Industrial pollution

1. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
CHAPTER ONECHAPTER ONE
Granch Berhe

2. IMPORTANCE OF ECOLOGICAL
BALANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION

3. Ecology - study of ecosystems.
May be disturbed due to the introduction of new species, the
sudden death of some species, natural hazards or man-made
causes.
The science of ecology defines “ecosystems” as interdependent
populations of organisms interacting with their physical and
chemical environment
The science of ecology defines “ecosystems” as interdependent
populations of organisms interacting with their physical and
chemical environment
Ecological balance –
 Dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in which
genetic, species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively stable,
subject to gradual changes through natural succession.
A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem."
Ecological balance –
 Dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in which
genetic, species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively stable,
subject to gradual changes through natural succession.
A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem."

4. Life in cites during the middle ages, and through the industrial
revolution, was difficult, sad, and usually short.
Waterborne diseases have become one of the major concerns of the
public health.
Today the concerns of public health encompass not only water but all
aspects of civilized life, including food, air, toxic materials, noise,
and other environmental insults.
Some ecosystems are fragile, easily damaged, and slow to recover;
Some are resistant to change and are able to withstand even serious
perturbations;
Others are remarkably resilient and able to recover from perturbation if
given the chance.
Some ecosystems are fragile, easily damaged, and slow to recover;
Some are resistant to change and are able to withstand even serious
perturbations;
Others are remarkably resilient and able to recover from perturbation if
given the chance.

5. Our biosphere is under constant threat from continuing pollution.
Impact on its atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere by
anthropogenic activities can not be ignored.
Recently, different approaches have been discussed to tackle man
made environmental hazards.
•Clean technology,
•Eco-mark and
•Green chemistry
Some of the recent environmental issues include
Green house effect,
Loss in bio-diversity,
Rising of sea level,
Abnormal climatic change and
Ozone layer depletion etc.
Man made activities on water, air and land have negative influence
over biotic and abiotic components on different natural ecosystems.
Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection are key feature to be
free of the above risks and threats

6. CLIMATE-GREENHOUSE EFFECT

7. Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming
• The “greenhouse effect” & global
warming are not the same thing.
– Global warming refers to a rise in the temperature of the
surface of the earth
• An increase in the concentration of
greenhouse gases leads to an
increase in the magnitude of the
greenhouse effect. (Called enhanced
greenhouse effect)
– This results in global warming

8. Greenhouse effect of the
atmosphere
• Light from the sun includes the entire visible
region and smaller portions of the adjacent UV
and infrared regions.
• Sunlight penetrates the atmosphere and
warms the earth’s surface.
• Longer wavelength infrared radiation is
radiated from the earth’s surface.
• A considerable amount of the outgoing IR
radiation is absorbed by gases in the
atmosphere and reradiated back to earth.
The gases in the atmosphere that act like glass in a
greenhouse are called greenhouse gases.
The natural greenhouse effect causes the mean temperature
of the Earth's surface to be about 33o
C warmer than it would
be if natural greenhouse gases were not present.

9. What makes a gas greenhouse gas?
• Able to absorb infrared light
• Must have molecular vibration(s)
– This excludes monoatomic gases as greenhouse
gases. (That is why argon, the third most
abundant atmospheric constituents is transparent
to infrared irradiation)
• The molecular vibrations must be non-symmetric,
i.e. infrared active
– Homonuclear diatomic molecules only have
symmetric vibrations. That’s why N2, O2 are not
greenhouse gases.

10. What are the major greenhouse gases?
• H2O
• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
• O3
• CFCs
• SF6

11. What determines the contribution of
a greenhouse gas to global warming?
• Concentrations
– H2O and CO2 are the two biggest contributors to
the atmospheric warming because of their higher
concentrations.
• Lifetime
– The longer-live a gas is, the higher the
contribution. e.g. N2O contribution > CH4
• Effectiveness as an infrared absorber
– For example, CFC-11 and CFC-12

12. Enhanced greenhouse effect
When concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, more
infrared radiation is returned toward the earth and the
surface temperature rises.

13. Carbon Footprint is a way to
quantify the amount of CO2
being produced.
Amount of GHGs (converted to CO2 ) which are emitted by a
process
May include production (including raw materials), use and disposal
of a product or provision of a service
Not only products are assigned a carbon footprint but also services
or miles travelled have a carbon footprint.
What can we do with this “abstract“ number?
Compare or reduce.

