Discourse Analysis and Grammar Cohesion - cohesive devices Grammatical devices Reference - Substitution - Ellipsis - Conjunctions Many Examples with good explanation إعداد : عبدالرحمن ايمن عبدالاه Email: Abdelrahman.Ayman.Abdella@gmail.com تحت إشراف / د. حامد أبو شرق كلية التربية جامعة دمنهور 2018

1. Peace be upon you all

2. Chapter 3
Discourse Analysis & Grammar

4. ❖IELTS
➢ Band descriptors “Marking criteria”
“Basics of text analysis” Coherence and Cohesion.
 Lexical resource.
 Grammatical structures & Accurcy.

5. What is cohesion?
❖ Cohesion refers to the way we use vocabulary and
grammatical structures to make connections
between ideas within a text. Cohesion helps to create
coherence.

6. ▪ Cohesive Devices/Ties
➢ Connectors
➢ Linkers
➢ Transitional words
➢ Discourse markers
▪ Words and phrases like conjunctions, synonyms, pronouns, and
transitional phrases.
▪ They are devices permitting to link or bind or relate ideas or words
in a sentence as they can tell the reader what we are doing in a sentence
and guides them through our writing piece.

7. Cohesive
devices
Reference
Substitution&
Ellipsis
Conjunction

8. Reference
• The term reference is used to define the relationship
between a word and what it points to,
• or the relationship between two linguistic expressions
(Holliday1976).

9. References
Endophoric
Anaphora Cataphora
Exophoric

10. Endophoric
Anaphora Cataphora

11. Anaphora
(Looking backward=Reference back )
• It is a word refers back to another word in the sentence,
meaning the same in order to avoid repetition.
➢ E.g. Yusuf likes ice cream but I cannot eat it.
➢ E.g. The student saw herself in the mirror.
Antecedent
 An earlier word, phrase, clause to which a following
pronoun refers to.

12. Anaphora
My father once bought a Lincoln convertible.
He did it by saving every penny he could. That
car would be worth a fortune nowadays.
However, he sold it to help pay for my college
education. Sometimes I think I’d rather have
the convertible.
Convertible: (of a car) having a folding or detachable roof.

13. Anaphora
My father once bought a Lincoln convertible.
He did it by saving every penny he could. That
car would be worth a fortune nowadays.
However, he sold it to help pay for my college
education. Sometimes I think I’d rather have
the convertible.

14. My father bought a Lincoln convertible. The
car driven by the police was red. That color
doesn’t suit her. She consists of three letters.
However, a letter isn’t as fast as a telephone
call.
❖ Many cohesive devices, but a text very hard to interpret. We
don‟t see any coherence but there is a cohesion.
“Cohesive doesn’t mean coherent”

15. Endophoric
Anaphora Cataphora

16. Cataphora
(Looking Forward=Reference forward)
❖ When referring to something that is not mentioned yet.
❖ It is a word in the text that refers to another to invite
the reader to go forward and read to understand.
E.g. If you want them, there are cookies in the kitchen.
Cataphoric reference

17. Cataphora
E.g. If you want some, here’s some karish cheese.
Examples:
E.g. After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks.
Postcedent

18. Cataphora
She claims Leo Tolstoy as a distant cousin. Now,
Tatyana Tolstoy has put pen to Paper…
She claims Leo Tolstoy as a distant cousin. Now,
Tatyana Tolstoy has put pen to paper…

19. Exophoric
• refers to something external to the text. Looking
outward- outside the text.
• It refers to the reader`s general knowledge.
• E.g. The president ordered that people have the
right to free internet connection.
➢ The president is the Exophoric Reference because here we are
expected to know who is the president.

20. • Some linguists see no real distinction between
anaphoric and exophoric reference.
Exophoric

21. Refers to something external to the text.Exophoric
• (Looking outward- outside the text)
• It is an idea which is outside the text and which we are
supposed to know without being mentioned .
• It refers to the reader`s general knowledge.
Refers back to a previous word.Anaphora
• (Looking backward)
• Such as : he/she or them ,it, this, here or there.
Refers to sth that is not mentioned yet.Cataphora
• (Looking Forward)
• Such as : he/she or them ,it, this, here or there.

22. Ellipsis and Substitution
• It is the leaving out of words or phrases from
sentences where they are unnecessary because they
have already been referred to or mentioned.

23. Ellipsis
 It is the omission of elements required by the grammar which
the speaker/writer assumes are obvious from the context and
therefore need not be raised.
E.g. The children will carry the small boxes, the adults the large ones.
E.g. The man went to the door and opened it.
E.g. Umar ate the apple and Sara a pear. Verb ellipsis
Subject ellipsis

24.  English has three types of ellipsis: nominal, verbal and
clausal.
✓ The nominal ellipsis often involves omission of a noun
headword.
Ellipsis
✓ E.g. Nelly Dean liked the green tiles; myself I preferred the blue.
✓ E.g. Yusuf was the first person to leave. I was the second.
Nominal ellipsis
✓ E.g. They are few sheets of paper; take two.

25. ❖ Verbal ellipsis involves two types: echoing and auxiliary
contrasting.
Ellipsis
▪ E.g. A) Will anyone be waiting?
B) Jim, will
• “Auxiliary contrasting” when the helping verb changes.
• “Echoing” repeats an element from the verbal group.
▪ E.g. A) Has she remarried?
B) No, but she will one day.

26. ❖ With clausal ellipsis, individual clause may be omitted.
Ellipsis
• He said he would take early retirement as soon as he could
and he has.
• I don’t know how to work this computer. I’ll have to learn how.
to work the computer

27. Substitution
• 3 types of classification are:
• Nominal
• Verbal
• Clausal
• In the nominal substitution, the most typical substitutional words
are ’’ONE and ONES’’ and they substitute nouns.
• E.g. Do you want the blankets?
Nominal Substitution for blankets
Yes, I ‘ll take one.

28. Substitution
• E.g. A) Did you find the blankets?
B) Only the blue one.
Nominal Substitution for blankets
• Secondly, In the Verbal substitution, the most common
substitute is the verb ‘Do’.
• E.g. Did you sing?
Yes, I did.
Verbal Substitution for ’’sang’’

29. Substitution
• Finally, In the clausal substitution, an entire clause is substituted.
• E.g. I went to lock the gate, but I found that somebody had
already done so.
Verbal Substitution for ’’locked the door’’
• E.g. The blankets needed to be cleaned.
Yup, they did.
Clausal Substitution for ’needed to be cleaned’’

30. Conjunctions
• A type of cohesive devices
• The conjunction help us interpret the relation between clauses.

31. Conjunctions

32. Conjunctions

33. Conjunctions
❖ There are several ways to show cause-effect relationship:
• He was insensitive. Consequently, there was bad feeling.
• He was insensitive. As a Consequence, there was bad feeling.
• As a Consequence of his insensitivity, there was bad feeling.

34. Conjunctions
• The wide use of “and”
• She is intelligent, and she’s reliable.
• I lived here for ten years, and I have never heard of this pub.
• He fell in the river and caught a chill.
• I got up and made my breakfast.
Additive
Causal
Temporal sequence
Adversative

35. THANKS!
Egypt
Damanhour university,
Faculty of education,
English dept.
2018