6 tariffs. 4 million people at 50 litres per day = 200MLD. Approximately 150MLD is consumed by industry, commerce, government etc. This results in 100MLD less than the daily target of 450MLD. The inability to adhere to restrictions thus far means that a stretch target of 50 litres is appropriate to ensure that the 450MLD target is reached Communication campaigns: Every person in the city needs to realise that this is a crisis. The city has launched numerous communication campaigns to assist people in reducing their consumption, such as household leak detection & repair and how to use 50 litres, and continues to use radio, print and social media to reach every citizen and mobilise to reduce consumption to 450MLD, aligned with 6B restrictions. Pressure reduction: Pressure reduction was initiated more than a decade ago and has been accelerated to automate zones across the city to optimise the system and reduce demand - especially the impact of leaks. Pressure zones are being used to force down consumption by throttling zones to the extent of partial supply if user behaviour in the zone is high in an effort to meet the daily water budget. Savings of nearly 50MLD have been affected so far. DWS = Department of Water and Sanitation MLD = Million litres per day
  • 53. • Household flow regulators: The city has been installing water management devices to manage debt for many years. The programme has been dramatically ramped up to households who have not reduced consumption to restrict daily household consumption and safeguard against the impact of leaks. In many cases this was due to undetected leaks, but under level 6 restrictions, the city will install these where consumption is higher than 10.5kl/month. A household of 4, each person using 50 lcd results in a monthly consumption of 6,000 litres per household. The allowance is per day, whether at home, work or school. Note also that the average household size in Cape Town is 3.2 people. The water companies would have preferred to manage household consumption through smart metering – similar to electricity, using pre-paid metering or remote monitoring and control – due to low cost of water this has not been viable. The city has installed more than 250,000 water management devices over the past decade. Household demand has declined significantly.
  • 54. Adaptation The city has engaged with large and small business with possible solutions and is working to incentivise reduced consumption. Avenues still to be evolved include usage of private boreholes in the system. Information to drive behaviour change: Examples include the Star rating tool for buildings, and making visually available household consumption data to incentivise all households to stay within usage limits (dark green & green dots).

Editor's Notes

  1. Shower – 45 litres Bath – 125 litres Flush – 150 litres Wash dishes by hand – 159 litres Dishwasher – 177 litres Washing machine – 232 litres Water garden – 382 litres Wash your car – 582 litres