14. Carbon Footprint

15. Consequences of global warming…..
• Sea level rise
– Beach erosion
– Coastal wetland loss
– Loss of low-lying territories
• Water resources change
– Precipitation pattern shift
– Increases instances of heavy precipitation
– New burdens on water capture, storage and
distribution system to be expected.
• Effects on agriculture
– Changes in the length of growing season
– Growth of undesirable plant species

16. …..Consequences of global warming
• Effects on air quality
– Increase in reaction rates and concentrations of certain
atmospheric species increase in O3 in urban areas
– More droughts widespread forest fire worsen air quality
– Change in how pollutants are dispersed.
• Impacts on human health
– Changes in patterns of sickness and death.
– Respiratory problems affected by air quality change
• Biodiversity
– Some species may grow too quick and overshoot their
reproductive period (e.g. reef corals)
– Forest could be devastated if the rate of climate change outpaced
the rate at which forest species could migrate.
• Change in the pattern of ocean current

17. Climate Change vs. Variability
Even in a stable climate regime, there will always be some
variation (wet/dry years, warm/cold years) A year with
completely “average” or “normal” climate conditions is rare
Climate variability is natural
The challenge for scientists is to determine whether any
increase/decrease in precipitation, temperature, frequency of
storms, sea level, etc. is due to climate variability or climate
change.
The challenge for scientists is to determine whether any
increase/decrease in precipitation, temperature, frequency of
storms, sea level, etc. is due to climate variability or climate
change.

18. The state of climate change science
The Earth’s natural greenhouse effect is required to support life
on earth.
Aerosol particles are important in formation of clouds.
Human activities are contributing to increases in greenhouse
gases and aerosol loading.
The Earth’s surface has warmed during the last century and is
projected to continue warming.
Maintaining Ecological Balance and Environmental
Protection are thus important to have comfortable natural
environment and climate.

19. DEFINITION OF POLLUTION

20. Definition of Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse change, in the form of killing
of life, toxicity of environment, damage to ecosystem and
aesthetics of our surrounding .
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse change, in the form of killing
of life, toxicity of environment, damage to ecosystem and
aesthetics of our surrounding .
An unwanted change in the environment which involves the
physical, biological and chemical changes involving air, water
and land which affects the human life in one way or the other”.
An unwanted change in the environment which involves the
physical, biological and chemical changes involving air, water
and land which affects the human life in one way or the other”.
Pollution has become a serious issue after World War II in
developing countries due to unchecked rapid industrialization.
Pollution has become a serious issue after World War II in
developing countries due to unchecked rapid industrialization.
Pollution is the root cause of many diseases that kill and
disable living organisms.
Pollution is the root cause of many diseases that kill and
disable living organisms.

21. 21
By-product of process or service that may or may
not be harmful or toxic
Waste?Waste?
Pollutant?Pollutant?
Wastes or products that harm either human, animal
health or the environment
....Mostly they are used interchangeably.

22. Pollution is everywhere.....

23. A Broader View of Pollution

24. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION, THEIR EFFECT
AND CONTROLS

25. Types of Pollution
There are different types of Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Soil Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Light Pollution
• Radio Active Pollution
• Thermal Pollution

26. AIR POLLUTION

27. Air Pollution
Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of
chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that
spreads very fast and spreads in the air and causes SKIN &
LUNGS diseases.
Some of the most important air pollutants are sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and airborne particles, with radioactive
pollutants probably among the most destructive ones (specifically
when produced by nuclear explosions).
Due to increase in the volume of these gases in atmosphere the
ozone layer is depleting because of which the ultraviolet rays of sun
are reaching us and causing damage to our skin, eyes and other
organs.
Some of the most important air pollutants are sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and airborne particles, with radioactive
pollutants probably among the most destructive ones (specifically
when produced by nuclear explosions).
Due to increase in the volume of these gases in atmosphere the
ozone layer is depleting because of which the ultraviolet rays of sun
are reaching us and causing damage to our skin, eyes and other
organs.

28. Causes
effeCts
• Discomfort, disease, or
death to humans, animals,
• Damage other living
organisms such as food
crops,
• Damage the natural
environment and
Ecosystems
Causes & Effects
• Automobiles and Domestic fuels
• Smoke from Industry chimneys
• Automobile exhaust
• Burning of fossil fuels
• Forest fires
• Household combustion devices

29. Specific Effects of Air Pollution
a) Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric
acids. These acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides
released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.
b) Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air. Haze
obscures the clarity, color, texture, and form of what we see.
c) Effects on wildlife. Toxic pollutants in the air, or deposited on soils or surface
waters, can impact wildlife in a number of ways. Like humans, animals can
experience health problems if they are exposed to sufficient concentrations of air
toxics over time. Respiratory problems, reduced lung functioning are certain
problems which can occur in the people.
d) Ozone depletion- This is a layer present in the atmosphere which protects us
from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun which can cause skin cancer. But
due to the air pollutants this layer is getting depleted.
e) These gases also cause the Green house effect and Global warming.
f) The air pollutants also cause diseases in humans like lung cancer, asthma,
Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat, Disruption of endocrine, reproductive
and immune systems and other respiratory ailments.

31. Controlling Air Pollution
Maintaining healthy distance between industrial and residential areas
Constructing chimneys tall in size
Removing and recycling wastes in the industrial plants and refineries
Planting plants that metabolize nitrogen oxides and other pollutants
Designing automobiles with emission control system
Timely servicing of the car and minimizing fuel exhaustion
Using public transportation
Using alternative energy sources (solar, hydroelectric, and wind)

32. Water Pollution….
WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION

33. Water PollutionWater Pollution
It is the introduction of chemical, biological & physical matter
into large bodies of water e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and
groundwater that degrade the quality of life that lives in it &
consumes it.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or
indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove
harmful compounds.
Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of
water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual
species and populations, but also to the natural biological
communities

34. Water Pollutants…
• Detergents
• Chloroform
• Food processing waste, (fats and grease)
• Insecticides and herbicides.
• Petroleum hydrocarbons, (gasoline, diesel fuel,
jet fuels, and fuel oil).
• Lubricants (motor oil).

35. CausesCauses
Causes & Effects
• Oil spills, garbage, sewage water
• Effluent outfalls from factories, refineries,
waste treatment plants etc.. that emit
fluids of varying quality directly into
water bodies.
• In villages people have baths in the river,
they wash their clothes and utensils there.
• In cities, people throw food wrappers and
other wastes in the water bodies
effeCtseffeCts
• Disturbs ecosystems
• Loss of aquatic life
• Spread of Diseases

36. a) Water bodies like lakes and rivers are polluted which
results in the death of marine animals like fishes, turtles,
whales, dolphins etc.
b) Oil spills not only harm marine animals but they also
affect precipitation rate.
c) If the polluted water is consumed by humans then
water-borne diseases like typhoid, cholera, dysentery.
d) When the pesticides after surface runoff reach the lakes,
they lead to the growth of algae which after sometime
covers the whole lake and due to lack of oxygen the
animals die.
Specific Effects of Water Pollution

38. Controlling Water Pollution
Conserve water by turning off the tap.
Mind what you throw down your sink or toilet.
Don’t throw paints and oils in water channels.
Use environment friendly household products, such as
washing powder, household cleaning agents etc.
Take great care not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers.
Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans. Help clean up
any litter you see on beaches or in rivers and lakes, make sure
it is safe to collect the litter and put it in a nearby dustbin.
Minimising use of water by reusing and recycling
Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements
Treating effluents before releasing

39. Treating Polluted Water
Suspended, solid particles and inorganic material can be
removed by the use of filters.
Use of biological filters and processes can naturally
degrade the organic waste material.
After above two steps chemical additives are supplied to
get rid of any left-over impurities.

40. SOIL POLLUTION

41. Soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic
(human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the
natural soil environment.
Soil Pollution
It is typically caused by
a)Industrial activity
b)Agricultural chemicals
c)Improper disposal of waste.

42. Soil Contaminating Chemicals…..
• Petroleum hydrocarbons.
• Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Pesticides
• Lead and Other heavy metals

43. Causes
• Reduce Fertility of Soil
• Pollute ground water
• Foul odor
• Death on living things
Causes & Effects
• Corrosion of underground storage tanks
• Application of pesticides and fertilizers
• Mining, Oil and fuel dumping
• Disposal of coal ash
• Leaching from landfills
• Discharge of industrial wastes to the soil
• Drainage of contaminated surface water
into the soil
effeCtseffeCts

44. Specific Effects of Soil Pollution
a) The waste from landfill leaches and causes contaminates
the groundwater.
b) Certain animals eat waste like plastic bags and die.
c) It emits foul odor and becomes breeding ground for
mosquitoes.
d) The waste on a landfill reduces the fertility of the soil.
e) Pesticides, benzene, chromium and weed killers sprayed on
the field are carcinogens which have been established to
lead to all kinds of cancer.
f) Long-term benzene exposure is responsible for irregular
menstrual cycles in women, leukemia and anemia.

46. • Limiting use of fertilizers and pesticides
• Creating awareness about biological control methods
and their implementation
• Using Proper preventive methods like shields in areas
of wind erosion and wind breaks
• Treating industrial and nuclear waste.
• Proper disposing of plastics and other garbage
materials.
• Minimising, reusing and recycling wastes
Controlling of Soil Pollution

47. Noise Pollution..
NOISE POLLUTION

48. Noise Pollution
• Noise pollution is displeasing or excessive noise
that may disrupt the activity or balance of
human or animal life.
• Noise means disgust or discomfort hearing from
environment.
Sources of Noise
Pollution…
• Machines.
• Transportation systems.
• Motor vehicles.
• Aircrafts.
• Trains.
• Poor urban planning.

49. Specific Effects of Noise Pollution
• Noise pollution affects both health and behavior.
• Noise pollution can cause
– Annoyance
– Aggression .
– Hypertension .
– High stress levels .
– Hearing loss.
– High BP
– Sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.

50. Controlling of Noise Pollution
• The Government should ensure the new machines
that should be noise proof.
• Industries should be setup outside residential area and
not near schools.
• Using Sound Absorber

51. Light Pollution
LIGHT POLLUTION

52. Light Pollution
Light pollution, also known as photo pollution or
luminous pollution, is excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive
artificial light. Pollution is the adding-of/added light itself,
in analogy to added sound, carbon dioxide, etc.
Light pollution Causes
• Degradation of photic habitat by artificial light.
• Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment.
• Due to indoor light pollution human health is compromised.

53. Controlling Light Pollution..
• Excessive lighting should be avoided.
• For Lighting an applicable design should
be followed.
• Light engineering should be applied for
streets.

54. RADIO ACTIVE POLLUTION

55. Radio Active Pollution
 Pollution caused by the resultant substances from
nuclear reactors and other radioactive substances.

56. Causes & Effects
Causes
• Nuclear Power Plants,
Weapons
• Disposal of nuclear waste
• Uranium Mining
effeCts
• Cancer
• Swelling of Bone Joints
• Eye Problems

57. Controlling of Radio Active Pollution
• Avoid Constructing Nuclear Power Plants
• Avoid Using Nuclear Weapon
• Have Proper Treatment for Nuclear Waste
• Avoid mining for Uranium to a minimal

58. THERMAL POLLUTION

59.  Thermal Pollution existence of extra high or extra low
(extra hot or cold) condition.
Thermal Pollution
Causes
• Nuclear Power Plants
• Volcanic eruption
• Industries and factories
• Forest Fires
effeCts
• Discomfort
• Death on animals and
plants
Causes & Effects
Controlling of Thermal Pollution
• Avoid Constructing Nuclear Power Plants
• Controlling and informing time of volcanic eruption

60. Total Textile Process at a Glance

61. METHODS OF MINIMIZING
AND ELIMINATING WASTES

62. Why minimise waste?Why minimise waste?
On-site
recycling
Off-site
recycling
disposal
disposal
source
source
waste
No waste
minimisation
With waste
minimisation,
recycling and
treatment
to treatment
waste

63. Preferred hierarchy of wastePreferred hierarchy of waste
management optionsmanagement options
Source
reduction
On-site/off-site
recycling
Treatment
Final disposal
Waste
diversion

64. Source reduction opportunitiesSource reduction opportunities
Source
reduction
Housekeeping
improvement
Product
reformulation
Input material
alteration
Technology
alteration

65. Factors influencing wasteFactors influencing waste
minimisationminimisation
•Government policy and regulations
•Technological feasibility
•Economic viability
•Management commitment and support

66. Waste minimisation - incentivesWaste minimisation - incentives
•Reduced costs:
•raw materials, energy, water
•storage and handling
•waste disposal
•health and safety
•Regulatory compliance
•Improved efficiency
•Improved corporate image

67. Waste minimisation - barriersWaste minimisation - barriers
•Economic barriers
•Technical barriers
•Regulatory barriers

68. Waste minimisation opportunitiesWaste minimisation opportunities
applicable to all operationsapplicable to all operations
•Use higher purity materials
•Use less toxic raw materials
•Use non-corrosive materials
•Convert from batch to continuous process
•Improve equipment inspection & maintenance
•Improve operator training
•Improve supervision
•Improve housekeeping